BS PAS 71-2011 纳米微粒.词汇Nanoparticles. Vocabulary

raising standards worldwide™ NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BSI Standards Publication Nanoparticles – Vocabulary PAS 71:2011 PAS 71:2011 Publishing and copyright information The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. © BSI 2011 ISBN 978 0 580 70137 5 ICS 01.040.07, 07.030 No copying without BSI permission except as permitted by copyright law Publication history First published May 2005 Second (present) edition, August 2011 Amendments issued since publication Date Text affected © BSI 2011 • i PAS 71:2011 Contents Foreword iii Introduction 1 1 Scope 2 2 General 2 3 Generic particles 4 4 Chemical-specific particles 6 5 Particle systems 6 6 Production methods 8 7 Production mechanisms 10 8 Characteristics of particles and particle systems 11 9 Particle volume and diameter 13 10 Measurement and analysis techniques 14 Annexes Annex A (informative) Abbreviations 22 Bibliography 24 Index 26 Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 28, an inside back cover and a back cover. PAS 71:2011 ii • © BSI 2011 This page deliberately left blank © BSI 2011 • iii PAS 71:2011 Foreword This PAS was commissioned by the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) and its development was facilitated by the British Standards Institution (BSI). It came into effect on 31 August 2011. Acknowledgement is given to the following organizations that were involved in the development of this PAS as members of the Steering Group: • Health and Safety Executive • Institute of Occupational Medicine • Ionbond • Malvern Instruments • Nanotechnology Knowledge Transfer Network • National Physical Laboratory • Co-opted Acknowledgement is also given to the organizations, individuals and BSI/CEN/ISO technical committees that submitted comments as members of the Review Panel. BSI retains ownership and copyright of this PAS. BSI reserves the right to withdraw or amend this PAS on receipt of authoritative advice that it is appropriate to do so. This PAS will be reviewed at intervals not exceeding two years, and any amendments arising from the review will be published as an amended PAS and publicized in Update Standards. This PAS is not to be regarded as a British Standard. It will be withdrawn upon publication of its content in, or as, a British Standard. The PAS process enables a standard to be rapidly developed in order to fulfil an immediate need in industry. A PAS may be considered for further development as a British Standard, or constitute part of the UK input into the development of a European or International Standard. Supersession This PAS supersedes PAS 71:2005, which is withdrawn. Relationship with other publications This PAS is issued as part of a suite of nanotechnology terminology PASs which also includes: PAS 131:2007, Terminology for medical, health and personal care applications of nanotechnologies PAS 132:2007, Terminology for the bio-nano interface PAS 133:2007, Terminology for nanoscale measurement and instrumentation PAS 134:2007, Terminology for carbon nanostructures PAS 135:2007, Terminology for nanofabrication PAS 136:2007, Terminology for nanomaterials The terms and definitions in this PAS are taken from international standards where possible. In particular, from the emerging suite of PAS 71:2011 iv • © BSI 2011 international nanotechnology vocabularies, which at the time of publication includes: • DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, Nanotechnologies – Terminology and definitions for nano-objects – Nanoparticle, nanofibre and nanoplate • DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary – Part 1: Core terms • DD ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary – Part 3: Carbon nano-objects Information about this document This is a full revision of PAS 71:2005 and introduces changes that reflect a number of developments that have taken place in the field of terminology for nanotechnologies. Firstly the ISO technical committee for nanotechnologies, ISO/TC 229, established at the same time as PAS 71:2005, has now published three vocabularies that have been adopted by BSI. These are DD CEN ISO/ TS 27687:2009, DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010 and DD ISO/TS 80004-3:2010. Some of the definitions adopted in these vocabularies differ from those originally published in PAS 71. Secondly the BSI technical committee for nanotechnologies, NTI/1, has published another six vocabularies, PAS 131:2007 to PAS 136:2007. These are available for free download at www.bsigroup.com/nano. Again some of the definitions adopted in these vocabularies differ from those originally published in PAS 71. Therefore, those terms and definitions in PAS 71:2005 that have since been defined differently in subsequent nanotechnology vocabularies have been updated as part of this revision. Such terms and definitions are followed by references to the vocabularies from which they are taken. In the meantime, ISO/TC 229 is continuing its development of additional internationally agreed vocabularies, some of which are based on PAS 131 to PAS 136. At such a time that equivalent ISO vocabularies are published, existing PAS vocabularies will be withdrawn. Presentational conventions The terms in this PAS are arranged by topic and an index is provided so the location of each term can be identified easily. When the terms defined in this PAS are used in the definition or notes of another term, they are shown in bold type. Contractual and legal considerations This PAS does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with this PAS does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. © BSI 2011 • 1 PAS 71:2011 Introduction The first edition of this PAS was commissioned by the UK Department of Trade and Industry in 2004 for the purposes of developing and encouraging the use of a common language relevant to the production, measurement and characterization of nanoparticles. The PAS was intended to seed further developments and discussions in formal standards-making and inform the production of other standards in the area. Nanotechnologies are a group of emerging technologies, characterized by the production, manipulation, control and application of matter in the nanoscale in order to make use of size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena, as distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials. These technologies are developing quickly and will gain increasing importance over the next few years. Their application is expected