2012何凯文考研英语长难句突破讲义

2012考研英语长难句突破讲义 适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当英语者。 课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯实基础。 第一部分 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 论讲解 引子 我们为什么要精读句子 ？  skimming scanning intensive reading 阅读的实际过程是什么  泛读，寻找具体的信息， 阅读在句子层面的障碍 简单句的障碍来源 : 简单句的障碍来源： 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法  定语： 修饰名词  前置定语（前置定于不造成阅读障碍） 前置定于就是个形容词：包括形容词本身，单个的分词，名词。  后置定语 形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词 现在分词短语 n. + 过去分词短语 不定式短语 介词短语 表语形容词 定语的障碍要前置以消除障碍 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 定语从句的作用： 修饰名词；连接句子（有两个共有名词的句子）；表明因果关系 今生：I have three books of which the red is my favorite. 前世：I have three books. The red of those is my favorite. 关系代词：人称代词：who,that,which,whom,as+非完整句 物主代词：whose+完整句 定语从句的连接词： 关系连词：when ,where ,why ,how 介词+关系代词：(that、as不能放在介词后面表示定语从句，且in that 等于because) 充当状语时候+完整句； 定语+完整句；宾语/表语+非完整句 定语从句的处理方法： 第一种：拆分（关键点是关联词）；第二种，找指代（关系代词指代什么） Eg1.A poem line describes a f ight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river. Eg2. Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.  同位语 普通同位语: A,B. A or B A of B 句子，—名词（修饰成分） Eg1.Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. 同位语从句 That+完整句  插入语：任何成分都可以充当插入语，但常常是同位语 万能插入语：（阅读时面对插入语和同位语可删除，但是在写作中要尽量多的用插入语，同位语） Rather than: 肯前否后的结构  状语：修饰动词或者整个句子 副词 介词短语 现在分词 过去分词 独立主格 不定 对待状语采取剥离的方式 例1：Using techniques developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from the ocean floor. Techniques翻译成技法 例2：A few art collectors---James Bowdoin Ⅲ of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia---introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value art and the need for institutions devoted its encouragement. Establish 翻译成确立 institution 是 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的意思（一种不是强制的、约定俗成的制度） 动+介+名1+名2：其中 介词+名词1充当状语 非简单句的障碍来源 把非简单句拆分为一个个简单句 非简单句的障碍解决 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载  关联词和主句专一原则  关联词: 关系代词 嵌套 关系连词 嵌套  并列连词 并列 标点符号：冒号和破折号可以连接句子（主从关系），分号是并列关系 主句专一原则:有N个分局，只能有N－1个关联词；一个句子只能有一个主句，主句中没有关联词。 句子之间的关联方式  1.并列  并列联词的用法 并列连词连接前后功能性质用法完全一致的成分，从后往前寻找对应点。And , or , but 并列连词表示并列的终结。  2.嵌套  常见的复杂句形式 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句. 三大从句： 形容词性从句：定语从句 . 副词性从句：状语从句 常见的关联词： 名词性从句：关系代词：只有一个what 关系连词：when,where,how 形容词性从句：见定语从句 副词性从句：见后 表格 关于规范使用各类表格的通知入职表格免费下载关于主播时间做一个表格详细英语字母大小写表格下载简历表格模板下载 ； 区分几个句式： It is true that she is a boy. It+系动词+关系连词+句子 It appears that this county is getting stronger. It +不及物动词+关系连词+句子 The sun rises that looks beautiful. 主语+系动词+关系连词+句子 The news is true that she is a boy. 主语 +不及物动词+关系连词+句子 状语从句种类 常用连接词 特殊连接词 时间状语从句 When, while, as, before, since, till, until, as soon as 1. 一些时间名词：the moment, the instant, the minute, the day, next time, every time 2. 一些副词：instantly, immediately, directly 3. 固定搭配的连词：no sooner---than, hardly---when, scarcely---when. 地点状语从句 Where Wherever, anywhere, everywhere 原因状语从句 Because, as, for, since Seeing that, considering that, now that, given that, in that, inasmuch as, insomuch as 目的状语从句 So that, in order that, that Lest, for fear that, in case, in the hope that, on purpose that, for the purpose that, to the end that 结果状语从句 So---that, so that, such---that Such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, to such an extent that 条件状语从句 If, unless Suppose, supposing, providing, provided(特别关注：supposed, provide不用作条件从句的连词）on condition that, so long as, as long as（黑体的可以加句子） 让步状语从句 Although, though, even though, even if While(一般用在句首), as(用于倒装结构),whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, wherever, whether --- or---, as adj. as +主谓结构用在句首 比较状语从句 As, than The more---, the more---; just as---, so---; A is to B what/as C is to D; no more--than; not A so much as B/not so much A as B 方式状语从句 as, the way  The way 可以加上一个句子 层次化句子阅读方法  1.层次化结构的表示形式 : 2.括号匹配法:保证每个括弧中都是完整的简单句 画左括号的条件 出现句间关联词的时候 画右括号的条件 1、句子终结的时候 2、出现了句间并列连词的时候 P.S: 笔记区  状语的就近原则：spectacularly修饰 Undertaken这个动词 小结区：区分句子当中分局间的嵌套和并列关系，括号法本身并不是一种方法，而是一种工具，去区分句子中是嵌套还是并列 3.完整信息链法 缘起： 主谓隔离：主语和谓语中间通常会加入修饰成分，常为定语或同位语。 谓宾隔离：谓语和宾语之间，常放入状语，多为介词短语。 解决之道： 主谓解决，句子开头的第一个独立名词为句子主语（之前没有介词或者关联词），应该和其匹配的动词在一起，中间成分跳读 。谓宾解决：动+介+名1+名2. 笔记区 非谓语动词和独立主格做状语： 非正常语序之倒装句： 倒装句的 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 方法 倒装句的定义： 倒装句的分类: 倒装句的处理流程: 部分倒装：  1. 部分倒装的定义： 2. 部分倒装的识别和还原： 完全倒装：  1.完全倒装定义： 2.完全倒装的存在环境:  2.1能够在句子中充当主语和表语的成份  3.完全倒装的判断流程 笔记区 笔记区 强调句的分析方法  1.强调句的构成  2.强调句的处理方法 笔记区 小结区 1、对句子的完整处理流程 2、强调：阅读句子时要对关联词和谓语动词敏感。 