水下焊接技术的应用及其发展

水下焊接技术的应用及其发展 摘要:随着海洋石油的开发利用和潜水技术的发展，海底输油输气管线以及海洋工程结构的日益增多，水下焊接技术已成为海洋工程和水下管道组装和维修的关键性技术。本文综述了水下焊接技术特点及在工程中的应用，并就水下焊接技术在工程应用中的发展趋势提出了一些看法。 关键词:海洋工程;湿法水下焊接;局部干法水下焊接;干法水下焊接 1 序言 海洋工程结构因常年在海上工作，工作环境极为恶劣，除受到结构的工作载荷外，还要承受风暴、波浪、潮流引起的附加载荷以及海水腐蚀、砂流磨蚀、地震或寒冷地区冰流的侵袭。此外，石油天然气的易燃易爆性对结构也存在威胁。而且海洋工程结构的主要部分在水下，服役后焊接接头的检查和修补很困难，费用也高，一旦发生重大结构损伤或倾覆事故，将造成生命财产的严重损失。所以对海洋工程结构的设计制造、材料选择以及焊接施工等都有严格的质量要求。而随着海洋、石油和天然气工业的发展(海洋管道工程日益向深海挺进。 因此，开展水下焊接技术的研究，加强对其应用，对于开发海洋事业，开采海底油田、使丰富的海洋资源为人类服务，具有重要的现实意义。目前，水下焊接技术已广泛用于海洋工程结构、海底管线、船舶、船坞港口设施、江河工程及核电厂维修。水下焊接已成为组装维修诸如采油平台、输油管线等大型海洋结构的关键技术之一。 2 水下焊接方法分类及其特点 2.1水下焊接方法分类 目前，世界各国正在应用和研究的水下焊接方法种类繁多，可以说，陆上生产应用的焊接技术，几乎都在水下尝试过，但比较成熟、应用较多的还是几种电弧焊。水下焊接一般依据焊接所处的环境大体上分为三类:湿法水下焊接、干法水下焊接和局部干法水下焊接。但随着水下焊接技术的发展: 又出现了一些新的水下焊接方法:水下螺柱焊接、水下爆炸焊接、水下电子束焊接和水下铝热剂焊接等。 2.2水下焊接的特点 水下环境使得水下焊接过程比陆上焊接过程复杂得多， 除焊接技术外， 还涉及到潜水作业技术等诸多因素， 水下焊接的特点是 (1) 可见度差 水对光的吸收、反射和折射等作用比空气强得多， 因此，光在水中传播时减弱得很快。另外, 焊接时电弧周围产生大量气泡和烟雾， 使水下电弧的可见度非常低。在淤泥的海底和夹带泥沙的海域中进行水下焊，水中可见度就更差了。长期以来，这种水下焊接基本属于盲焊,严重地影响了潜水焊工操作技术的发挥, 这是造成水下焊接容易出现缺陷, 焊接接头质量不高的重要原因之一。 (2) 焊缝含氢量高 氢是焊接的大敌， 如果焊接中氢含量超过允许值， 很容易引起裂纹，甚至导致结构的破坏。水下电弧会使其周围水产生热分解, 导致溶解到焊 1 缝中的氢增加， 一般焊接中扩散氢含量27, 36 Lgög , 为陆地酸性焊条焊接时的好几倍。水下焊条电弧焊的焊接接头质量差与氢含量高是分不开的。 (3) 冷却速度快 水下焊接时， 海水的热传导系数较高， 是空气的20 倍左右。即使是淡水， 其热传导系数也为空气的十几倍。若采用湿法或局部干法水下焊接时， 被焊工件直接处于水中，水对焊缝的急冷效果明显， 容易产生高硬度的淬硬组织。因此， 只有采用干法焊接时， 才能避免冷效应。 (4) 压力的影响 随着压力增加(水深每增加10m ， 压力增加0. 1M Pa) 。 电弧弧柱变细吗， 焊道宽度变窄，焊缝高度增加， 同时导电介质密度增加，从而增加了电离难度， 电弧电压随之升高， 电弧稳定性降低， 飞溅和烟尘也增多。 (5) 连续作业难以实现，由于受水下环境的影响与限制， 许多情况下不得不采用焊一段吗， 停一段的方法进行， 因而产生焊缝不连续的现象。 3 湿法水下焊接的应用、冶金特点及水下焊条设计 3.1湿法水下焊接在海洋工程中的应用 湿法水下焊接是潜水员在水环境中进行的焊接，如图2 所示。水下能见度差，潜水焊工看不清焊接情况，会出现“盲焊”的现象，难以保证水下焊接质量，尤其水密性更难以保证。因此采用这类方法难以获得质量良好的焊接接头，尤其是焊接结构应用在较为重要的情况下，焊接的质量难以令人满意。