水稻主要病虫害防治讲稿

水稻主要病虫害防治讲稿 水稻主要病虫害防治 水稻病虫害种类较多，目前，在成都地区水稻整个生长期常见主要病虫害有立枯病、稻瘟病、纹枯病、稻曲病、二化螟、稻苞虫、稻飞虱等。现对水稻常见病虫害发病规律、发病条件、传播途径及防治办法介绍如下: 一、水稻立枯病 (一)水稻立枯病发病规律 水稻立枯病是由于受多种不利的环境因素影响，导致秧苗的抗病能力降低，从而被镰刀菌、立枯丝核菌和稻蠕孢菌等乘虚侵入所至的苗期病害。在成都地区水稻播种近年来一般采取旱育秧方式，在3月下旬至4月上旬开始播种，气温偏低，而且常遇寒流、袭击。在幼苗出土前后幼芽或胚根变褐、腐烂，形成烂种或芽腐。出苗至1片叶时，病苗心叶枯黄、基部变褐并易断，常成片状发生，形成针腐。到4月下旬的2片叶前后进入发病盛期，首先表现为根色不鲜，逐渐变黄褐色，潮湿时茎基软腐，心叶卷曲萎蔫，全株青枯或变黄褐色枯死。严重时全田死亡。 (二)水稻立枯病发病条件和传播途径 1、 低温是诱发立枯病的重要原因 5?为临界致死冷害温度指标。资料表明:在4?左右的低温下部分土壤病菌生长正常，并可侵害受伤的根系，而处于1,2片叶的稻苗遇4?的低温几小时，则会因生理异常而枯死;2,3片叶时遇5?的低温5,7小时,叶片就会停止伸长，植株开始凋萎或死亡;10?为1,2片叶秧苗生长的障碍性低温指标;10?以下光合作用就不能进行;15?为水稻生育受阻的延缓性低温指标;在秧苗生长后期18?以下温度对发病也有一定影响;如果在20?以上的适温条件下育苗则一般不易发病。 2、病原菌是发病条件 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 水稻立枯病是由真菌引起的一种土传病害，水稻立枯病病菌普遍存在于土壤、粪肥、种子和病残体上，在温度湿度条件适宜时，病菌侵染种子胚根而发病。 3、土壤水分状况和空气相对湿度影响着立枯病的发生 由于秧苗对水分亏缺的忍耐力在2,3片叶时最弱，所以，苗床相对湿度越低发病越重。在旱育秧的通风、揭膜期，出现相对湿度低于40%的短期极端干燥天气，因蒸发量过大，又不能及时进行水分管理时，秧苗地上部迅速失水，植株体内水分入不敷出，从而导致枯萎。旱育秧母田适于镰刀菌等好气性病菌繁殖，土壤水分过低易引起病菌的大量增殖侵入，使秧苗根系受害，吸水功能减弱或丧失，极易形成青枯死苗。苗床土壤水分以田间最大持水量的70%,90%为好。 4、弱苗是发病的主要因素之一 水稻育秧时播种量过大，秧苗长势细弱，在通风练苗时又恰逢离乳期，对外界环境最敏感，因而发病重。减少播种量病情明显降低。播催芽后的种子230,300克/平方米时，百株鲜重较高，发病较低。育秧时密闭期过长，高温引起的徒长苗，氮肥用量过多或施用未腐熟的有机肥等均会加重病害的发生。 (三)水稻立枯病防治方法 1、对土壤进行调酸处理 中性和碱性土壤，在播种前要进行调酸处理，可以有效地控制立枯病的浸染为害。具体做法是:在播种前对土壤进行测试，pH值为6,6.5的，每平方米施用专用调酸肥30,40g，pH值为6.5,7的施40,50g，于播种前一天施入，并与土壤充分混合，使土壤pH值调至4.5,5.5之间。 2、 对苗床土壤消毒，避免土壤传病 经过调酸处理后苗床，每平方米用70% 的敌克松2g，稀释成600倍水溶液，均匀地喷洒在苗床上。 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 3、播种不要过密，以免产生弱苗 掌握播种量，是培育旱育秧壮苗的关键。每平方米播种量为25,30g。如播种过密，秧苗瘦长， 抗性减弱，易感立枯病，而壮苗则抗性较强，不易感染立枯病。 4、药剂防治 1叶1心至2叶1心期，最易发生立枯病浸染死苗，可用敌克松600 倍液或立枯灵500倍液进行叶面喷雾，隔5,7天再喷1次，连喷2次。 水稻播种至出苗以保温为主， 膜内温度保持在30,32?;1叶1心时以控温控湿为主，膜内温度保持在25?;2叶1心时，晴天上午10时至下午4时半开膜。苗期防止土壤过干。 