to impact virtually all areas of human endeavour, in particular agriculture, construction, energy generation and storage, engineering, environmental remediation, ICT, medicine and medical devices, sustainability and transport. This PAS was commissioned in response to demands by UK industry to provide standards to support future applications. The intention was to bring together the disparate terms and definitions relevant to the production, measurement and characterization of nanoparticles. The principal difference between a PAS and a full British, European or international standard, is that a PAS is created in a consultative process across industry rather than gaining the full consensus of a specific technical committee. This PAS will be withdrawn once equivalent full consensus international standards on the subject have been published. Until then, it will be updated where necessary to cover new developments in the field. The remit of this PAS is to document and, to a lesser degree, comment on the current use of basic nanoparticle terms and definitions in use by manufacturers, suppliers, academia, regulators and governments and to make recommendations for usage as required. It also includes terms defining common production methods and analytical techniques employed by those working with nanoparticles. Together with six related PAS vocabularies (see www.bsigroup.com/nano), PAS 71 has helped to stimulate international activity in the area being undertaken by a joint working group between ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies and IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products and systems. This activity has led to the publication of three internationally accepted vocabularies to date, the output of which is reflected in this revision of PAS 71. Following the introduction of the term “nano-object” in DD CEN ISO/TS 27687, which includes all objects with one, two or three dimensions in the nanoscale, and the redefinition of “nanoparticle” in the same document to cover only nano-objects with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale, consideration was given to revising this PAS to make it applicable to nano-objects rather than simply nanoparticles. However, it was agreed that this would have significant repercussions for the document and it was therefore decided to continue to focus it on nanoparticles, recognizing that this might limit its applicability. It was also recognized that some definitions would be more generally applicable to nano-objects. PAS 71:2011 2 • © BSI 2011 This PAS does not provide a nomenclature systems for nanoparticles, as this is a specialized subject and there is no current consensus in the nanotechnologies or nanosciences communities on how to approach such a system. However, work has commenced in ISO/TC 229 on developing a framework for nomenclature models for nano-objects. 1 Scope This PAS defines terms in use in the field of nanoparticles. It is intended to facilitate communications between organizations and individuals in industry and research and those who interact with them. It does not include a nomenclature system for nanoparticles. NOTE A list of abbreviations used in this PAS is given in Annex A. 2 General 2.1 nanofibre nano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale and the third significantly larger NOTE 1 A nanofibre can be flexible or rigid. NOTE 2 The two similar external dimensions are considered to differ in size by less than three times and the significantly larger external dimension is considered to differ from the other two by more than three times. NOTE 3 The larger external dimension is not necessarily in the nanoscale. [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.3] 2.2 nanomaterial material with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure in the nanoscale NOTE 1 This generic term is inclusive of nano-object and nanostructured material. NOTE 2 See also engineered nanomaterial, manufactured nanomaterial and incidental nanomaterial. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.4] 2.2.1 engineered nanomaterial nanomaterial designed for a specific purpose or function [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.8] 2.2.2 incidental nanomaterial nanomaterial generated as an unintentional by-product of a process NOTE 1 The process includes manufacturing, bio-technological or other processes. NOTE 2 See PD ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.21 for a definition of ultrafine particle. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.10] 2.2.3 manufactured nanomaterial nanomaterial intentionally produced for commercial purpose to have specific properties or specific composition [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.9] © BSI 2011 • 3 PAS 71:2011 2.3 nano-object material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale NOTE Generic term for all discrete nanoscale objects. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.5] 2.4 nanoparticle nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale NOTE If the lengths of the longest to the shortest axes of the nano-object differ significantly (typically by more than three times), the terms nanorod or nanoplate are intended to be used instead of the term nanoparticle. [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.1] 2.5 nanoplate nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the two other external dimensions significantly larger NOTE 1 The smallest external dimension is the thickness of the nanoplate. NOTE 2 The two significantly larger dimensions are considered to differ from the nanoscale dimension by more than three times. NOTE 3 The larger external dimensions are not necessarily in the nanoscale. [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.2] 2.6 nanoscale size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm NOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited in this size range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate. NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the absence of a lower limit. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.1] 2.7 nanoscience study, discovery and understanding of matter in the nanoscale, where size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena, as distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials, can emerge [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.2] 2.8 nanostructure composition of inter-related constituent parts, in which one or more of those parts is a nanoscale region NOTE A region is defined by a boundary representing a discontinuity in properties. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.6] 2.9 nanostructured material material having internal nanostructure or surface nanostructure NOTE This definition does not exclude the possibility for a nano-object to have internal structure or surface structure. If external dimension(s) are in the nanoscale, the term nano-object is recommended. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.7] PAS 71:2011 4 • © BSI 2011 2.10 nanotechnology application of scientific knowledge to manipulate and control matter in the nanoscale in order to make use of size- and structure-dependent properties and phenomena distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials NOTE Manipulate and control includes material synthesis. [DD ISO/TS 80004-1:2010, 2.3] 3 Generic particles NOTE All of the particles listed in this clause can be nanoparticles under certain conditions. 3.1 agglomerate collection of weakly bound particles or aggregates or mixtures of the two where the resulting external surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components NOTE 1 The forces holding an agglomerate together are weak forces, for example van der Waals forces, or simple physical entanglement. NOTE 2 Agglomerates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary particles. [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 3.2] 3.2 aggregate particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area may be significantly smaller than the sum of calculated surface areas of the individual components NOTE 1 The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example covalent bonds, or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement. NOTE 2 Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed primary particles. [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 3.3] 3.3 dendrimer repeatedly branched macromolecule NOTE Dendrimers can be configured as a sphere, partial sphere or wedge structure (i.e. dendritic wedge). [PAS 136:2007, 5.2] 3.4 dendritic particle particle with a highly branched structure NOTE Also referred to as a branched-chain aggregate. 3.5 engineered nanoparticle nanoparticle designed for specific purpose or function NOTE See engineered nanomaterial. 3.6 floc assemblage of particles, which, having been initially dispersed, have become loosely coherent NOTE Also referred to as flocc and flocculate. [BS 2955:1993, 1.18] © BSI 2011 • 5 PAS 71:2011 3.7 fume cloud of airborne particles arising from condensation of vapours from either chemical or physical reactions NOTE A fume can be made of nanoparticles of low volatility. [derived from BS 2955:1993, 1.20] 3.8 fumed powder powder recovered from a fume [BS 2955:1993, 2.11] 3.9 incidental nanoparticle nanoparticle generated as an unintentional by-product of a process NOTE See incidental nanomaterial. 3.10 macromolecule molecule with high relative molecular mass comprising multiple repetitive units derived from molecules of lower relative molecular mass [PAS 136:2007, 5.4] 3.11 manufactured nanoparticle nanoparticle intentionally produced for commercial purpose to have specific properties or specific composition NOTE See manufactured nanomaterial. 3.12 milled powder powder produced by comminution in a mill [BS 2955:1993, 2.14] 3.13 nanocore encapsulated part of a nanoparticle where the encapsulating material is different from the core material 3.14 nanocrystal nanoscale solid formed with a periodic lattice of atoms, ions or molecules 3.15 nano-onion spherical nanoparticle with concentric multiple shell structure [DD ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, 2.8] 3.16 nanopowder collection of dry nano-objects 3.17 nanoribbon nanoplate with one of its two larger dimensions in the nanoscale and the other significantly larger [DD ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, 2.10] 3.18 nanorod rigid nanofibre [derived from DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.5] 3.19 nanorope nanofibres in a twisted conformation 3.20 nanotube hollow nanofibre [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.4] PAS 71:2011 6 • © BSI 2011 3.21 nanowire electrically conducting or semi-conducting nanofibre [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.6] 3.22 primary particle particle not formed from a collection of smaller particles NOTE The term typically refers to particles formed through nucleation from the vapour phase before coagulation occurs. [PD ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.16] 3.23 quantum dot crystalline nanoparticle that exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum confinement effects on the electronic states [DD CEN ISO/TS 27687:2009, 4.7] 4 Chemical-specific particles NOTE All of the particles listed in this clause can be nanoparticles under certain conditions. 4.1 carbon black elemental carbon in the form of near-spherical particles with major diameters less than 1 µm, generally coalesced into aggregates [derived from BS ISO 1382:2008] 4.2 carbon nanotube (CNT) nanotube composed of carbon NOTE Carbon nanotubes usually consist of curved graphene layers, including single-wall carbon nanotubes and multiwall carbon nanotubes. [DD ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, 4.3] 4.3 fullerene molecule composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a closed cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with 12 five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings NOTE 1 Adapted from the definition in the Compendium of Chemical Terminology [1]. NOTE 2 A well-known example is C60 , which has a spherical shape with an external dimension of about 1 nm. [DD ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, 3.1] 4.4 fumed silica amorphous silica produced from silicon halides by high-temperature flame hydrolysis [BS EN ISO 3262-20:2000, 3.1] 5 Particle systems 5.1 aerosol metastable suspension of solid or liquid particles in a gas [PD ISO/TR 27628:2007, 2.3] © BSI 2011 • 7 PAS 71:2011 5.2 colloid substance consisting of particles not exceeding 1 µm dispersed in a fluid [BS 2955:1993, 1.11] 5.3 gel colloidal system of semi-solid nature, consisting of a solid dispersed in a liquid [BS 6100-1:2004, 6.1.14] 5.4 heterodisperse system bulk powder or suspension containing particles with a range of sizes [BS 2955:1993, 6.18] 5.5 homogenous suspension suspension in which the particles are uniformly distributed [BS 2955:1993, 1.24] 5.6 hydrosol sol in which water forms the dispersion