（maggie雅茹版）小姜老师GRE Issue公开课的笔记完整版

目录 Outline of Lecture 2 ....................................................................................................... 2 1. 读题注意的问题.............................................................................................. 3 2. 抽象词:命题时有大量抽象词 ........................................................................ 3 3. 绝对用语.......................................................................................................... 4 4. 情态用语.......................................................................................................... 6 Outline of Lecture 3 ....................................................................................................... 7 1. 上节课复习...................................................................................................... 8 2. 表程度和数量的词 .......................................................................................... 8 3. 什么是对比元素............................................................................................ 10 4. 什么是 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ............................................................................................ 11 5. 什么是未声明的假设.................................................................................... 12 Outline of Lecture 4 ..................................................................................................... 13 • Q1: 新 GRE Issue 如何读题（总结）？ ......................................................... 13 1.1 抽象词 ................................................................................................... 13 1.2 绝对用语 ............................................................................................... 13 1.3 表情态的词 ........................................................................................... 13 1.4 表数量程度的词 ................................................................................... 13 1.5 表对比的词 ........................................................................................... 14 1.6 评价标准 ............................................................................................... 14 1.7 未声明假设 ........................................................................................... 14 • Q2: Issue 如何布局？ ....................................................................................... 15 • Q3: Issue 如何开头？ ....................................................................................... 16 写引子 hook ............................................................................................. 16 主旨句 Thesis Statement ............................................................................ 17 • Q4: Issue 如何展开？ ....................................................................................... 17 • Q5: Issue 如何结尾？ ....................................................................................... 18 Outline of Lecture 5 ..................................................................................................... 18 • Q2: 如何限定题目讨论范围？ ....................................................................... 19 • Q3: 什么叫题目背景? ..................................................................................... 20 • Q4: 如何有效地举例子？ ............................................................................... 21 举例子用语.................................................................................................. 21 • Q5: 如何使用因果展开？ ............................................................................... 22 因果展开：除了 because of 还可以用——变换用词 ............................... 22 • Q6: 如何让步展开？ ....................................................................................... 23 Outline of Lecture 6 ..................................................................................................... 24 Q1: Issue 如何展开？ （回顾） ？ .................................................................. 24 • Q2: 如何提出批判性问题？：用提问方法丰富句式 ................................... 26 • Q3: 如何提出其他意见?：出现 only 和 best ............................................... 27 Q4: 升华题目观点？:必须要有 ......................................................................... 28 • Q5: 什么是具体情况具体分析？（写作要求 consider ways） ................... 