自考国际商务英语课文脉络笔记

L1 International Business 1.商务知识 1.1 major differences between international business and domestic business A. differences in legal system B. differences in currencies C. differences in cultural background D. differences in natural and economic conditions 1.2 major types of international business A. trade a. commodity(visible) trade b. service(invisible) trade B. investment a. foreign direct investment(FDI) b.portfolio investment stocks, bonds or certificates of deposits C. other types a. licensing(high customs duty and non-tariff barrier, strong intellectual property protection) franchising(hotel and restaurant business) In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licenser, the franchiser has more control over and provides more suppoort for the franchisee. b. management contract and contract manufacturing c. turnkey project and BOT L2 Income Level and the World Market 1. 商务知识 1.1 GDP and GNP A. GDP market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. B. GNP market value of all goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. 1.2 per capita income and per capita GDP 1.3 high income, middle income and low income countries A. H: annual per capita income of $9386 and above; 1). OECD; 2). rich oil producing countries of the Middle East; 3). small-industrialized countries or regions; B. M: annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765; 1). most East European countries; 2). most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States; 3). 6 OECD countries; 4). quite a number of Latin America countries; 5). some Asian countries; 6). South Africa, Libya, Nigeria and Algeria; C. L: annual per capita income of $765 and below; 1). most African countries; 2). some Asian countries; 3).a few Latin American countries; 1.4 Triad and Quad A. Triad: US, Western Europe and Japan B. Quad:Triad and Canada 1.5 other important markets for China the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and Australia L3 Regional Economic Integration 1商务知识 1.1 major objectives of regional integration to better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods,services,capital,labor and other resources. 1.2 four levels of regional economic integration A. free trade area absence trade barriers; the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA, formed by US,Canada and Mexico); B. customs union absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; Southern Cone Customs Union (Mercosur, formed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay in 1991); C. common market absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility; the European Community(1967-1994,became a true common market in 1992); D. economic union absence trade barriers; practice of common external policy; free production factor mobility; integration of the domestic policies; European Union; 1.3 European Union(EU) A. history the European Coal and Steel Community(ECSC,1952); the Treaty of Rome(1957,signed by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries); the European Economic Community(EEC,1957-1967); the European Atomic Energy Community(EURATOM,1957-1967); the European Community(formed by merging ECSC,EEC and EURATOM,1967-1994); the Single European Act(1992); the Maastricht Treaty(1994); the European Union(1994-); B. structure the European Commission(executive body); the Council of Ministers(decision making); the European Parliament(membership application and trade agreement approval); 1.4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC, has 21 members) A. the Seoul Declaration(1991); B. a five-layer organizational structure: the Informal Meeting of Economic Leaders(China,2001); the Dual-Ministerial Meeting; the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for Trade; the Senior Officials Meeting(SOM); Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOM, and Budget Management Committee (four subordinate committees under SOM); C. objectives:trade and investment liberation and facilitation(TILF) and economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH); 1.5 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC,13 members,1960,Vienna) L4 Economic Globalization 1. 商务知识 1.1 economic globalization as an objective trend A. basic feature: free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation; B. advantages and negative impacts a. advantages: 1).giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development; 2), making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive; b. disadvantage: making countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe; 1.2 multinational corporations A. organization:parent MNC and affiliate MNC B. characteristics: 1). enormous size; 2). wide geographical spread; 3). longevity and rapid growth; C. two basic needs: profit and security; D. roles: as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources; E. four types 1). multi-domestic corporation(decentralized); 2). global corporation(power and responsibility concentrated at the headquarters); 3). transnational corporation(integrated in an independent network of affiliates); 4). world company (internationalized) L5 International Trade (1) 1. 商务知识 1.1 the defintion of international trade the exchage of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in anoother. 1.2 two reasons for international trade A. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries B. international specialization 1.3 two theories for international specialization A. the theory of absolute advantage a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources. B. the theory of comparative advantage a. contents of the theory even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade. b. not a static concept A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions. c. the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade d. David Ricardo, the economist who introduced the theory L6 International Trade (2) 1. 