Vol. 56, No. 3/4, May/July 2012
This Is Watson
In 2007, IBM Research took on the grand challenge of building a computer system that
could compete with champions at the game of Jeopardy!. In 2011, the open-domain
question-answering system dubbed Watson beat the two highest ranked players in a nationally
televised two-game Jeopardy! match. This special issue provides a deep technical overview
of the ideas and accomplishments that positioned our team to take on the Jeopardy! challenge,
build Watson, and ultimately triumph. It describes the nature of the question-answering
challenge represented by Jeopardy! and details our technical approach. The papers herein
describe and provide experimental results for many of the algorithmic techniques developed
as part of the Watson system, covering areas including computational linguistics, information
retrieval, knowledge representation and reasoning, and machine leaning. The papers offer
component-level evaluations as well as their end-to-end contribution to Watson’s overall
question-answering performance.
1 Introduction to BThis is Watson[
D. A. Ferrucci
2 Question analysis: How Watson reads a clue
A. Lally, J. M. Prager, M. C. McCord, B. K. Boguraev, S. Patwardhan, J. Fan, P. Fodor,
and J. Chu-Carroll
3 Deep parsing in Watson
M. C. McCord, J. W. Murdock, and B. K. Boguraev
4 Textual resource acquisition and engineering
J. Chu-Carroll, J. Fan, N. Schlaefer, and W. Zadrozny
5 Automatic knowledge extraction from documents
J. Fan, A. Kalyanpur, D. C. Gondek, and D. A. Ferrucci
6 Finding needles in the haystack: Search and candidate generation
J. Chu-Carroll, J. Fan, B. K. Boguraev, D. Carmel, D. Sheinwald, and C. Welty
� Copyright 2012 by International Business Machines Corporation. See individual articles for copying information. Post-1994 articles that
carry a code at the bottom of the first page may be copied, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, U.S.A. Pages containing the table of contents may be freely copied and
distributed in any form. ISSN 0018-8646. Printed in U.S.A.
(continued on next page)
7 Typing candidate answers using type coercion
J. W. Murdock, A. Kalyanpur, C. Welty, J. Fan, D. A. Ferrucci, D. C. Gondek, L. Zhang,
and H. Kanayama
8 Textual evidence gathering and analysis
J. W. Murdock, J. Fan, A. Lally, H. Shima, and B. K. Boguraev
9 Relation extraction and scoring in DeepQA
C. Wang, A. Kalyanpur, J. Fan, B. K. Boguraev, and D. C. Gondek
10 Structured data and inference in DeepQA
A. Kalyanpur, B. K. Boguraev, S. Patwardhan, J. W. Murdock, A. Lally, C. Welty, J. M. Prager,
B. Coppola, A. Fokoue-Nkoutche, L. Zhang, Y. Pan, and Z. M. Qiu
11 Special Questions and techniques
J. M. Prager, E. W. Brown, and J. Chu-Carroll
12 Identifying implicit relationships
J. Chu-Carroll, E. W. Brown, A. Lally, and J. W. Murdock
13 Fact-based question decomposition in DeepQA
A. Kalyanpur, S. Patwardhan, B. K. Boguraev, A. Lally, and J. Chu-Carroll
14 A framework for merging and ranking of answers in DeepQA
D. C. Gondek, A. Lally, A. Kalyanpur, J. W. Murdock, P. A. Duboue, L. Zhang, Y. Pan, Z. M. Qiu,
and C. Welty
15 Making Watson fast
E. A. Epstein, M. I. Schor, B. S. Iyer, A. Lally, E. W. Brown, and J. Cwiklik
16 Simulation, learning, and optimization techniques in Watson’s game strategies
G. Tesauro, D. C. Gondek, J. Lenchner, J. Fan, and J. M. Prager
17 In the game: The interface between Watson and Jeopardy!
B. L. Lewis
(continued from previous page)
<<
/ASCII85EncodePages false
/AllowTransparency false
/AutoPositionEPSFiles true
/AutoRotatePages /None
/Binding /Left
/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
/CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
/sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4
/CompressObjects /Tags
/CompressPages true
/ConvertImagesToIndexed true
/PassThroughJPEGImages true
/CreateJDFFile false
/CreateJobTicket false
/DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true
/DetectCurves 0.0000
/ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
/DoThumbnails false
/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedOpenType false
/ParseICCProfilesInComments true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveDICMYKValues true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveFlatness true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments false
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300
/ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300
/ColorImageDepth 8
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeColorImages true
/ColorImageFilter /FlateEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages false
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true
/GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth 8
/GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /FlateEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages false
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true
/MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/CheckCompliance [
/None
]
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
/PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /False
/Description <<
/CHS
/CHT
/DAN
/DEU
/ESP
/FRA
/ITA
/JPN
/KOR
/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
/NOR
/PTB
/SUO
/SVE
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
本文档为【06177718】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑,
图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
该文档来自用户分享,如有侵权行为请发邮件ishare@vip.sina.com联系网站客服,我们会及时删除。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。
本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。
网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。