但由于湿法水下焊接具有设备简单、成本低廉、操作灵活、适应性较强等优点，所以，近年来各国对这种方法仍在继续进行研究，特别是涂药焊条和手工电焊，在今后的一段时期还会得到进一步的应用。 图1 湿法水下焊接示意图 湿法水下焊接在美国已得到广泛应用，对湿法水下焊接设计最有指导作用的文件是美国焊接学会的AWS 标准(AWS D3.6)。现在湿法水下焊接中最常用的方法为焊条电弧焊和药芯焊丝电弧焊。在焊接时，潜水焊工要使用带防水涂料的焊条和为水下焊接专门设计或改制的焊钳。尽管湿法水下焊接已经取得了较大的 2 进展，但到目前为止，应该说水深超过100m 的湿法水下焊接仍难得到较好的焊接接头，因此还不能用于焊接重要的海洋工程结构。但是，随着湿法水下焊接技术的发展，很多湿法水下焊接的问题在一定程度上正得到克服，如采用设计优良的焊条药皮及防水涂料等，加上严格的焊接工艺管理及认证，1991 年首次在北海对一个非主要结构杆件进行了湿法水下焊接，现在湿法水下焊接已在北海平台辅助构件的下修理中得到成功的应用。另外，湿法水下焊接技术也广泛用于海洋条件好的浅水区以及不要求承受高应力构件的焊接。目前，国际上应用湿法水下焊条以及湿法水下焊接技术最广的是墨西哥湾。墨西哥湾核反应堆供水起泡管的修复、Amoco Trinidad 石油公司的石油平台78m 深的水下焊补都采用了水下湿法焊接技术。该技术的研究对于我国渤海湾和辽东湾今后的海底管道修复、一些非关键性的构件的修复，如牺牲阳极的更换等具有非常重要的现实意义。 3.2 湿法水下焊接的冶金特点 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 湿法水下焊接的电弧实际上是在电弧气泡中燃烧的。 水下焊接时电弧周围能否成一定大小、稳定的电弧气泡是水下焊接成功的首要条件。 电弧气泡中的气体主要是由水蒸汽高温解离形成的氢和氧，焊条药皮中燃烧分解的CO 和CO2 所组成。 普通酸性及碱性焊条用于水下焊时形成的电弧气泡成份如表1 所示。 随着水下焊接水深的增加，形成电弧气泡的体积因受到压缩而逐渐变小，而过少的电弧气泡导致焊缝金属气孔倾向增加。当电弧气泡变得足够少时，电弧极易熄灭使焊接过程无法顺利进行。电弧气泡形成后的长大应满足以下物理条件 pg ? pa + ph + ps 式中:pg 为气泡内部的压力;pa 为大气压力; ph 为气泡周围的静水压力; ps 为气泡表面张力引起的附加压力。 在陆地焊接时， ph 近于零;而在水下焊接时， ph 随水深的增加而增大， pa 和ps 可以看作不受水深的影响。 故要使焊接顺利进行，只有增大pg。增大pg 的途径之一是增加电弧温度，这可通过调整焊接电流来实现，这是由于较高的电弧温度能解离足够的氢和氧;二是提高焊条药皮的造气功能,使焊条药皮燃烧时能生成更多CO2 、CO 气体。 但电弧气泡中氢的比例过大将导致二种与氢有关缺陷的生成:一是焊缝中气孔的倾向增加，二是焊缝金属及热影响区氢致裂纹敏感性增大。 因此，在设计配方时既要保证电弧气泡有足够的压力，又要设法降低电弧气泡中氢的比例。在药皮中加入适量的CaF2 和SiO2 可以实现这一目的。 因为 SiO2 + 2CaF2 + 3[H] = 2CaO + SiF + 3HF 或SiO2 + 2CaF2 = 2CaO + SiF4 CaF2 + H2O(气) = CaO + 2HF 化学冶金反应产物CaO、SiF 或SiF4 与其它反应产物MnO、SiO2 及起稀渣作用的TiO2 等浮出熔池进入熔渣，HF 气体对焊缝金属无有害作用并同样起着增加电弧气泡压力的作用。水下焊接氢致裂纹敏感性比陆地焊接要，这是由于水对工件的强烈冷却作用致使低碳钢的焊接热影响区都能发生相变而产生马氏体。 当钢中碳当量超过0. 4 %时，热影响区的维氏硬度可超过400 ，同时焊接过程中如果氢气含量高，一旦焊缝吸氢较多，在焊接热应力和相变应力的作用下容易引起氢致 3 裂纹的产生。 可见降低电弧气泡中氢的比例是非常必要的。 