预防医学名词解释通（Interpretation of Preventive Medicine）

预防医学名词解释通（Interpretation of Preventive Medicine） 预防医学名词解释通(Interpretation of Preventive Medicine) Toxicant: a chemical substance that causes acute or chronic pathological changes or even life-threatening effects in small doses. Productive toxicant: poison that is produced or used in the course of production. Occupational poisoning: poisoning caused by productive toxicant, which is called occupational poisoning. Simple asphyxiant gases such as nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, itself is of low toxicity or inert gases, if the concentration is high in the air, the air oxygen partial pressure decreased, resulting in the decrease of oxygen partial pressure, with low PaO2, caused by hypoxia asphyxia. Chemical asphyxia: gas such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide, into the body, the blood oxygen carrying capacity and tissue oxygen utilization ability of obstacles, leading to tissue hypoxia caused by cellular asphyxia". Productive dust: a solid particle that is produced in the process of production and can float in air for a long time. Pneumoconiosis: a disease characterized mainly by lung tissue fibrosis during long-term inhalation of dust in the production process. Silicosis: systemic disease caused by lung fibrosis mainly caused by inhalation of high content of free silica in the production environment for a certain amount. High temperature operation: work place has productive heat source. When outdoor temperature is calculated in outdoor area in summer, temperature in work place is higher than outdoor temperature 2 or 2 celsius. Localized vibration disease: a disease characterized by peripheral circulation disorders caused by long-term use of vibrating tools. It can also involve limbs, nerves and motor function. Nutrition: the biological process by which the body absorbs, jokes, absorbs, and uses nutrients in food to satisfy the need for victory. Reasonable nutrition: refers to the comprehensive and balanced nutrition, that is, every day a variety of nutrients in the diet is complete, the amount of adequate, appropriate proportion of each other. Nutrient: a substance that has a nutritional function in food. It is called nutrition. Obtained by food and can be used in the human body, with the supply of energy, the formation of tissue and regulating physiological functions of the material. Environment: any objective existence, nature related to human existence, and various social conditions and factors. Natural environment: the sum total of various natural factors that exist objectively before human existence. It is composed of various material factors. Pollution source: a place or equipment that discharges harmful substances to the environment or has a harmful effect on the environment, that is, the source of pollution. Contaminant: hazardous substance that enters the environment and causes environmental pollution. The epidemic of infectious disease: the occurrence and spread of the process in the group, namely the pathogens from the body from infection, through certain ways, invade the susceptible body and the formation of a new process and continue to spread the infection. Population susceptibility: refers to the degree of susceptibility of the entire population to disease, which is related to the specific immune status of each individual in the population and is often expressed as a percentage of the non immune population in the population. Epidemic focus: refers to the source of infection and its pathogens can spread to the surrounding areas. Each source of infection can form a focus of infection alone, but more than one source of infection can exist in one epidemic area. Disinfection: chemistry. Physical and biological methods to kill and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in the environment. EPI: according to the analysis of the immune status monitoring and epidemic population, in accordance with the provisions of the immunization program, there are plans to use a second vaccination, in order to improve the immune level of the population, to control and eventually eliminate the purpose of disease. Passive immunity: the incorporation of antibodies containing serum or their preparations into the body to protect the body from antibodies immediately. Cold chain: in order to ensure that the vaccine from production to use of the real process is under appropriate refrigeration conditions, the required multi link chain storage and transport equipment. Sedentary lifestyle: means no physical activity, or very little physical activity, during work, household chores, traffic trips, or leisure time. Community health care: primary health care is the most basic and accessible to all, embodying equal social rights, and affordable health care services for both the people and the government. The route of entry to the human body: the respiratory tract, skin, and digestive tract. The risk of poisoning without liver transformation and detoxification is high, and the risk of poisoning by liver transformation and detoxification is small. Factors affecting the action of toxicant are chemical structure, physical property and toxicant dose. The basic requirements of reasonable nutrition: (1) providing adequate nutrients and heat; 2. Maintaining the balance of various nutrients; rational processing and cooking; food is harmless to human body. The main points of the survey: environment, behavioral ability, outcome expectancy, self-control, observation, learning, reinforcement, self-efficacy, and reciprocal determinism. Prevention and control of infectious diseases? (1) measures against infectious sources: Patients: patients should be "five early", that is, early detection, diagnosis, early reporting, early isolation, early treatment. Pathogen carriers: good registration management and follow-up to 2-3 times after negative examination of their pathogens. Contact: leave medical observation, emergency vaccination and drug prevention. Animal source of infection: if it is harmful and of little economic value, it should be eliminated completely; the large ones will be killed, burned or buried. Quarantine treatment should be carried out for those who do not harm and have economic value; in addition, vaccination and quarantine shall be carried out for livestock and pets. (2) measures against the transmission route: disinfection. (3) measures for susceptible persons: immunization, drug therapy, personal protection. The basic conditions of infectious diseases are pathogen, host, social factor and natural factor. 