凸透镜成像原理

凸透镜成像原理凸透镜成像原理凸透镜求助编辑百科名片凸透镜凸透镜是根据光的折射原理制成的。凸透镜是中央较厚，边缘较薄的透镜。凸透镜分为双凸、平凸和凹凸(或正弯月形)等形式，凸透镜有会聚作用故又称聚光透镜，较厚的凸透镜则有望远、会聚等作用，这与透镜的厚度有关。目录凸透镜详解凸透镜与凹透镜的区别凸透镜成像凸透镜详解凸透镜与凹透镜的区别凸透镜成像展开编辑本段凸透镜详解简介凸透镜(convex lens) 物距 (u) 像距 (v) 成像性质应用 u>2f f

凸透镜成像原理凸透镜求助编辑百科名片凸透镜凸透镜是根据光的折射原理制成的。凸透镜是中央较厚，边缘较薄的透镜。凸透镜分为双凸、平凸和凹凸(或正弯月形)等形式，凸透镜有会聚作用故又称聚光透镜，较厚的凸透镜则有望远、会聚等作用，这与透镜的厚度有关。目录凸透镜详解凸透镜与凹透镜的区别凸透镜成像凸透镜详解凸透镜与凹透镜的区别凸透镜成像展开编辑本段凸透镜详解简介凸透镜(convex lens) 物距 (u) 像距 (v) 成像性质应用 u>2f f2f 倒立放大实像幻灯机、投影仪、放映机 uu 正立放大虚像放大镜 u=f 不成像不成像平行光测焦距凸透镜二倍焦距反大小，一倍焦距反倒正、实虚、两侧。将平行光线(如阳光)平行于主光轴(凸透镜两个球面的球心的连线称为此透镜的主光轴)射入凸透镜，光在透镜的两面经过两次折射后，集中在轴上的一点，此点叫做凸透镜的焦点(记号为F，英文为:focus)，凸透镜在镜的两侧各有一实焦点，如为薄透镜时，此两焦点至透镜中心的距离大致相等。凸透镜之焦距是指焦点到透镜中心的距离，通常以f表示。凸透镜球面半径越小，焦距(记号为:f，英文为:focal length)越短。凸透镜可用于放大镜、老花眼及远视的人戴的眼镜、摄影机、电影放映机、幻灯机、显微镜、望远镜的透镜(lens)等。凸透镜主轴:通过凸透镜两个球面球心C1.C2的直线叫凸透镜的主光轴。光心:凸透镜的中心O点是透镜的光心。焦点:平行于主轴的光线经过凸透镜后会聚于主光轴上一点F，这一点是凸透镜的焦点。焦距:焦点F到凸透镜光心O的距离叫焦距，用f表示。物距:物体到凸透镜光心的距离称物距，用u表示。像距:物体经凸透镜所成的像到凸透镜光心的距离称像距，用v表示。透镜成像满足透镜成像公式 1/u(物距)+1/v(像距)=1/f(透镜焦距) 透镜成像公式 (关于符号的正负:物距u恒取正值。像距v的正负由像的实虚来确定，实像时v为正，虚像时v为负。凸透镜的f为正值，凹透镜的f为负值。) 公式变形后可以得到f=uv/(u+v) 或u=vf/(v-f)或v=uf/(u-f) the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 如何得到成像公式光经过凸透镜只在中间(这里的y轴处)发生一次折射。(虽然字母多了点，最后有用的只有几个) 图注: x(红)轴,凸透镜主光轴 y(蓝)轴,凸透镜 O,光心 F,焦点 f,焦距 u,物距 v,像距 a,物体长度紫线,通过光心的光线橙线,平行光线绿线,平行光经过焦点把绿线、紫线的直线解析式求出来:绿线，y=,(a/f)x+a;紫线，y=,(a/u)x 下一步就是求出两交点坐标(其实只用求横坐标v就可以了) y=,(a/f)x+a=,(a/u)x x/f,1=x/u ux,uf=fx 其中，x即为v uv-uf=fvuv=vf+uf除以v+u f=uv/(u+f) 编辑本段凸透镜与凹透镜的区别区别方法 1.触摸法(中间薄边缘厚是凹透镜，中间厚边缘薄是凸透镜) 2.聚焦法(射入平行光，会聚的是凸透镜，发散的是凹透镜) 3.放大法(把透镜放到字上，看照后的字是放大是凸透镜，缩小是凹透镜) 4.摇晃法(将透镜放在字上，向一侧移动，字的方向与透镜移动方向相同的是凹透镜，相反的是凸透镜) 与凹面镜的区别一、结构不同凸透镜是由两面磨成球面的透明镜体组成; 凹面镜是由一面是凹面而另一面不透明的镜体组成二、成像性质不同凸透镜是折射成像成的像可以是正、倒;虚、实;放、缩。起聚光作用凹面镜是反射成像能成倒立的缩小或放大的实像，也可以成正立放大的虚像。起散光作用透镜(包括凸透镜)是使光线透过，使用光线折后成the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 像的仪器，光线遵守折射定律。面镜(包括凸面镜)不是使光线透过，而是反射回去成像的仪器，光线遵守反射定律。凸透镜与凹透镜的区别凸透镜可以成倒立放大、等大、缩小的实像或正立放大的虚像。可把平行光会聚于焦点，也可把焦点发出的光线折射成平行光。凹面镜只能成正立放大的虚像，主要用发散光线。三、对光的作用不同凸透镜主要对光线起会聚作用凹透镜主要对光线起发散作用四、成像不同凸透镜能成正立放大虚像、倒立放大实像、倒立等大实像、倒立缩小实像; 凹透镜只能成正立缩小虚像五、焦点不同凸透镜有实焦点，有2个焦点凹透镜有虚焦点编辑本段凸透镜成像凸透镜成像原理物体放在焦点之外，在凸透镜另一侧成倒立的实像，实像有缩小、等大、放大三种。