3.3 焊条药皮配方的设计 (1) 熔渣渣系的选择 熔渣是焊条在焊接过程中,焊芯、药皮及熔合的母材部分经高温冶金反应所得的覆盖于焊缝表面上的渣壳。 熔渣的性质(氧化、还原能力,流动性、透气性等) 对焊缝金属的保护、焊缝的成形有着直接影响,本试验在介于酸性渣系和碱性渣系之中选取SiO2 - TiO2 - CaF2- CaO 渣系,既可保证有良好的焊接工艺性能,又能有效地降低电弧气泡中氢的危害,按其成分要求选取相应的矿物质和化工产品来配制。 (2) 药皮配方的调试 表2 所列是根据水下湿法焊接的冶金特点调试的10 个配方的试验结果:配方中各物质含量:金红石中TiO2 :52 %;萤石中CaF2 :98 %;大理石中CaCO3 :98 %;低碳锰铁中Mn :85 %;钛铁中Ti:75 %;硅铁中Si :45 %;长石中SiO2 :93 %。 调试的过程是一边进行工艺性能测试:一边进行新配方的配制。所有焊接试验均在模拟水深70,100 m 加压容器内进行。 3.3 工艺性能及力学性能试验 用1,10 号配方在25 t 油压涂料机上生产少量直径4. 0 mm 的焊条并进行如下各项试验。 (1)气孔及成形试验 试验材料为Q235 - C 的6 mm 板材,1,3 号配方在水下70 m 施焊时,由于无足够的造气材料:电弧气泡难以稳定存在,气孔严重,焊接过程不能顺利进行。4,10 号配方增加了造气材料并能降低氢的比例,无气孔出现,其中7,9 号配方成形良好。形貌特征如图2所示。 4 (2)熔敷金属扩散氢含量测定 扩散氢含量是衡量焊条性能的一项主要指标. 本研究对初试性能较好的4,10 号配方按GB 3965 —93 用甘油法对扩散氢含量进行了测定,4,10 号样的测定结果分别为(mL/ 100g):15.5 ;16 ;18. 2;7.2;6.7;6.9 ;7.2。 可见:7,10 号配方符合GB 5117 —95 的要求(扩散氢?8ml/ 100g) 。 图2 4—10号配方焊缝成形外观 (3)力学性能试验 从工艺性能试验的综合结果来分析:7、8、9 三种配方的焊条各项指标均符合水下焊接的要求。10 号配方虽然扩散氢含量符合要求,但焊缝成形较差故不予采用. 用7,9 号三种配方所制焊条焊制试板(厚为19 mm 的16Mn 板材) 进行熔敷金属拉力试验及V 型缺口冲击试验. 试验结果如表3。 从表3 得知,7,9 号焊条力学性能指标完全符合GB 5117 -95对低碳钢及低合金高强度钢的要求,可作为低碳钢及低合金钢水下焊接用焊条。 4 干法水下焊接技术的应用 干法水下焊接是用气体将焊接部位周围的水排除，而潜水焊工处于完全干燥 5 或半干燥的条件下进行焊接的方法。进行干法水下焊接时，需要设计和制造复杂的压力舱或工作室。根据压力舱或工作室内压力不同，干法水下焊接又可分为高压干法水下焊接和常压干法水下焊接。 4.1 高压干法水下焊接技术的应用 高压干法水下焊接如图 2 所示。随着海底焊接工程的增多、海底工程深度的加大和对焊接质量要求的提高，高压干法水下焊接以其焊接质量高、接头性能好等优点越来越受到重视。由于湿法水下焊接与局部干法水下焊接，一般只用于几米至几十米水深非重要结构物修复,实际应用水深通常不超过40m，为了适应海洋工程向深海发展的形势，许多国家加大了对高压干法水下焊接技术的研究与应用。 图3 高压干法水下焊接示意图 目前国外用于水下维修作业的，多采用高压轨道 TIG 焊系统进行，较为知名的作业系统有PRS 系统和OTTO 系统。PRS 系统由挪威的Statoil 公司组织开发，该系统设计目标是能从事1000m 水深的焊接，在334m 水深成功地进行了管道焊接，焊缝-30?冲击功达到300J，焊缝的显微硬度低于245HV[4]。该系统迄今为止已经成功完成20 多处水下管道维修任务。英国的OOTO 系统主要由焊接舱和轨道TIG 焊机组成，实验表明，135m 水深的焊缝-l0?冲击功达到180J，断裂强度550MPa[5]。该套系统曾在海底连续工作过4 周，累计完成了18 处焊缝，焊接程序和质量获得了挪威劳氏船级社的认证。