3 links of the epidemic process: Sources of infection, routes of transmission and susceptible populations. The water transmission characteristics: consistent distribution of cases and the scope of supply, there are references to the same source of water pollution in history; often at the troops continued throughout the year; in addition to breast-feeding infants, the incidence of age, gender, occupation without distinction; stop water pollution or take disinfection and purification measures after the outbreak or epidemic can be calm. The spread of the epidemic characteristics of water occurred: the patient had the history of water contact; the seasonal incidence, occupation and regional; a large number of susceptible areas into water contact can cause the outbreak or epidemic; strengthen water treatment and personal protection, control cases. Emergency measures for the outbreak or epidemic of infectious diseases: restricting or stopping markets, gatherings, theater performances, or other mass gatherings. Stop work, stop business, suspend classes, temporarily requisition houses and vehicles, etc.. Sealing the public reference water polluted by infectious disease pathogens and so on. Factors affecting susceptibility to population: (1) the number of newborns increased; the immune level of the susceptible population disappeared naturally; the immune population became susceptible because of pathogen variation; and the immune population died. In the conditions of the elimination of the source of infection is removed, or the source of infection is no longer discharged from the source of infection from pathogens; the pathogen is cleared, the transmission route no longer exists; all susceptible contacts after the longest incubation period of the disease without disease or that is not infected. Clinical manifestations of chronic benzene poisoning (1) nervous system: neurasthenic syndrome. (2) hematopoietic system (1) was the earliest decrease in persistent leukocyte count. Subsequently, the platelet count decreased. The tendency of bleeding between subcutaneous and mucous membranes is not parallel. The erythrocyte count decreased in moderate poisoning patients. Late stage total cell loss, aplastic anemia, anemia, leukemia. Clinical manifestations of mercury poisoning Acute mercury poisoning: (1) similar to the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections; stomatitis; (2) (3) gastrointestinal symptoms; (4) chemical pneumonia; kidney injury; (5) (6) mercury toxic dermatitis. Chronic mercury poisoning: (1) nervous system symptom excited mainly (2) mercury tremor (3) toxicity of mercury stomatitis. The principle of diagnosis of lead poisoning: occupation history: diagnosis premise; labor survey production environment; because the clinical symptoms and signs and laboratory examination; QUQIAN diagnosis: objects, have a close lead contact history, clinical manifestations, but not people with high urine lead. Chronic lead poisoning: the nervous system: the performance of neurasthenia, peripheral neuritis, severe cases of toxic encephalopathy: (1) the digestive system digestive system dysfunction (2) abdominal angina (3) lead line of a metallic taste in the mouth, anorexia, nausea, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, serious abdominal colic. Blood and hemopoietic system: (1) anemia (2), abnormal red blood cell growth, kidney damage Acute lead poisoning: most of which are caused by digestive tract absorption, which is faster than chronic poisoning, and serious (1) gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (2), a small number of toxic encephalopathy Chronic non communicable diseases: A group of diseases characterized by lifestyle and environmental risk factors, including cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Prevention and treatment of chronic non communicable diseases: The first level prevention for common risk factors, adopt comprehensive measures of health education and health promotion as the main means, the chronic disease is a kind of common disease prevention and control; second grade prevention: integrated into the routine screening of grade third in the daily work of prevention: self management and long-term care patients "Five A smoking cessation": ask (ask) smoking status; discourage (advise) smoking; assess (assess) willingness to quit; help (assist) try to quit smoking; arrange (arrange) follow-up The dangers of a sedentary lifestyle: The most immediate consequence of a sedentary lifestyle if you are eating a high fat diet is weight gain and metabolic disturbances that lead to obesity, elevated cholesterol and blood sugar levels. The risk of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, diabetes mellitus, breast cancer, colorectal cancer and other diseases is raised. Lack of physical activity can also lead to osteoporosis, depression, arthritis, lower quality of life, and shorter life expectancy. Self-management of chronic diseases: With the help of health care workers, individuals undertake preventive or therapeutic health care activities. Three major tasks: medical and behavioral management of diseases; role management; emotion management Five basic skills: problem solving skills, decision making skills, seeking and utilizing community resources, helping to build good doctor-patient relationship skills, setting goals and taking action The situation and challenge faced by public health Situation: the human health threat in many aspects the WTO challenge and response to bioterrorism and public health emergencies and food safety can not be ignored the injury into disease control the adolescent health challenges facing the urgent and aging of the AIDS and tuberculosis of the public sphere. The challenge of infectious and parasitic diseases is still a serious threat to the health of our people in the non infectious disease is increasing in our country to harm people's health in China is harmful to the local disease the most serious harm to the country by the occupation disease in our country in the world is very serious the adverse lifestyle effects on people's health in China bring the increasingly prominent problem of the aging population increasingly serious I wish you all the best in the exam