商务知识 1.1 other bases for trade among countries A. patterns of demand B. economy of scale C. innovation or style 1.2 the reasons why complete specializtion may never occur A. strategic or domestic reasons B. transport cost C. protectionist measures 1.3 tariff barriers-- the most common form of trade restriction a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area. A. export duty (tax levied on goods leaving an area) B. import duty (tax levied on goods entering an area) a. specific duty b. ad valorem duty c. compound duty C. drawback: duties paid on imported goods that are returned if the goods are reexported. D. MFN treatment: a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country. 1.4 quotas--the most common form of non-tariff barriers in quantity or valume terms, on a country or global basis, unilaterally or be negotiated on "voluntary" basis 1.5 invisible trade A. transportation service across national boundaries maritime ships is the most important means (Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets) B. insurance (Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service) C. tourism D. immigrant remittance: the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land L7 Incoterms 2000 1. 商务知识 1.1 the neseeity and purpose of having Incoterms 1). to eliminate any of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute; 2). to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. 1.2 the reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms A. spread of customs-free zones B. changes in transportation practices C. increased use of electronic communication 1.3 the four groups of Insoterms A. Group E: the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises; EXW (Ex Works); B. Group F: the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to carrier appoined by the buyer; FCA (Free carrier); FAS (Free Alongside Ship); FOB (Free On Board); C. Group C: the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch; CFR (Cost and Freight); CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight); CPT (Carriage Paid To); CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to); D. Group D: the seller has bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country of destination; DAF (Delivered At Frontier); DES (Delivered Ex Ship); DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay); DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid); DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 1.4 the three most commonly used terms A. FOB (free on board) B. CFR (cost and freight) C. CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 1.5 chandges to some areas A. the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ; B. the loading and unloading obligations under FCA; L8 Business Contract 1. 商务知识 1.1 the definition of the contract an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties. 1.2 two types of business negotiation: oral and written 1.3 process of negotiation and conclusion of the contract A. inquiry (enquiry) a first enquiry should content: 1). how the name and address of the exporter have been abtained; 2). the business line and usual practice of the importer; B. quotation a firm offer should made of: 1). the time of shipment and the mode of payment desired; 2). an exact description of the goods; 3). the validity period; C. offer and acceptance D. counter-offer a counter-offer may be made in relation to: 1). price; 2). terms of payment; 3). time of shipment; or 4). other terms and conditions of the offer; 1.4 the necessity of the written contract: 1). as the proof of the agreement; 2). as the basis for its execution. 1.5 the types of contracts A. sales contract B. purchase contract C. sales (or purchase) confirmation (less detailed than a contract) 1.6 the setting of a contract A. the title: 1). the type of the contract; 2). the number of the contract; 3). the date; B. the contract proper a. the name and address of the buyer and the seller b. the details of the commodity transaction c. the terms and conditions mutually agreed d. indication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validity C. the signatures of the contacting parties D. the stipulations on the back of the contract L9 Modes of Trade 1. 商务知识 1.1 origin and development of counter trade origined from pre-World War II years when clearing system was introduced between familiar trading partners exchanging unrelated goods. 1.2 current counter trade A. barter: the direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time. B. counter purchase: the assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country. C. buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment. The goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exported (different from B). D. features common to the three forms of counter trade: "bundling" 1.3 major advantages of counter trade A. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortage B. promoting export C. reducing uncertainty regarding export receipts D. bypassing international price agreement E. helping countries with debt problems to import goods 1.4 the drawbacks of counter trade: it can be very risk business. L10 International Payment 1. 商务知识 1.1 the complexity of payment in international trade A. risks faced by the exporter and the importer B. political factors, commercial factors, grographical factors and language barrier etc. 1.2 two methods of payment used under certain conditions A. cash in advance or partial cash in advance B. open account C. consignment transaction 1.3 the draft (bill of exchange) A. definition draft: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future. drawer: the person who draws the draft, usually the exporter drawee: the person to whom the draft is drawn) payee: the person receiving the payment, usually the drawer B. sight draft (calls immediate payment on presentation) usance draft (tenor draft or term draft, is payable at a later date) C. clean draft (without documents) documentary draft (is accompanied by the relevant documents) 1.4 documentary collection A. documents against payment (D/P): documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effected. a. D/P at sight b. D/p after sight B. documents against acceptance (D/A): documents are handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the draft drawn by the exporter. L11 The Letter of Credit (I) 1. 