我国于 2002 年10 月将水下干式高压焊接技术规划为国家863 计划重大专项“渤海大油田勘探开发关键技术”中的一个重要组成部分。该项目由北京石油化工学院负责。目前，已设计并建立了国内第一个高压焊接实验室，设有高压焊接试验舱，可以进行不同压力等级的焊接试验和研究。随后开始按年度计划进行高压焊接工艺实验和工艺评定。 高压干法焊接由美国于1954年首先提出，1966 年开始用于生产，可焊接直径508mm，813mm 及914mm 的海底管线。目前最大实用水深为300m 。 左右。在 6 该焊接方法中，气室底部是开口的，通入气压稍大于工作水深压力的气体，把气 室内的水从底部开口处排出，焊接是在干的气室中进行的。一般采用焊条电弧焊或惰性气体保护电弧焊等方法进行，是当前水下焊接中质量最好的方法之一，基本上可达到陆上焊缝的水平，但也存在如下三个问题: (1) 因为气室往往受到工程结构形状、尺寸和位置的限制，局限性较大，适应性较小，目前仅用于海底管线等形状简单、规则结构的焊接。 (2) 必须配有一套生命维持、湿度调节、监控、照明、安全保障、通信联络等系统。辅助工作时间长，水面支持队伍庞大，施工成本较高。例如，美国TDS 公司的一套可焊接直径813mm 管线的焊接装置(MOD-1)价值高达200万美元。 (3)同样存在“压力影响”这个问题。在深水下进行焊接(如几十米到几百米时，随着电弧周围气体压力的增加，焊接电弧特性、冶金特性及焊接工艺特性都要受到不同程度的影响。因此，要认真研究气体压力对焊接过程的影响，才能获得 优质焊缝。 4.2 常压干法水下焊接技术的应用 焊接在密封的压力舱中进行，压力舱内的压力与地面的大气压相等，与压力舱外的环境水压无关，如图4 所示。实际上这种焊接方式既不受水深的影响，也不受水的作用，焊接过程和焊接质量与陆上焊接时一样。但常压焊接系统在海洋工程中的应用很少，其主要原因是，焊接舱在结构物或者管道上的密封性和焊接舱内的压力很难保证。巴西石油公司曾与Lockheed 石油公司联合开发的该类作业系统在亚马逊盆地进行了应用。常压干法焊接设备造价比高压干法水下焊接还要昂贵，焊接辅助人员也更多，所以一般只用于深水焊接重要结构。此方法的最大优点就是可有效地排除水对焊接过程的影响，其施焊条件完全和陆地焊接时的一样，因此其焊接质量也最有保证。 图4 常压干法水下焊接示意图 7 常压干法水下焊接接的一种特殊情况是在浅海水域使用围堰的方式。波浪、潮汐以及较大的水深变化，使得浅水区域工作环境很不稳定。有些公司通过采用配备梯子的桶性结构将焊接舱连接到水面，形成常压工作环境来解决问题，从而实现常压焊接，如图5所示。该施工环境的压差很小，可以找到有效的密封方法。虽然需要考虑通风和安全程序，但该技术在某些特殊应用中已经被证明是实用的，特别适用于滩涂地区的海洋工程结构的维修。 图 5 围堰焊接示意图 5 局部干法水下焊接 局部干法水下焊接技术是利用气体使焊接局部区域的水人为地被排开，形成一个局部干的气室进行焊接。焊接时电弧稳定， 焊接质量明显提高。目前，近海工程钢结构焊接的方法是局部排水熔化极气体保护焊。干点式水下焊接是由美国首先提出来的，后由美英跨国公司用于生产。它有一个可移动的手提式小型圆筒形气室，一端封闭， 另一端开口能按照焊接区的几何形状加一柔性密封的垫环。气保护焊枪固定在柔软的颈上并且伸入到可移动的圆筒形气室内。气室压紧在工件焊接区上, 将具有一定压力的保护气体通入气室内起排开水(迫使气室内的水经过半密封垫环排出) 和保护焊接的作用。潜水焊工手提带焊枪的圆筒形气室沿着焊缝移动进行焊接, 这种干气室装置可适应水下全位置焊接, 接头强度不低于母材, 冷弯角可达180?。据报道, 在水深29m 处能焊出合格的焊缝,英国曾在水深27 m 处进行焊接。此法曾用于北海大陆架挪威海域, 修复遭受冬季风暴破坏Ekofisk 钻井平台两根位于水深7 m、直径350mm 的管子, 焊后经磁粉探伤, 没有发现缺陷。