第二部分 难句解析 一 . 隔离结构： 1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. 2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. 3．Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. 4.During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. 5.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. 6.According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. 7.Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. 8.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 9.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom. 10.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $ 22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25---0.5% of GDP. 11.It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end--of--life care. 12.The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. 13.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin” forest. 14.An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform. 二.并列结构： 1.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. 2.Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. 3.And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. 4.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least" a few decisions for them- selves-goals that pose a real challenge. 5.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. 6.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. 8.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers" demands. 9.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom. 10.Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. 11.But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, "Pluff! Pluff!" A hundred and eighty-five kilograms." 三．同位语： 1.They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. 2.During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month"s stockholders" meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society"s ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. 3.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 4.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 5.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century. 6.At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. 7. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 四． 后置定语： 1.Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. 2.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”（看翻译） 附加句： 3.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. 4.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. 5.If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 6.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 7.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.（看翻译）（名词到动词） 8.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. 五．状语: 1. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. 2. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making. 3.To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.（看翻译）单独成句法 4.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 5.Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents". 6.When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. 7.With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature. 8.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 9. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. 六 表语： 1.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. 2.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. 七 插入语： 1.This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. 2.From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. 3.The "true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. 4."The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column", "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..." 5.The shift away from family life to solo lifestyle, observes a French sociologist, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century. 6. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes. still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. 7.The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe. 8.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. 9.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 10.This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting. 八 比较结构： 1.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the" 80s, down-shifting in the mid" 90s is not so much a search for the mythical good lift--growing your own organic vegetables, and r