商务知识 1.1 the definition of the letter of credit a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents. 1.2 the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit: bilateral security 1.3 the relevant parties of the letter of credit and their roles in its process of operation A. the applicant (instructs his bank to issue an L/C) B. the opening bank (issues the credit and sends it to the advising bank) C. the advising bank (examines the credit and advises the beneficiary of its receipt) D. the beneficiary (examines the credit and requests the openerto make amendments to any discrepancies, then prepare the relevant documents and dispatch the goods) E. the negotiating bank (buys the exporter's draft submitted to it under the credit) F. the comfirming bank (adds its confirmation to the credit) 1.4 the major contents of the letter of credit 1). the number of the credit and the place and time of its establishment 2). the type of the credit 3). the contract on which it is based 4). the major parties relevant to the credit 5). the amount value of the credit 6). the place and date on which the credit expires 7). the description of the goods 8). transportation clause 9). stipulations relating to the draft 10).stipulations concerning the shipping documents required 11).certain special clause if any 12).instructions to the negotiating bank 13).the seal or signature of the opening bank 14).whether the credit follows "the uniform customs and practice for documentary credits" 1.5 the documents being the only concern of the banks in credit operation "in credit operations all parties concerned deal in documents, and not in goods, service and/or other performance to which the documents may relate" L12 The Letter of Credit (II) 1. 商务知识 1.1 major types of credits and their functions, forms and mechanism A. clean credit (only requirs clean draft for payment) and documentary credit B. revocable credit (commitments can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary) and irrevocable credit C. confirmed credit (credit confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank) and unconfirmed credit D. sight credit (payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents) and usance credit E. transferable credit (credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties) and non-transferable credit F. non-draft credit (payment to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft) a. payment credit b. deferred payment credit G. revolving credit (stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made) 1.2 the limitations of the letter of credit A. inability to provide absolute security B. being more expensive than other forms of payment L13 Major Documents Required in Worlt Trade 1. 商务知识 1.1 the importance of correct documentation 1).difficulties in taking delivery; 2).refusal by the bank to make payment, 1.2 major types of documents A. commercial invoice a. major contents 1). invoice number and the date; 2). name and address of the buyer and the seller; 3). contract number and credit number; 4). description of the goods; 5). unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; 6). terms of delivery and terms of payment; 7). packing, shipping marks; 8). seal or signature of the exporter; b. points to be noted: the description of the goods in the invoice must comply with the credit and the total invoice value should not exceed the total amount of the covering L/C. B. packing list a. major contents: the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net weight and gross weight etc. b. documents with similar function: specification list (emphasizes the description of specification of the goods); weight list (also weight note or weight memo, emphasizes the weight of the goods and are used for goods which are based on the weight for price calculation) C. the bill of lading a. 3 major functions 1). as a cargo receipt 2). constitutes a contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor 3). a document of title to the goods b. major contents 1). the carrier (shipping company); 2). the shipper or consignor (exporter); 3). the consignee (the importer or made out "to order); 4). the notify party (the agent of the consignee or the consignee himself); 5). a general description of the goods; 6). shipping marks; 7). the freight; 8). the port of shipment and the port of destination; 9). the place where the bill of lading is issued; 10). the date when the bill of lading is issued; c. clean bill of lading (states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition) and on board bill of lading (indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination) d. ocean bill of lading,airway bill and railway bill, cargo receipt; D. insurance policy and insurance certificate a. major contents 1). the insured; 2). cargo description; 3). the amount insured and the risks covered; 4). contents concerning transportation; 5). the place where claims are to be settled; 6). the date on which the document is issued; b. the difference between the two: the latter is a bit simpler than the former E. various certificates certificate of quality, certificate of weight, certificate of quantity, certificate of health, certificate of disinfection, certificate of origin, veterinary certificate etc. F. other documents customs invoice, consular invoice, consular visa, shipping advice etc. L14 International Transportation 1. 商务知识 1.1 definition transportation: the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another. freight transportation: the economic movem