另外, 还有局部干法大型气罩法水下焊接, 其装置是一个可拆卸的大型透明气罩, 把它安装或围绕在被焊的水下钢结构上, 气罩下部是开口的,惰性保护气体通入气罩内排开水, 保持焊接区域是干的, 潜水焊工把焊枪从下面伸入, 8 在干的环境里进行MIG焊接, 焊接和检查工作结束后将气罩拆除, 此法主要用实芯焊丝或药芯焊丝进行气体保护半自动焊、钨极氩弧焊等。美国在水深12m处用此法修复采油平台管径406mm 的立管, 焊后经水压试验, 符合要求。水下局部干法M IG 焊接作为一种极有发展前途的水下焊接方法也得到了重视。通过对气体保护焊的基础理论进行研究, 建立了相应的数学模型, 设计了合适的喷嘴结构和气流速度, 并探讨了水压、保护气体与工艺行为、电弧行为、熔敷率之间的关系。运用多普勒分速计测试分析了局部空穴的气流分布和相分布, 研究了保护罩与热传输、压力的关系。在对辐流抽气机原理认识的基础上设计了一种新型排水罩, 使得罩内焊接区气压下降, 实验表明该排水罩形式下的焊缝性能达到了空气中的水平。王国荣等人研究了一种局部干法水下焊接技术。应用流体力学理论对排水罩进行计算和试验, 确定了合理的排水罩结构和尺寸, 进行了局部干法焊接试验。结果表明: 该法的焊接冷却速度、焊接接头中的扩散氢含量和焊接HA Z 最高硬度值均比湿法的要低, 得到的焊缝无气孔、裂纹和夹渣等缺陷; V 型坡口焊接接头的机械性能满足API1004 和ASMEN等标准规定的要求。本方法操作容易、设备简单、成本低廉、接头质量比较满意。 清华大学进行了水下局部干法激光焊接的实验研究。选用304不锈钢作为母材,ULC308作为填充焊丝, 激光器功率为4 kW。结果表明: 保护气体流速对焊缝质量影响很大, 气体流速低, 焊缝氧的含量达800ug/g气体流速高, 焊缝氧的含量降为80ug/g。焊缝金属的抗拉强度不随保护气体流速而改变, 塑性则随保护气体流速的降低而下降。喷嘴形状对焊接保护环境影响很大, 适当增加喷嘴直径尺寸, 可以获得比较稳定的气流空穴, 从而获得满意的焊接质量。局部干法水下焊接可以获得接近干法的接头质量, 同时由于设备简单, 成本较低, 又具有湿法水下焊接的灵活性, 因此是很有前途的水下焊接方法。目前, 已开发了多种局部干法水下焊接方法, 有的已用于生产。 局部干法种类较多，日本较多采用水帘式及钢刷式，在美、英是干点式及气罩式，法国新近发展了一种旋罩式。 5.1 水帘式水下焊接法 由日本首先提出。焊枪结构为两层。高压水射流从焊枪外层呈圆锥形喷出，形成一个挺度高的水帘，阻挡外面的水入侵。焊枪内层通入保护气体，把焊枪正下方的水排开，使保护气体能在水帘内形成一个稳定的局部气相空腔，焊接电弧在其 中不受水的干扰，稳定燃烧。水帘有三个作用:一是形成一个保护气体与外界水隔离的屏蔽;二是利用高速射流的抽吸作用，把焊接区的水抽出去，形成气相空腔;三是把逸出的大气泡破碎成许多小气泡，使气腔内气体压力波动较小，从而保持气腔的稳定性。这种方法的焊接接头强度不低于母材，焊接接头面弯和背弯都可达到6708，焊枪轻便，较灵活，但可见度问题没有解决。保护气体和烟尘将焊接区的水搅得混浊而紊乱，焊工基本处于盲焊状态。另外，喷嘴离焊件表面的距离和倾斜度要求严格，对焊工的操作技术要求较高，再加上钢板对高压水的反射作用，这种方法在焊接搭接接头和角接接头时效果不好，手工焊十分困难，应向自动化方向发展。 5.2 钢刷式水下焊接法 这是日本发展的一种方法，是为了克服水帘式的缺点而研制的。此法是用直0.2mm的不锈钢丝“裙”代替水帘的一种局部排水法，它不仅可进行自动焊，也可进行手工焊。为减小钢丝间的间隙，增加空腔的稳定性，在钢丝裙上加一圈铜丝 9 网(100-200目);为避免飞溅粘到钢丝上，在钢丝裙内侧衬上一圈直径0.1mm的SiC纤维丝。这种方法曾用于焊修钢桩被海水腐蚀掉的焊缝，水深是1-6m。 5.3 罩式水下焊接法 在焊件上安装一个透明罩，用气体将罩内的水排出，潜水焊工在水中将焊枪从罩的下方伸进罩内的气相区进行焊接，焊工通过罩壁观察焊接情况，这种水下焊接可对不同接头形式的焊缝进行空间位置焊接，多采用熔化极气体保护焊，也可采用钨极氩弧焊及焊条电弧焊。