英国文学选读名词解释2

一 名词解释 1. Byronic hero A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom. 2. Gothic novels Gothic literature invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and settings such as castles, dungeons, and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader. 3. narrative poem A narrative poem tells a story in verse. Three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads, such as Robin Hood; epics, such as Beowulf; and metrical romances, such as sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 4. lyric poem A lyric poem expresses the observation and feelings of a single speaker. Unlike a narrative poem, it presents an experience or a single effect, but it does not tell a full story. Types of lyrics include the elegy, the ode, and the sonnet. 5. critical realism In Victorian period appeared a new literary trend called critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Charles Dickens, the Bronte Sisters, Thomas Hardy. 6. romanticism It is a literary moment and current. It put more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man and focuses more on individual rather than society. It advocates freedom for expressing personal feelings and reject convention and tyranny, emphasizing the rights and dignity of common humans. 7. Shakespearean sonnet A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. Octave + sestet 3 quatrains + a couplet 8. Ode The Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays. 9. Naturalism A post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the “laws” of scientific determinism to fiction The naturalist went beyond the realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O’Neill in America; Zola in France; Hardy and Gissing in England. 二 给出一部分节选（小说或诗），指出出处和作者，理解。并写一篇ESSAY 1. Pride and Prejudice- Jane Austen It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. A lady's imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony in a moment. There are certainly not so many men of large fortune in the world as there are of pretty women to deserve them. It is always incomprehensible to a man that a woman should ever refuse an offer of marriage. A woman, especially, if she has the misfortune of knowing anything, should conceal it as well as she can. One half of the world cannot understand the pleasures of the other. To sit in the shade on a fine day and look upon verdure is the most perfect refreshment. Every man is surrounded by a neighborhood of voluntary spies. Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love. Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves; vanity, to what we would have others think of us. Comment： 2. Wuthering Heights -Emily Bronte · “It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him; and that, not because he is handsome, Nelly, but because he’s more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and [Edgar’s] is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.” · “I have not broken your heart—you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine. So much the worse for me, that I am strong. Do I want to live? What kind of living will it be when you—oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?” · “That, however, which you may suppose the most potent to arrest my imagination, is actually the least, for what is not connected with her to me? And what does not recall her? I cannot look down to this floor, but her features are shaped on the flags! In every cloud, in every tree—filling the air at night, and caught by glimpses in every object by day, I am surrounded with her image! The most ordinary faces of men and women –my own features—mock me with a resemblance. The entire world is a dreadful collection of memoranda that she did exist, and that I have lost her. ” Comment： 3. William Wordsworth My Heart leaps up when I behold My Heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. Comment： Wordsworth's poem is in the Romantic tradition.  Romanticism is characterized by the highly personal interpretation of meaning, is often charged with emotion, and frequently looks to nature for meaning in life.  In this poem, we see the speaker reflecting on the beauty and wonder of nature, of which he is a part:  He realizes that he is a part of the vast circle of life, and that the natural world was present at his birth, as he lives, and will go on after he dies.  Should it not be so, he shudders to think, life would be pointless: The next line refers not only to biological life, but also to spiritual life.  We are God's children, the speaker says:    Finally, his inward prayer is that he remember the gift and beauty of life and that he might never take such grace and beauty for granted.  4. Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism An Essay on Criticism: Part II A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drink largely sobers us again. Fir’d at first sight with what the Muse imparts, In fearless youth we tempt the heights of Arts, While from the bounded level of our mind, Short views we take, nor see the lengths behind, But more advanc’d, behold with strange surprise New, distant scenes of endless science rise! So pleas’d at first, the tow’ring Alps we try, Mount oér the vales, and seem to tread the sky; Th’ eternal snows appear already past, And the first clouds and mountains seem the last; But those attained, we tremble to survey The growing labors of the lengthen’d way, Th’ increasing prospect tires our wand’ring eyes, Hills peep oér hills, and Alps on Alps arise! Comments · The high priest and magistrate of the Age of Reason · Style: Highly polished verse, perfect use of heroic couplet: lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc…) · tone and purposes: didactic or satirical 5. Byron 我不知道是哪两首，有待考证 he works in beauty · When we two parted · In silence and tears, · Half broken-hearted · To sever for years, · Pale grew thy cheek and cold, · Colder thy kiss; · Truly that hour foretold · Sorrow to this. · The dew of the morning · Sunk chill on my brow— · It felt like the warning · Of what I feel now. · Thy vows are all broken, · And light is thy fame; · I hear thy name spoken, · And share in its shame. In secret we met, In silence I grieve, That thy heart could forget, Thy spirit deceive. If I should meet thee After long years, How should I greet thee? — With silence and tears. 