29 Outline of Lecture 7 ..................................................................................................... 30 • Q1: 如何攻击对立观点？（重要） ............................................................... 30 • Q2: 如何权衡利弊? ......................................................................................... 32 • Q3: 怎样评价逻辑关系？Claim: … Reason: … ................................................ 33 • Q4: 什么是推演结果？ ................................................................................... 34 • Q5: Issue 如何展开？ （回顾总结） ？ ....................................................... 34 分析几道高频题目...................................................................................... 35 Outline of Lecture 8 ..................................................................................................... 37 • Q1: Issue 如何读题（回顾）？ ....................................................................... 37 • Q2: Issue 文章如何确定立场？ ....................................................................... 39 • Q3: Issue 如何展开（回顾） ........................................................................... 39 • Q4: Issue 如何论点布局？ ............................................................................... 39 • Q5: 从读题到论点布局（总结）。 ................................................................. 40 Outline of Lecture 9 ..................................................................................................... 41 写作要求特点关键词 第一类写作要求考虑具体情况 Consider ways 第二类写作要求反击对立论点 Address/ challenge 第三类写作要求分析建议利弊 Advantageous 第四类写作要求分析逻辑链 Claim/ reason 第五类写作要求观点选择 Some/ others 第六类写作要求推演政策结果 Policy/ consequences Outline of Lecture 2 • Q1: Issue 读题注意什么？ • Q2: 什么是抽象词？ • Q3: 什么是绝对用语? • Q4: 什么是情态用语？ • Q5: 什么是否定用语？ 1. 读题注意的问题 2. 抽象词:命题时有大量抽象词 从公平性角度考量，为保证所有考生都能够 有话可说，考生会发现ETS在命题时尽量在 使用抽象词，这样不管来自什么专业背景的 学生都可以从自己的角度探讨。 【新91题】The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that they have more leisure time. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain 科技的确可以节省时间，闲暇时间。科技进步导致身体健康发展，寿命延长，更 多生命去休闲。更多科技技术为了迎合娱乐休闲需求，例如„„爱迪生。但并不 是完全的 题目观点过于绝对。“首要目标”一定是为了休闲时间吗？基础研究为了好奇， 推动人类科学技术发展，例如伽利略，Maxwell在通信领域的推动作用。 （升华）确实技术让人民有更多闲暇，但也有更多繁忙。科技导致人与人之间隔 阂，人与自然的隔阂 【新18题】The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 民众的质疑对社会的发展、人类的发展都有重要的意义。很多信息稂莠不齐，民 众要质疑，不盲从。南非选举权，妇女选举权，通信婚姻。科技被质疑所推动， 哥白尼质疑地心说。 如果题目没有限定用哪种形式进行质疑，社会有可能会混乱（question此词不具 完备性），例如用以牙还牙。好的非暴力方法：圣经中一句，发展此方法——甘 地，昂山素季 深刻升华：不是为了质疑而质疑，是为了真理。为了保证社会进步，民众要培养 独立思考，不盲从 3. 绝对用语 以下词重要 【新13题】Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. 攻击对立观点 二类 学习专业以外的问题有好处：学科交叉，相互借鉴。解析几何，物理化学，地球 化学，很多问题需要用各种学科知识解决。例如温室效应：气候学，经济学的合 作解决 从个人生活角度：如果选修更多课程，压力会更大。但也可以使课外选修课找到 自己的兴趣所在，让自己生活更丰富多彩，结交朋友。 学校不能要求学生选择怎样的课。剥夺选择的自由，增加了学生的学费负担。课 堂教学有缺陷，知识的获得不仅只能在课堂上 【新10题】Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position. 梭罗 国家公园 定义一下wilderness areas 有助于保护自然资源：黄石，黄山，加拿大banfu（荒原法出现后有利于国家公 园出现，所以wilderness areas可以认为是国家公园，抽象词） 资源的保护是为了更好的开发利用自然资源 升华：从世界角度，原生态的保护也并没有解决自然生态问题：美国把自然资源 负担给了发展中国家。原生态保护是人类的短浅认识 【新6题】A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. 国家统一的课程存在合理性：大学前的通识教育，有助于学生学习基本竞争力， 即使是来自落后地方。有助于学生转学学习，对于学校教授减少负担 反击：虽然保证教育公平性。真正教育应该以人为本，因材施教。各个地区都有 亚文化，统一文化会有损亚文化的传承。 即便不谈其弊端，题目还是过于极端。“all”：不太可能包括聋哑儿童，天才儿童， 残障儿童。 【观点暧昧？】先让步，但还是批判部分。大背景→小部分批判 【新28题】The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 国民的安乐的确体现了国家的强大。可以用中国古代思想家的语句。民以食为天， 民众如果食不果腹„„ 即便如此，很多伟大的国家，还是留下很多军事科技政治上面的成就：文艺复兴 意大利，亚历山大大帝，成吉思汗，雅典 升华：民众安乐保障科技艺术成就。一些极端的情况：日本军国主义，德国纳粹 主义 4. 情态用语 Require 比较极端 【新1题】As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate.（有官方范文） Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 核武器 克隆研究：调整人类底线 【新8题】Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. 有很多政界成功人士，例如撒切尔夫人，普京等等都是政界的常青树。任期过短 的领导会有很多弊端，会导致政策不稳定，浪费资源，长期任务不了了之。会把 很多好的领导拒之门外 【新2题】To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 城市发展：古代多数是城市的发展兴起，古罗马等等。推动了文化交流。但是西 方文化成为主流之后，把亚文化侵蚀了。在高度发达的城市很难找到自己城市的 特征，反而在乡村可以找到很多重要的文化。 【新6题】A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. Outline of Lecture 3 • Q1: Issue 读题注意什么（回顾）？ • Q2: 什么是表程度和数量的词？ • Q3: 什么是对比元素? • Q4: 什么是评价标准？ • Q5: 什么是未声明的假设？ 1. 上节课复习 2. 表程度和数量的词 【新132题】Some people believe that our ever increasing use of technology significantly reduces our opportunities for human interaction. Other people believe that technology provides us with new and better ways to communicate and connect with one another. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented. significantly reduces：why not gently….. 两类观点题：是否矛盾？？ Complex thinking/critical thinking 交流有很多种：人与社会，人与自然。两种观点提到的交流的定义不必局限住 Statement 新的交通交流技术前所未有地改变我们的交流方式，促进整个人类文 化的融合。但不得否认的是，人与人深刻的交流变得单薄 段一：新的通讯给人们带来前说未有的交流方式：3G 手机等等。点击之间发现 世界的美，收到来自世界每个地方的信息。载体丰富：声音文字图片视频。 Technology 可以说交通技术：飞机，卫星通信使人们的距离日益拉近 段二：新技术促进人类文化的交融。微博，世界资讯。地方冲突都是来自信息不 通，和平 段三：新的技术使节奏变得越来越快，不愿意和真实的人交流。更重要的是人与 人的交流，人与自然的交流在不断地分离。人的本性是自然的（这是最后升华一 下） 【新 9 题】In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution(抽象) without first being strongly influenced by past achievements(抽象) within that field. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 段一：很多学科的确需要站在前人的肩膀上：例如牛顿——站在哥白尼„ 又如 瓦特，是蒸汽机的改进者。又如爱迪生，了解别人的专利，学习别人的经验，避 免前人的错误。„„ 段二：但很多成就是受到别的学科的影响，特别是交叉学科。笛卡尔：解析几何。 经济学+心理学。 段三：还有很多学术是开拓了新的领域的，前无古人后无来者。爱因斯坦相对论， 牛痘的疫苗。达尔文物种起源，推出崭新的领域。 【新 8 题】Claim: In any field—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based. 虽然我们不得不承认„„但是„„有失 段一：题目出发点好，长期任职导致体制僵持，任人唯亲，有失公平。 段二：但题目过于绝对。为什么是五年？不是四年三年？很多政界的常青书。任 期过短的领导人不好。很多有能力的领导人可以连任的。如果领导层频繁的更迭， 会导致人心涣散，任务不连续 新手 3. 什么是对比元素 新手 VS 专家 „„ 【新93题】Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. 【哪一个更重要？】 段一：快节奏使人们注重外在：整形 plastic surgry ，包装，过度包装的礼品（中 国的传统拿出来）。但不代表内在不重要 段二：对于一个企业来说，如果注重包装的话，他的本质很快就会被识破。不注 重质量和产品服务的企业„„ 又如政客。又如个人：路遥知马力日久见人心（英 语是„„）交友的时候认识不到朋友的内心 段三升华：真正流芳百世的艺术，人。好的音乐，billiboard ，命运交响曲。书 籍：畅销榜上的，真正的好书，莎翁的悲喜剧，战争与和平。人：好的政客并不 是油嘴滑舌——甘地（穿破布），海伦凯勒 要看书的人物资料 【新 123 题】The best way for a society to prepare its young people for leadership in government, industry, or other fields is by instilling in them a sense of cooperation, not competition. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. 竞争与合作 段一：成功的领导需要竞争，竞争无处不在。达尔文物种竞争。竞争的前提是有 平等参与的机会。„„ 段二：成功的领导也必须有合作的精神。合作无处不在。人多，更多的方法，取 得更大的成功。企业间的合作，绿色环保汽车，通用与奔驰。政府间的合作，破 案，跨国犯罪，反恐领域 段三升华：两者都不可或缺。竞争是为了更好的合作，只„„。合作是为了更好 的竞争。 全球艾滋病的通力研究，为了与病魔竞争， 4. 什么是评价标准 事物好坏优缺 【新 28 题】The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists, but by the general welfare of its people. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. great nation 的评价标准是什么？民众安乐，艺术家的成就？ 段一：中国的名言：民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。The people are the most important element of the nation, the spirit of the land and the grain are the next, the Sovran is the lightest. 民以食为天 the food is the first necessarily for man. 民可载舟，亦 可覆舟。The water that bear the boat is the same that %&^*&&* 段二：很多国家留下了精彩的文明。亚历山大大帝，拿破仑，文艺复兴事情的意 大利。只有国民安居乐业才„„： 【新 30 题】Teachers' salaries should be based on their students' academic performance. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. 评价老师的薪水 段一：有其合理性。可以调动教师积极性，学生成绩也代表老师的教学的 段二：单一地以成绩评价是有风险的。助长高分低能的应试，不利益素质教育。 其实并不提高老师的质量，不愿意分析合作交流气氛 段三：更好更综合的方法：贡献，学历，家长评价，peer review 5. 什么是未声明的假设 【新 15 题】Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. 我：choose=learn？ 老师：有人调查了什么领域就一定学了就赚钱了吗？ 段一：热门领域变冷门了，就变得不赚钱了。即便可以被预测，也不应鼓励，学 校是民族良知，不染尘俗。电磁学虽然开头不被看好，后来却推动了整个„„ 【新 90 题】Educators should take students' interests into account when planning the content of the courses they teach. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position. Unstated assumption:学生都清楚自己的兴趣？老师可以并有精力去发现吗？有 能力去满足？（类 argue） Outline of Lecture 4 • Q1: 新 GRE Issue 如何读题（总结）？ • Q2: Issue 如何布局？ • Q3: Issue 如何开头？ • Q4: Issue 如何展开？ • Q5: Issue 如何结尾？ 400+ 500+ 600+词 • Q1: 新 GRE Issue 如何读题（总结）？ 先读写作要求 引用书上 reference 换个说法 1.1 抽象词 ETS 命题尽量使用抽象词来保证公平。定义抽象词并讨论它的范围，可以完成 30min 的作文——高度的限定 1.2 绝对用语 所有？每一位？ 要对立场绝对进行批判 1.3 表情态的词 Will 有 100%的确定性；“应该”也有强烈的情感 1.4 表数量程度的词 Significant way；strongly 1.5 表对比的词 More…than…:两者可能不是对立的，是相辅相成的 1.6 评价标准 什么是伟大的人？伟大的国家？成绩怎么衡量？ 1.7 未声明假设 Take it for granted 观点摇摆 vs 观点明确 【新 18 题】The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position. Well-being:民众成就？军事？ Question：口头质疑？暴力质疑？→non violate:甘地，曼德拉，昂山素季 Authority:政治的，信仰的。 统治现代民众的三大类枷锁——宗教、科学（科学 乌托邦——科学技术可以解决一切）、政法（强制性的约束） 【新 13 题】Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the student's field of study. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position. 段一：专业选修课好处 段二：“should”?为什么一定要要求？放权给每个学生 decision making；大学的 民主精神。“every”身体上的残疾学生要区别对待。 英国的议论文喜欢在结尾 concession，美国喜欢在开头。 【新 1 题】As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the abil