实际应用的最大水深是40m。 这种气罩式局部干法水下焊接属于大型局部干法，焊接质量比小型局部干法高，但灵活性和适应性稍差。另外，焊接时间过长，罩内烟雾变浓，影响潜水焊工视线，应注意排气，始终保持罩内气体清澈，是该法必须解决的问题。 5.4可移动气室式水下焊接法 1968 年由美国首先提出，后由美英跨国公司应用于生产。它具有一个可移动的一端开口的气室，通入的气体既是排水气体又是保护气体。这种方法是通过可移动气室压在焊接部位上，用气体将气室内的水排出，气室内呈气相，电弧在其中燃烧。气室直径只有100-130mm，属于干点式水下焊接法。焊接时，将气室开口端与被焊部位接触，在开口端装有半透密封垫与焊枪柔性密封，焊枪从侧面伸入气室中，排水气体将水排出后，便可借助气室中的照明灯看清坡口位置，而后引弧焊接，焊一段，移动一段气室，直至焊完整条焊缝。该法可进行全位置焊接。由于气室内的气相区较稳定，电弧较稳定，焊接质量较好 接头强度不低于母材， 焊缝无夹渣、气孔、咬肉等缺陷，焊接区硬度也较低。焊接接头性能满足美国石油学会规程的要求，并在最大水深30-40m中应用。但这种水下焊接法也存在一些不足之处: (1)不能很好地排除焊接烟雾的影响。 (2)气室与潜水面罩之间仍有一层水，在清水中对可见度影响不太大，但在浑水中可见度问题仍未得到解决。 (3)焊枪与气室是柔性连接，焊一段，停一次弧，移动一次气室，焊缝不连续，焊道接头处易产生缺陷。综上所述，合理采用局部排水措施可有效解决水下焊接的三个主要技术关键，从而能提高电弧的稳定性，改善焊缝成形，减少焊接缺陷，在水深不超过30-40m的情况下，可以获得性能良好的焊接接头，局部干法水下焊接是很有前途的水下焊接方法。但是目前提出的几种小型局部干法水下焊接方法，除了干点式已初步在实际中应用外，其它尚处于试验阶段。 6 水下焊接技术的研究进展 6.1 水下焊接技术的应用和发展 水下焊接最早出现在1917年，英国海军造船所采用水下电弧焊对船舶的铆接接缝及铆钉的漏水部分进行焊接止漏。1932年Khrenov发明了厚药皮水下专用焊条，在焊条外表面涂有防水层，使水下焊接电弧的稳定性得到一定程度的改善。到第二次世界大战接近结束时，水下焊接技术在打捞沉船等方面占有重要的地位。20世纪60 年代后期，尤其是随着海洋石油和天然气的开发，对海洋工程结构的疲劳、腐蚀或事故损伤迫切要求进行水下焊接修理，并要达到较好的焊接质量。这方面 最早的报道是1971 年Humble石油公司对墨西哥湾钻采平台的水下焊接修理工作。1958 年产生了第一批经过认可的潜水焊工，并制定了水深小于100m 的水下湿法焊接工艺。1987年水下湿法焊接技术还在核电厂不锈钢管道的修理工作中得到 10 应用。20世纪90年代，由于要求修理的水下工程结构愈来愈多，而且船舶进行船坞修理的成本增加，进一步推动了湿法水下焊接技术的发展。 水下焊接技术在中国也一直受到重视和应用。早在20世纪50年代，水下湿法焊条电弧焊已得到应用。60年代自行开发了水下专用焊条。从70年代起，华南理工大学等单位对水下焊条及其焊接冶金开展了大量的研究工作。70年代后期哈尔滨焊接研究所在上海海难救助打捞局和天津石油勘探局的协助下，开发了水下局部排水CO2 气体保护焊接技术，简称LD-CO2 焊接法。该法属于局部干法焊接，特制的水下半自动焊枪能有效地排除焊接烟雾，使潜水焊工能楚地观察焊接坡口的位置，有利地保障焊接质量。近20 年来采用LD-CO2 焊接法完成了多项水下施工任务。 影响水下焊接质量的主要因素是焊接水深、相应的环境压力及潮湿而恶劣的工作环境。湿法焊接的质量难以保证，受环境、水压影响较大，并且需要在焊条研制上进一步努力，短期内难以突破。局部干法水下焊接是一个比较有发展前途的焊接方法，这种方法简单易行，用较少的投资就能较快地获得经济上的收益，但由于水深不宜超过30-40m,故其发展应用还很有限，需研究新的方法来突破水深的限制。