1     She walks in beauty, like the night         Of cloudless climes and starry skies;     And all that's best of dark and bright         Meet in her aspect and her eyes:     Thus mellowed to that tender light         Which heaven to gaudy day denies.                                       2     One shade the more, one ray the less,         Had half impaired the nameless grace     Which waves in every raven tress,         Or softly lightens o'er her face;     Where thoughts serenely sweet express,         How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.                                       3     And on that cheek, and o'er that brow,         So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,     The smiles that win, the tints that glow,         But tell of days in goodness spent,     A mind at peace with all below,         A heart whose love is innocent! Lord Byron’s poem “She Walks in Beauty” was written in praise of a beautiful woman. In this poem, Byron balances light and dark within the personality of one beautiful woman. There are several places that “She Walks in Beauty” implies that it is giving an image of womanly perfection. Because the poem draws a connection between the woman’s finely-balanced features and her personality, readers can assume that this woman is not only perfect in her looks, but in her personality as well. 6. Pound in the station of metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. · Title:  In a Station of the Metro · Images:  Petal bough · Poet: Ezra Pound · He attempts to produce the emotion when he walked down into a Paris subway station, and suddenly saw some beautiful faces in the dim light. The image is central to the poem’s meaning. He uses fewest words to convey an accurate image. He tries to render exactly his observation of human faces, which turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals which are half absorbed by, half resisting, and the wet, dark texture of a bough. 三 问答或者论述（两张卷子不一样……） 两个题，一题十分 1 Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice was first titled First Impressions, and these titles embody the themes of the novel. The narrative describes how the prejudices and first impressions (especially those dealing with pride) of the main characters change throughout the novel, focusing on those of Elizabeth Bennet.  Prejudice was also an issue for Darcy in that he disliked Elizabeth in the beginning because of her low social status, poverty, and socially inept family. Darcy was forced to deal with his prejudice when he fell in love with Elizabeth. In the end, he overcame his pride and gave in to his feelings by marrying her in spite of her and her family's shortcomings.       Elizabeth had her own issues with prejudice with which to deal. Darcy's cold arrogance and snobbery prejudiced her from him from the beginning and it took Elizabeth a lot longer time to overcome her prejudices than it did Darcy. This was because Elizabeth was a very caring person and did not like the things that Darcy had said about her and her family. However, Elizabeth gradually came around and began to fall in love with Darcy, but it was difficult for her to overcome the prejudices that had been imposed on her by both herself and Darcy.       This novel's theme was tied up in the title of the book, Pride and Prejudice. The pride that Darcy felt and his initial prejudice against all of the Bennet family was eventually overwhelmed by his love for Elizabeth. For Elizabeth, she needed to overcome her prejudices about Darcy and see through his snobbery. In the end, all the pride and prejudice was dealt with and Darcy and Elizabeth were left in love. 2 Wuthering Heights Passion, particularly unnatural passion, is a predominant theme of Wuthering Heights. The first Catherine's devotion to Heathcliff is immediate and absolute, though she will not marry him. Catherine's passion is contrasted to the coolness of Linton, whose "cold blood cannot be worked into a fever." Revenge Heathcliff's devotion to Catherine, on the other hand, is ferocious, and when frustrated, he conceives a plan of revenge of enormous proportions. Brontë draws a parallel between the need for love and the strength of revenge. Cruelty themes of cruelty and sadism are closely tied to the theme of revenge. Cruelty can be manifested emotionally, as in Mr. Earnshaw's disdain for his natural-born son, or in the first Catherine's apparent rejection of Heathcliff in favor of Edgar. Class Conflict To the characters of Wuthering Heights, property ownership and social standing are inextricable. The Earnshaws and the Lintons both own estates, whereas Heathcliff is a foundling and has nothing. 四 诗歌 诗歌26首倪柝声诗歌智慧书红色经典诗歌朗诵稿诗歌鉴赏术语怎样读懂古代诗歌 评析（四首或三首诗，选其中两首评析） 应该是19世纪英国浪漫主义的