物距越小，像距越大，实像越大。物体放在焦点之内，在凸透镜同一侧成正立放大的虚像。物距越大，像距越大，虚像越大。在焦点上时不会成像。在2倍焦距上时会成等大倒立的实像。在光学中，由实际光线汇聚成的像，称为实像，能用光屏承接;反之，则称为虚像，只能由眼睛感觉。有经验的物理老师，在讲述实像和虚像的区别时，往往会提到这样一种区分方法:“实像都是倒立的，而虚像都是正立的。”所谓“正立”和“倒立”，当然是相对于原物体而言。平面镜、凸面镜和凹透镜所成的三种虚像，都是正立的;而凹面镜和凸透镜所成的实像，以及小孔成像中所成的实像，无一例外都是倒立的。the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 当然，凹面镜和凸透镜也可以成虚像，而它们所成的两种虚像，同样是正立的状态。那么人类的眼睛所成的像，是实像还是虚像呢,我们知道，人眼的结构相当于一个凸透镜，那么外界物体在视网膜上所成的像，一定是实像。根据上面的经验规律，视网膜上的物像似乎应该是倒立的。可是我们平常看见的任何物体，明明是正立的啊,这个与“经验规律”发生冲突的问题，实际上涉及到大脑皮层的调整作用以及生活经验的影响。当物体与凸透镜的距离大于透镜的焦距时，物体成倒立的像，当物体从较远处向透镜靠近时，像逐渐变大，像到透镜的距离也逐渐变大;当物体与透镜的距离小于焦距时，物体成放大的像，这个像不是实际折射光线的会聚点，而是它们的反向延长线的交点，用光屏接收不到，是虚像。可与平面镜所成的虚像对比(不能用光屏接收到，只能用眼睛看到)。在现实生活中，凸透镜被广泛用于老花镜的制作原理。老花眼，即光线经过眼球前部的晶状体，未完全集合，像落在了视网膜的后面。则老花镜作为凸透镜，先集合一次光线，使像恰好落在视网膜上，矫正了老花眼。凸透镜当物体与透镜的距离大于焦距时，物体成倒立的像，这个像是蜡烛射向凸透镜的光经过凸透镜会聚而成的，是实际光线的会聚点，能用光屏承接，是实像。当物体与透镜的距离小于焦距时，物体成正立的虚像。 (1) 二倍焦距以外，倒立缩小实像; 一倍焦距到二倍焦距，倒立放大实像; 一倍焦距以内，正立放大虚像; 成实像物和像在凸透镜异侧，成虚像在凸透镜同侧。 (2) 一倍焦距分虚实两倍焦距分大小透镜成像规律表格 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use 物体到凸透镜像的像的像的应用像到透镜的距离v 的距离u 大小正倒虚实实例 u>2f 2f>v>f 缩小倒立实像照相机 u=2f v=2f 等大倒立实像测焦距放映机幻灯机 2f>u>f v>2f 放大倒立实像投影机 u=f 无(平行 v无限大) 无无无探照灯 u 记录成像时的物距u和像距v，根据透镜成像公式，计算出透镜焦距f，多次测量后取平均值。 2 共轭法:利用光具座固定好光源和光屏位置，测量出它们的间距L。将待测焦距的凸透镜放在其间，沿主轴移动凸透镜，使光屏上两次呈现出光源倒立的像。记录两次成像时透镜的位置，由此求出两次成像过程中透镜移动的距离d，根据公式可计算出凸透镜焦距f，这个方法叫共轭法。这是实验室中常用的测凸透镜焦距的方法之一。 3 平行光聚焦法:根据凸透镜特性，让平行光(如太阳光)沿主轴方向入射到凸透镜上，在另一侧与透镜平行放置一光屏，调节光屏位置使光屏上的光斑最小且最明亮，此时透镜与光屏的间距为凸透镜焦距。这是一种简便的粗测凸透镜焦距的方法。 4 远物成像法:在实验室还可以用远物成像法代替平行光聚焦法估测凸透镜焦距，方法与平行光法相似;调节光屏的位置，使远处的物体(例如教室的窗或窗外的物体)在光屏上成像，光屏与透镜之间的距离近似为该透镜的焦距。利用透镜的特殊光线作透镜成像光路: (1)、物体处于2倍焦距以外 (2)、物体处于2倍焦距和1倍焦距之间 (3)、物体处于焦点以内 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use (4)、凹透镜成像光路实验研究凸透镜的成像规律是:当物距在一倍焦距以内时，得到正立、放大的虚像;在一倍焦距到二倍焦距之间时得到倒立、放大的实像;在二倍焦距以外时，得到倒立、缩小的实像。该实验就是为了研究证实这个规律。实验中，有下面这个表: 物距 u 像的性质像的位置正立或倒立放大或缩小虚像或实像与物同侧与异侧像距v u>2f 倒立缩小实像异侧 f2f u=f 不成像，因为v=无限大(平行，所以无限大) u 设计的表格。其实，透镜成像满足透镜成像公式: 1/u(物距)+1/v(像距)=1/f(透镜焦距) 照相机运用的就是凸透镜的成像规律。镜头就是一个凸透镜，要照的景物就是物体，胶片就是屏幕。照射在物体上的光经过漫反射通过凸透镜将物体的像成在最后的胶片上，胶片上涂有一层对光敏感的物质，它在曝光后发生化学变化，物体的像就被记录在胶卷上。