二、水稻稻瘟病 (一)水稻稻瘟病发病规律及症状 稻瘟病在水稻整个生育阶段皆可发生，具有为害时间长、侵染部位多和症状多样性等特点。按其为害时期和部位的不同，可分为苗瘟、叶瘟、节瘟、叶枕瘟、稻颈瘟和谷粒瘟。苗瘟 发生于秧苗三叶期前，主要由种子带菌引起，病苗基部呈灰黑色，终至枯死。叶瘟 发生于三叶期后的秧苗或成株叶片上，一般从分蘖至拔节期盛发，叶上病斑常因天气和品种抗病力的差异，在形状、大小、色泽上有所不同，可分为慢性型、急性型、白点型和褐点型四种，其中以前两种危害最重要。慢性型病斑呈菱形或纺锤形，一般长1-1.5厘米，宽0.3-0.5厘米，红褐色至灰白色，两端有坏死线。急性型病斑近圆形或不规则形，暗绿色，病斑背面密生灰色霉层。急性病斑的出现可视为田间病害大流行的先兆。节瘟 发生于茎节上，黑色，病节干缩凹陷，易折断。潮湿时生灰色霉状物。叶枕瘟 发生于叶片与叶鞘交接处，不定形，灰绿色，其出现预示穗颈瘟易发生。穗颈瘟 发生在穗颈、穗轴及枝梗上，病部成段变褐坏死，穗颈、穗轴易折断成白穗。群众to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 称之为“吊颈瘟”。 水稻抽穗期如遇持续3-5天低温(< 20?)易诱发穗颈瘟;一般粳、糯稻比籼稻易感病;同一品种苗期至分蘖盛期和抽穗始期最易感病;由于病菌生理小种变异最易引起品种抗性退化或丧失，连年大面积品种单一化最易引起病菌群体组成的变化;偏施氮肥，土壤干旱或长期深灌，山区稻田日照少、冷底、毒质多、酸性大，皆易诱发稻瘟。 (二)水稻稻瘟病发病条件和传播途径 病害发生流行同气候、品种、肥水管理、病原菌生理小种变异等关系密切。适温高湿的天气有利发病，特别是在24-28?，空气相对湿度90%以是，又遇阴雨绵绵，日照不足的情况下，有利于病菌繁殖，同时水稻生长嫩绿，这样发病严重;水稻品种如果本来不抗病或抗病不高的、种子不作处理的容易发病;施肥不当，特别是氮肥过多的田块水稻生长过旺，叶片软弱更易发病;长期灌深水或用工业污染水的也易发病。 稻瘟病病菌主要以菌丝体在寄生在稻草和种子上越冬。以分生孢子作为初侵染与再侵染的接种体，借气流传播，从寄主表皮直接侵入致病。 (三)水稻稻瘟病防治方法 1、大力推广优良高产抗病良种并注意品种合理配搭与适期更替;加强对病菌生理小种及品种抗性变化动态监测。 2、减少菌源，进行种子消毒。 用20%三环唑1000倍液浸种24小时、并妥善处理田间遗留的病秆，尽量减少初侵染源。 3、搞好肥水等田间管理培育壮秧，提高植株抗病能力。做到施足基肥，早施追肥，配方施反，中期适当控氮制苗，后期看苗补肥。用水要贯彻“前浅、中晒、后湿润、干湿交替”的原则。 4、加强测报，及时喷药防病。 防治稻瘟病要以预防为主、to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 药剂防治为辅的原则，宜在破肚至抽穗始期和齐穗期亩用75%三环唑30克+40%稻瘟稻瘟灵150毫升;亩用富士一号80毫升+75%丰登20克;亩用75%稻士可湿性粉剂20—25克。手动喷雾器兑水50公斤喷雾;机动喷雾器兑水15公斤喷雾。注意喷匀、喷足。 三、水稻纹枯病 (一)水稻纹枯病发病规律及症状 水稻纹枯病又称云纹病。苗期至穗期都可发病。叶鞘染病 在近水面处产生暗绿色水浸状边缘模糊小斑，后渐扩大呈椭圆形或云纹形，中部呈灰绿或灰褐色，湿度低时中部呈淡黄或灰白色，中部组织破坏呈半透明状，边缘暗褐。发病严重时数个病斑融合形成大病斑，呈不规则状云纹斑，常致叶片发黄枯死。叶片染病 病斑也呈云纹状，边缘褪黄，发病快时病斑呈污绿色，叶片很快腐烂，茎秆受害 症状类似叶片，后期呈黄褐色，易折，造成植株倒伏。穗颈部受害 初为污绿色，后变灰褐，常不能抽穗，抽穗的秕谷较多，千粒重下降。湿度大时，病部长出白色网状菌丝，后汇聚成白色菌丝团，形成菌核，菌核深褐色，易脱落。高温条件下病斑上产生一层白色粉霉层即病菌的担子和担孢子。这些担子和担孢子是再侵染源和越冬病原菌。 (二)水稻纹枯病发病条件和传播途径 病菌主要以菌核在土壤中越冬，也能以菌丝体在病残体上或在田间杂草等其它寄主上越冬。翌年春灌时菌核飘浮于水面与其它杂物混在一起，插秧后菌核粘附于稻株近水面的叶鞘上，条件适宜生出菌丝侵入叶鞘组织为害，气生菌丝又侵染邻近植株。水稻拔节期病情开始激增，病害向横向、纵向扩展，抽穗前以叶鞘为害为主，抽穗后向叶片、穗颈部扩展。早期落入水中菌核也可引发稻株再侵染。菌核数量是引起发病的主要原因。每667m2有6万粒以上菌核，遇适宜条件就to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 可引发纹枯病流行。高温高湿是发病的另一主要因素。气温18-34?都可发生，以22-28?最适。发病相对湿度70%-90%，90%以上最适。菌丝生长温限10-38?，菌核在12-40?都能形成，菌核形成最适温度28-32?。相对湿度95%以上时，菌核就可萌发形成菌丝。6-10天后又可形成新的菌核。日光能抑制菌丝生长促进菌核的形成。水稻纹枯病适宜在高温、高湿条件下发生和流行。生长前期雨日多、湿度大、气温偏低，病情扩展缓慢，中后期湿度大、气温高，病情迅速扩展，后期高温干燥抑制了病情。气温20?以让，相对湿度大于90%，纹枯病开始发生，气温在28-32?，遇连续降雨，病害发展迅速。发病迟缓或停止发病。长期深灌，偏施、迟施氮肥，水稻过于茂盛，徒长促进纹枯病发生和蔓延。 (三)水稻纹枯病防治方法 1、选用抗病品种 水稻对纹枯病的抗性是水稻和病原菌相互作用的一系列复杂的物理、化学反应的结果，水稻植株具蜡质层、硅化细胞是抵抗和延缓病原菌侵入的一种机械障碍，是衡量品种抗病性指标，也是鉴别品种抗病性的一种快速手段。 2、打涝菌核，减少菌源 要每季大面积打涝并带出田外深埋病草。优化田间管理 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 ，施足基肥，早施追肥，不可偏施氮肥，增施磷钾肥，配方施肥，使水稻前期不披叶，中期不徒长，后期不贪青。灌水做到浅水分蘖、够苗晒田。 3、药剂防治 抓住防治适期，分蘖后期(成都地区6月下旬至7月中旬)病穴率达15%即施药防治。建议每亩用5%井冈霉素水剂150-200毫升;30%爱苗乳油15毫升，加水50-75千克喷雾。 4、防治注意事项 (1)高温高湿天要连续防治2-3次，间隔10-15天。 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid (2)施药时田间有水层3-5厘米，并保水3-5天。 四、水稻稻曲病 (一)水稻稻曲病发病规律及症状 稻曲病是水稻后期发生的一种真菌性病害。近年来，在各地稻区普遍发生，而且逐年加重，危害较大。有些杂交水稻品种特别严重，严重影响水稻产量。稻曲病主要以菌核在土壤中越冬，其次也可借厚垣孢子在被害谷粒内或健谷颖壳上越冬。次年7—8月，当菌核和厚垣孢子遇到适宜条件时，即可萌发产生子囊孢子和分生孢子，侵入水稻花器及幼颖。病菌首先侵害子房、花柱及柱头，后期侵入幼嫩颖果的外表皮，蔓延到胚乳中，然后大量繁殖并形成子座。病菌侵染后，首先在颖壳合缝处露出淡黄绿色菌块，后膨大如球，包裹全颖壳成墨绿色，最后龟裂，散出墨绿色粉状物。人食病粒易生病。 (二)水稻稻曲病发病发病条件和传播途径 1、气候条件。 气候条件是影响稻曲病菌发育和侵染的重要因素。稻曲病菌在温度为24?—32?均能发育，以26?—28?最为适宜，34?以上不能生长。同时，稻曲病菌的子囊孢子和分生孢子均借风雨浸入花器，因此影虼稻曲病菌发育和侵染的气侯因素以降雨为主:在水稻抽穗扬花期雨日、雨量偏多，田间湿度大，日照少一般发病较重。 2、品种 一般晚熟品种比早熟品种发病重;秆矮、穗大、叶片较宽有利于稻曲病的发生。此外，颖壳表面租糙无茸毛的品种发病重。 3、 栽培管理 栽培管理粗放，密度过大，灌水过深，排水不良，尤其在水稻颖花分化期至始穗期，稻株生长茂盛，若氮肥施用过多，to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 造成水稻贪青晚熟，剑叶含氮量偏多，会加重病情的发展，病穗病粒亦相应增多。 (三)水稻稻曲病防治方法 1、选用抗病品种 淘汰感病品种，因地制宜地选用抗病品种和比较抗病品种。目前在推广的水稻品种中大部分比较抗病。如蓉稻415、蓉稻8号、II优906等。 2、消灭初侵染源 翻耕整地时，结合防治纹枯病，捞除浮渣，消灭越冬菌核。并做好种子消毒工作，用25%使百克3000倍液或10%浸种灵4000倍液浸种，每100kg药液浸种60kg，连续浸种48-60小时。 3、合理追肥，科学管水 在施肥上应施足基肥，早施追肥，适施保花肥，氮、磷、钾合理搭配，增强稻株抗病性。 4、药剂防治 在水稻抽穗扬花期如遇连续的阴雨天时，要及时喷药防治稻曲病的发生。亩用30%爱苗乳油15—20毫升;30%嘉润乳油20毫升;2.5%纹曲宁200-300毫升，加水50-75千克喷雾。 5、注意事项 施药时田间有水层3-5厘米，并保水3-5天。 五、水稻二化螟 (一)水稻二化螟生活习性和危害特点 二化螟除了为害水稻外，还为害玉米、谷子等。也寄生在禾本科杂草上，以老熟幼虫在稻茬、稻草和其他寄主植物的根茬、茎秆中越冬水稻二化螟1年发生1—5代。气温高于11?时开始化蛹，15—16?时成虫羽化。成虫白天潜伏在植株下部，晚上出来活动，有趋光性和喜在嫩绿植株上产卵的习性。在水稻分蘖期，卵块多产在叶片正面的中上部;圆秆拔节后，to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 则多在近水面的叶鞘上产卵。一头雌娥可产二三块卵，140粒--250粒。初孵出的蚁螟多集中在叶鞘内侧，稍大些才分散转株。每头幼虫能为害8株—10株水稻，水稻分蘖期二化螟幼虫先群集在叶鞘内侧蛀食为害，叶鞘外面出现水渍状黄斑，后叶鞘枯黄，叶片也渐死，受害出现枯鞘;幼虫到2龄末期后开始蛀食心叶，使植株心叶枯死形成枯心苗;孕穗期、抽穗期受害，出现枯孕穗和白穗;灌浆期、乳熟期受害，出现半枯穗和虫伤株，受害茎上有蛀孔，孔外虫粪很少，茎内虫粪多，黄色，秕粒增多，遇刮大风易倒折。 (二)水稻二化螟形态特征 成蛾 雌蛾体长12—15mm，翅展25—31mm，触角丝状，前翅灰黄色，近长方形，沿外缘具小黑点7个;后翅白色，腹部灰白色纺锤形。雄蛾体长13—15mm，翅展21-23mm，前翅中央具黑斑1个，下面生小黑点3个，腹部圆筒形。雄蛾体长10—12 mm，翅展20—25mm 卵长1.2mm，扁椭圆形，卵块由数十至200粒单层排成鱼鳞状，上盖透明胶质，长13—16mm，宽3mm，初为乳白色，后变为黄白色或灰黄褐色。幼虫6龄左右。末龄幼虫体长20-30mm，头部除上领棕色外，余红棕色，体背有5条褐色纵线，腹足较发达，趾钩约51—56个为一行三序环形。蛹长10—13mm，米黄色至浅黄褐色或褐色，圆筒形，腹部背面有明显的5条棕色纵线。 (三)水稻二化螟发生规律 1、气候条件 二化螟发生的早迟与其越冬代发生的早迟有关，而越冬代的发生的早迟与冬、春季气温有关，二化螟化蛹的起点温度是11?，因此春季旬平均温度11?以上到来的早迟决定化蛹的早迟。一般年份，在成都地区一代成虫从4月中旬到5月下旬，二代从6月下旬开始7月中旬。夏季高温对二化螟发育不利，气温在23—26?，相对湿度80—90%，有利于幼虫发to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 育度。收割期间多雨，往往使越冬二化螟比例大，易造成来年二化螟发生较重。 通过对双流县1982年-2007年，26年观察数据分析，二化螟发生情况出现重大变化，呈现出新规律，具体表现为越冬基数增高;冬后死亡率低;发生期提早;蛾峰期增多。应引起高度重视。 2 、 耕作制度 近年来由于农业生产的耕作制度发生变化，二化螟的发生时间、高峰期、世代也有一定变化，世代变得有些混乱和交错。在成都地区原来是一年发生2代，现在有的地方发生3代。稻草还田、免耕是造成螟虫越冬基数骤增的主要因素，尤其稻草还田更是二化螟幼虫越冬的主要场所。