目前优质的焊接方法，实际上只有干法水下焊接方法，但干法尤其是高压水下焊接方法的装备复杂，施工时间长，辅助人员多，施工成本高。而且水下焊接工作室的尺寸可能受到施工周围环境的限制和风暴、海浪的影响。 可见，目前使用较多的水下焊接方法都有局限性，其焊接质量还要受工作环境和水深等条件的限制。 但是，从各国海洋开发的前景来看，水下焊接的研究远远不能适应形势发展的需要。因此，加强这方面的研究，无论是现在或将来，都将是一项非常有意义的工作。 6.2 水下焊接技术研究的新进展及其趋势 水下湿法焊接质量还难以保证，提高水下湿法焊接质量是研究的重点，英、美等国已发展了多种高质量的水下焊条。通常水下湿法焊接的水深不超过100m，目前的努力方向是，实现200m水深湿法焊接技术的突破。基于先进技术，对焊接过程进行监控的研究已经取得某些进展，主要体现在水下干法和局部干法焊接中的自动化、智能化。自动化的轨道焊接系统和水下焊接机器人系统，焊接过程自动监控，焊接质量好，节省工时，而且减轻潜水员的工作强度是目前的发展方向。采用自动化遥控焊接，可以突破潜水焊工所能达到的水深限制。轨道焊接系统采用模块结构，维护简单。但轨道焊接受安装和维护的限制，水深不超过600m。最近快速发展的水下焊接机器人系统具有更大的灵活性，在高压干法焊接下，可进行GTWA、GMAW 及FCAW 焊接，在水深1100m 仍能得到满意的焊接质量。水下爬壁焊接机器人系统在激光装置的引导下可更加灵活地实现焊缝和缺陷的检测与控制，并有利于焊接质量的提高。由于水深的影响，送丝系统是水下焊接的一个难点，一种新型高可靠性的水下翻转和送丝反馈系统已经得到应用。总的来说，目前的水下焊接机器人系统还存在许多问题，其灵活性、体积、作业环境、检测和监控技术以及可靠性等还有待于进一步发展和提高。 11 参考文献: 1 马陈勇 ，赵继文，宋文强。第十三届中国海洋(岸)工程学术讨论会 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 集，《水下焊接技术在海洋工程中的应用及发展趋势》。 2 史耀武，张新平，雷永平(《严酷条件下的焊接技术》(北京:机械工业出版社(1999( 3 胡定强，海军舰船维修研究所南海研究室 。海军4801厂，林如明。《低碳钢水下焊焊条的研究与应用》。 4 续守成，贝全荣，《水下焊接与切割技术》[M]，北京:海洋出版社， 1986. 5 陈锦鸿 肖志平，《水下干式高压焊接在海(河) 底管线维修中的应用》 6 王中辉、蒋力培、焦白东、周灿丰、陈家庆。《高压干法水下焊接装备与技术的发展》，Electric Welding Machine 第35卷第十期，2005年10月。 7 朱加雷、焦向东、蒋力培、周灿丰。《水下焊接技术的研究与应用现状》。《焊接技术》第38卷第8期 2009年8月。 8 林文清，《水下焊接技术的开发与应用》 造船技术，1993，(3). 9 周灿丰，焦向东，陈家庆等(海洋工程深水焊接新技术(焊接，2006(4):11-15( 10 沈晓勤(湿法深水焊条的研制(焊接，2000(10):19,23( 12 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 13 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 14 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 15 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 16 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 17 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 18 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 19 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 20 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 21 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 22 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 23 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 24 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 25 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 26 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 27 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 28 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 29 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 30 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 31 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 32 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 33 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 34 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 35 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 36 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 37 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 38 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 39 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 40 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 41 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 42 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 43 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 44 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 45 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 46 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 47 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 48 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 49