Chap-01-read

nullnullCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Chapter 1IntroductionOBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES:To give a brief history of the Internet. To give the definition of the two often-used terms in the discussion of the Internet: protocol and standard. To categorize standard organizations involved in the Internet and give a brief discussion of each. To define Internet Standards and explain the mechanism through which these standards are developed. To discuss the Internet administration and give a brief description of each branch.nullChapter Outline1.1 A Brief History1.2 Protocols and Standards1.3 Standards Organizations1.4 Internet Standards1.5 Internet Administrationnull1-1 A BRIEF HISTORYA network is a group of connected, communicating devices such as computers and printers. An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the internet, composed of hundreds of thousands of interconnected networks. Private individuals as well as various organizations such as government agencies, schools, research facilities, corporations, and libraries in more than 100 countries use the Internet. nullTopics Discussed in the SectionARPANET Birth of the Internet TCP/IP MILNET CSNET NSFNET ANSNET The Internet Today World Wide Web Growth of the InternetnullFigure 1.1 Internet todaynull1-2 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDSIn this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with “rule.” Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules.nullTopics Discussed in the SectionProtocols Standardsnull1-3 STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONStandards are developed through the cooperation of standards creation committees, forums, and government regulatory agencies.nullTopics Discussed in the SectionStandards Creation Committees Forums Regulatory Agenciesnull1-4 INTERNET STANDARDSAn Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by those who work with the Internet. It is a formalized regulation that must be followed. There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. A specification begins as an Internet draft. An Internet draft is a working document with no official status and a six-month lifetime. nullTopics Discussed in the SectionMaturity Levels Requirement LevelsnullFigure 1.2 Maturity levels of an RFCnullFigure 1.3 Requirement levels of an RFCnullRFCs can be found at http://www.rfc-editor.org.null1-5 INTERNET ADMINISTRATIONThe Internet, with its roots primarily in the research domain, has evolved and gained a broader user base with significant commercial activity. Various groups that coordinate Internet issues have guided this growth and development. Appendix G gives the addresses, e-mail addresses, and telephone numbers for some of these groups. Figure 1.4 shows the general organization of Internet administration.nullTopics Discussed in the SectionInternet Society (ISOC) Internet Architecture Board (IAB) Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) Internet Corporation for Names and Numbers (ICANN) Network Information Center (NIC)nullFigure 1.4 Internet administrationnullThe addresses and websites for Internet organizations can be found in Appendix G.