稻草还田类型田稻桩中的越冬幼虫数量仅是稻草中越冬幼虫数量的13.93%，原因是稻草覆盖后大多数稻桩已腐烂，腐烂的稻桩中的二化螟幼虫大多爬入稻草中越冬，造成一代螟虫危害加重。而移走稻草的免耕田中大多数稻桩冬后没腐烂，这也是螟虫越冬基数增加的原因。 3、栽培品种 二化螟蛾在稻田产卵数量的多少，不但与叶片嫩绿有关，还与品种有关。籼稻比粳稻的叶片宽，而且秆粗，便于产卵。二化螟多飞到籼稻产卵，粳稻就没有籼稻受害重。 4、 栽培技术 二化螟的发生危害程度还与水稻播栽期和后期氮肥的使用量等关系密切，一般情况下，水稻播栽时间过早，有效虫源增加，发生就重;后期氮肥使用量过高，水稻植株嫩绿，能诱集二化螟多产卵，并且还能使二化螟虫体增重，提高繁殖能力。因此，适当推迟水稻播栽期和减少后期氮肥使用量有利于控制二化螟的危害程度。 (四)水稻二化螟防治方法 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 防治二化螟要狠抓消灭虫源，视各地不同情况，因地制宜，综合应用农业防治、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治和保护利用天敌等技术措施。防治策略“统防秧田、综治本田，狠治一代，重视二代的策略”。因为，一是一代发生在秧母田和水稻生长前期，此时用药，由于水稻群体较小，药剂很容易喷到水稻全株，到了二代，水稻已进入生长后期，群体较大，喷药的质量很难保证。二是一代防治容易掌握适期，只要看到田间枯鞘开始增多时就可用药防治，并且防治效果十分明显。 1、 消灭越冬虫源 冬春季铲除田边杂草，拾毁外露稻桩，堆制沤制腐烂有虫稻草和稻桩。及早春耕灌水，杀死越冬幼虫。有利于初始虫源量。 2、栽培治螟 合理调整耕作制度和水稻品种布局和搭配，尽量避免混栽，栽秧时间差异和水稻成熟期差异不宜太长，减少“桥梁田”，错开水稻受害危险期与二化螟为害期。 深水灌溉，二化螟卵开始盛孵时，稻田排水，降低蚁螟为害的叶鞘部位，盛孵高峰后及盛孵末期，各灌深水一次，淹没叶鞘，保持2—3天，杀死大量蚁螟;始蛹前降低水位，盛蛹以后灌深水，也可杀死大量虫蛹。 加强田间管理，培育壮秧，提高水稻抵抗螟害能力。 进行科学的肥、水管理和稻田农事操作，使水稻生长健壮。 3、 保护利用天敌，提高自然控制螟害能力。 稻田二化螟各类寄生、捕食性天敌较多，螟卵有稻螟赤眼蜂、澳洲赤眼蜂、螟黄赤眼蜂等寄生性天敌;幼虫有寄生蜂、线虫等天敌;另外，还有蜘蛛、青蛙、蜻蜓等捕食性天敌。在防治二化螟的同时，应保护天敌，提高天敌对二化螟的控制作用。 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 4、 化学防治 必须做到狠治1代，既可保苗，又可压低下一代虫口数量。在一般年份蚁螟孵化高峰后3天内打药防治枯鞘和枯心苗;重视二代，在孵化始盛期到孵化高峰期用药防治虫伤株、枯孕穗和白穗。 亩用5,锐劲特悬浮剂40ml;20%三唑磷乳油100毫升;48%乐丝本乳油80毫升，手动喷雾器兑水50公斤喷雾;机动喷雾器兑水15公斤喷雾。可兼治稻苞虫、稻蝽蟓、稻蝗、稻飞虱等。 六、稻蓟马 (一)稻蓟马生活习性和危害特点 冬季以成虫在禾本科杂草中和麦类作物上越冬。次年育秧期间，秧苗长至2—3片叶时飞入秧田产卵繁殖。虫体小，非常活跃，能飞能跳。成虫有趋绿性，秧苗移栽后，进入分蘖期食料丰富，利于大量产卵繁殖为害心叶和幼嫩组织。舔食叶片汁液，受害叶片初期呈小白色斑点，叶尖上部内卷，使稻苗生长缓慢，分蘖减少或停止，为害严重时秧苗枯死。成虫受惊就飞散。 (二)稻蓟马形态特征 稻蓟马雌成虫体长1(2—1(4mm，体褐色至黑褐色，触角第2节端部和第3至第4节色淡，触角7节，第3、4节着生叉状感觉锥，第5节外侧有1个，第6节外侧有3个，内侧有1个简单感觉锥。前翅灰色。头近正方形，单眼前鬃长于单眼间鬃，单眼间鬃位于单眼三角形连线外缘;复眼后鬃4根。前胸背板明显长于头部，或约于头长相等，前翅狭长向端部变尖，有2条纵脉，上脉基鬃4+3根，端鬃3根，下脉鬃11,13根;中、后胸腹板内叉骨均无刺。