至于物距、像距的关系与凸透镜的成像规律完全一样。物体靠近时，像越来越远，越来越大，最后再同侧成虚像。另外，物在无穷远处的时候，像可以近似地认为在焦点。(正因为这样，傻瓜相机不用调焦)物体远离凸透镜时，像会靠近凸透镜，就是说，物往哪个方向走，像就往哪个方向走。当物从无穷远处移动至距离像2F处，则物的移动速度比像要快。凸透镜成像公式的推导如图，实物AB发出的平行与主光轴的光过焦点F2与过透镜中心的光交与点E 则DE为实像，BO为物距u，DO为像距v 由相似三角形可以得到BO/OD=AB/DE CO/DE=OF2/F2D 又由矩形ABOC可以得到AB=CO 所以OF2/F2D= AB/DE= BO/OD 即f/(v-f)=u/v uv-uf=vf(交叉相乘) uv=uf+vf the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use uv/f=u+v(两边同时除以f) v/f=1+v/u(两边同时除以u) 1/f=1/u+1/v(两边同时除以v) 这是正解 the drawings, first to become familiar with the drawings, mainly about the following aspects: 1) pages of drawings and diagrams, maps; 2) a comprehensive understanding of drawing; 3) finding of design-driven dimensions (), do not resize and adjust the size; 4) questioned the drawings; 5) develop buries a construction programme and technical clarification; 6) clear corners and special treatment; 7) controlled construction drawings to verify construction scheme and design. (2) at the construction site to find subject planted area: various engineering, first on the scene to find planted area, it must first understand the curtain wall installation section, and some projects are all curtain wall, the entire project is a region-wide, only partial walls, the zone is local. (3) identify the axis positioning: positioning the drawings shown in axis compared with the actual construction site to find out exactly where the axis positioning, axis positioning function are: 1) to help determine the origin of curtain walls; 2) acceptance of the installation is accurate; 3) adjust errors, and determine the error range. (4) find anchor points: according to site to find the exact location of the axis, according to the drawings provided by the content determine the positioning point; number of anchor points shall not be less than two points. Repeated measurements determine the location points must ensure that the positioning is correct. (5) take level (level): level (minor works available in horizontal pipe), the two anchor points determine the horizontal position. Level according to use

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