腹部2,7背板后缘具不规则栉齿，第8腹背板后缘梳毛完整，但中部梳毛短小。雄成虫体长1(1,1(2mm，体色同雌。腹部3,7节腹板具to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 腺域。腹端钝圆。卵肾形，长约0(26mm，宽0(1mm，初产白色透明，后变淡黄色。若虫共分4龄。一龄体长0(3,0(4mm，乳白色，触角直伸头前方，无单眼及翅芽。二龄体长0(5,1mm，淡黄绿色，特征同1龄。三龄又称前蛹，体长0(8,1(2mm，淡黄色，触角向头的两侧伸展，单眼模糊，翅芽短。四龄又称蛹，体长0(8,1.3mm，淡黄色，触角折向头、胸背面，单眼3个明显，翅芽长达第6至第7腹节。 (三)稻蓟马发生规律 1、气候 冬春气候温暖有利于稻蓟马的越冬与早期繁殖，容易造成早稻大发生。入春以后4—6月雨日多，又多是小雨，为害特别重。反之，则轻。 2、 耕作制度 在单季稻地区，越冬虫只能在杂草上繁殖，为害就轻。在双季稻地区，早稻播种和移栽期提早为第一代迁飞成虫提供良好产卵繁殖场所，虫量上升迅速，为害就严重。 (四)稻蓟马防治方法 1、农业防治 铲除田边、沟旁杂草和枯叶，减少越冬虫源。像防治其他害虫一样，要施足秧田、大田的基肥，采用配方施肥或施用新型腐殖酸复混肥，控制秧苗和稻苗正常生长，状而不过旺，以抑制成虫产卵量，减轻为害。 2、 农药防治 药剂防治的策略是狠抓秧田，巧抓大田，主防若虫，兼防成虫。及时喷洒20,吡虫啉可溶剂2500,4000倍液、20,丁硫克百威乳油2000倍液、5,锐劲特胶悬剂20ml/667M2，兑水喷雾。秧苗期3片—4片叶期和移栽前7—10天各施1次药。 六、稻飞虱 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid (一)稻飞虱生活习性和危害特点 为害水稻的稻飞虱有三种:褐飞虱、白背飞虱，和灰飞虱。在四川地区为害水稻的主要的是褐飞虱。灰飞虱和白背飞虱一般情况下为害较轻，在水稻生长前中期发生，与稻纵卷叶螟发生的时间接近，在防治稻纵卷叶螟的同时可得到控制。这里重点介绍褐飞虱。 褐飞虱体小，四川省的稻飞虱由南方稻区迁飞而至，褐飞虱有群集为害的习性，成虫、幼虫吸食稻丛下部汁液，同时排出大量含糖类有毒黏液，使稻丛基部变黑，叶片发黄干枯，茎杆变软而倒伏。成虫趋光性强，喜在嫩绿潮湿的稗草上和稻丛下部叶鞘及嫩茎组织内产卵。一头雌虫能产卵200粒—300粒。食料丰富、田间湿度较大、温度25—30?时，有利于产卵、孵化和幼虫成活。虫害发生时多呈点片状现象，先在下部为害，很快暴发成灾。如2007年四川省大部分地区重度发生。褐飞虱一年发生的代数，随着纬度的降低和温度的上升而递增，四川省一年发生4—5代。 (二)稻飞虱形态特征 成虫 有长翅和短翅两种类型，成虫长翅型体长4—5mm，体黄褐色至黑褐色。前胸背板、小盾片上具明显的3条凸起纵线。短翅型体长3.5—4mm，与长翅型相似，但翅短，长度不达腹部末端。一般头较尖小，触角第二节膨大，后足胫节末端有一粗大的矩。褐飞虱体成褐色或暗褐色，两前翅接缝处近中央有一褐色斑点，短翅型成虫翅膀，雌虫腹部特别膨大。 卵初呈丝瓜形，后呈弯弓形，10—20粒排列成行，前部单行，后部挤成双行，卵帽略露出产卵痕。产在叶鞘和茎秆里，多呈双行排列好似香蕉。 若虫初孵时浅黄白色，后变褐色，近椭圆形。5龄若虫体长3.2mm，腹部第3、4腹节背面各生1个白色“山”字形纹。前翅芽伸达腹部3—4节处，前后翅芽的尖端十分接近。 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid (三)稻飞虱发生规律 稻飞虱发生与温度，高湿，食料，天敌有关，在适温，高湿，食料丰富，营养条件好的情况下，短翅型成虫出现多，为害就重;高温，干燥，营养条件差，则长翅型成虫出现较多，就迁飞转移，为害轻些。短翅型成虫寿命长，雌虫多，抱卵量大，繁殖力强，产卵量比长翅型平均要多200粒左右。稻飞虱的天敌有卵寄生蜂和捕食性的黑肩绿盲蜂，在天敌多时，能有效控制稻飞虱的发生量。 (四)稻飞虱防治方法 1、农业防治 首先是选用高产抗虫良种。其次要重视改善栽培措施。生产上必须合理布局，实行同品种，同生育期的水稻连片种植。 2、保护天敌和养鸭治虫 虫药要尽量避免杀伤天敌。 3、 合理用药 亩用10%吡虫啉30-50克;5,锐劲特悬浮剂40ml;5,锐劲特悬浮剂40ml;10%吡虫啉30-50克+80%敌敌畏乳油100毫升加水50公斤喷雾。喷雾时采取四周向中间围歼的方法进行，防止稻飞虱扩散，喷药重点部位为水稻中下部，施药时田间有水层3-5厘米。 八、稻苞虫 (一)稻苞虫生活习性和危害特点 稻苞虫幼虫通常在避风向阳的田、沟边、塘边及湖泊浅滩、低湿草地等处的李氏禾及其他禾本科杂草上越冬，或在晚稻禾丛间或再生稻下部根丛间、茭白叶鞘间越冬。每年3月中下旬羽化出成虫，羽化后1~4天交尾，再经1~3天产卵成虫昼出夜伏，白天常在各种花上吸蜜，卵散产嫩绿稻叶背面，一般一叶1~2粒。每头雌虫可产卵约100粒。稻苞虫在四川1年发生5-6代，稻苞虫的主要为害时期在6月下旬到7月份，尤其对山区中稻为害较重。幼虫取食叶片，影响水稻叶to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 片的光合作用，使其正常生长发育受到抑制。在1~2龄幼虫多在叶尖或叶边纵卷成单叶苞，3龄后能缀成多叶苞。1~2龄幼虫食量少，3龄后食量增大，5龄食量占80%，老熟后在苞内化蛹。一年中严重为害水稻的时期多在8月中下旬。到10月以后，成虫飞到越冬寄主上产卵繁殖至幼虫 (二)稻苞虫形态特征 直纹弄蝶属鳞翅目，弄蝶科。成虫体长17~19毫米，翅展36~42毫米，体及翅都是黑褐色带金黄色光泽，触角棒状，末端有小钩。前翅有白色半透明斑纹7~8个，排成半环形;后翅中央有白色斑纹4个，排成一字形。卵半球形，顶端稍凹陷，表面有六角形网纹，初产时淡绿色，孵化前为紫红色。幼虫一般5龄。初孵幼虫头黑色，体灰绿色，2~3龄后头色渐变淡褐色。老熟幼虫体长36~40毫米，绿色，纺锤形，头淡褐或红褐色，头大，前胸收窄呈颈状。头正面中央有“山”字形纹，前胸背有1条黑褐色横纹。老熟时第4~7腹节两侧各有白色粉状物。蛹，体长约25毫米，表面常附有白粉，淡黄褐色，近缍形，头顶平滑，复眼红褐色，第5、6腹节中央各有一倒八字形纹。 (三)稻苞虫发生规律 1(气候 稻苞虫发育育温度为25~30?，相对湿度80%以上，气温低于20?或高于32?，相对湿度在75%以下时，成虫产卵少，这样为害就轻些。6~8月三个月是稻苞虫开始上升和大发生时期，如遇降雨日多，就适宜稻苞虫的生长发育，又对天敌活动不利，是大发生的预兆。 2、天敌 稻苞虫的天敌种类很多，常见的有寄生蜂。寄生蝇等寄生类昆虫和步甲、螳螂、蜻蜓、蚂蚁等捕食性昆虫以及蜘蛛、青蛙、燕子等有益动物。稻苞虫的发生消长与天敌的盛衰有密to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid 切关系。天敌旺盛时，稻苞虫的发生量和为害程度显著降低。 (四)稻苞虫防治方法 1、清除越冬寄主 在冬季结合积肥、清除茭白残株和沟边、塘边等杂草，4月上旬割光沟边的游草，集中烧毁或作饲料，消灭越冬幼虫。 2、搞好预报测报 稻苞虫在田间的发生分布很不平衡，应做好测报，掌握在幼虫3龄以前，抓住重点田块进行药剂防治。在稻苞虫经常猖獗的地区内，要设立成虫观测圃预测防治适期。在成虫出现高峰后2-4天是田间产卵高峰;10~14天是田间幼虫出现盛期。在成虫高峰后7~10天，检查田间虫龄，决定防治日期。防治指标:一般在分蘖期每百丛稻株有虫5头以上，圆秆期10头以上的稻田需要防治。 3、注意保护天敌 不要用对天敌有毒害的化学农药，可采取人工摘除虫苞和拍板拍杀防治的方法 4、药剂防治 亩用55%杀单苏粉剂40,50克;亩用杀螟杆菌菌粉(每克含活孢子100亿以上)100克加洗衣粉100克;用2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油或20%速灭杀丁乳油5000~8000倍液，药剂任选一种，常规喷雾或机动喷。在晨露未干时喷施。 to produce white smoke, so twice, cold. Cold solution moves into the 50mL or 100mL in the bottle, washed nitrogen bottle wash solution into the volumetric flask, cool, such as water to the scale, and mix. Sizing 10mL 1g a solution of the specimen, sulfate 1mL. Get and digest the samples the same amount of nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate with sulfuric acid, by the same method of reagent blank. 12.1.2 vegetable, fruit, weighing 2500g or 50.00g wash in a homogenate samples placed in a 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottles, adding seed glass beads, 10mL~15mL, nitric acid a mixture of perchlorate, according to 12.1.1 "place for a moment ... ..." action according to law, but a constant volume of solution after each 10mL 5G sample, sulfate ... 12.1.4 containing alcohol sex beverage or containing carbon dioxide beverage: draw 10.00mL or 20.00mL sample, placed 250mL~500mL set nitrogen bottle in the, Addend grain glass beads, first with fire heating removed ethanol or carbon dioxide, again added 5mL~1OmL nitric acid-perchlorate mixed liquid, mixed uniform Hou, following by 12.1.1 since "placed moments......" up law operation, but set capacity Hou of solution each 10mL equivalent to 2mL sample. 12.1.5 foods high in sugar content: weighing 5.00g or 10.0g specimens placed in the 250mL~500mL nitrogen bottle, add a little water to wet, the augend seed glass beads, 5mL~10mL, nitric-perchloric acid after mixing, shake well. Slowly add 5mL or 10mL sulfate, after treating the ease stops foaming, low heat, slowly heating (sugar easy charring), continue along the wall added nitric-perchloric acid