心脑血管药理、食管癌放疗增敏
Issue
“Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress.”
Sample Essay
Paul Ehrlich, a chemist, discovered a drug to treat those afflicted with syphilis. It was named “Formula 606,” because the first 605 tests were mistakes. The lesson we can draw from this story is clear and simple: discovery or progress is born in mistakes.
By making mistakes, we learn what does not work. A now famous story at IBM involved founder Thomas Watson and one of his vice presidents who took the initiative on the development of a new product. As reported in Fortune, the product was a risky venture that ended up a colossal failure and cost the company $10 million. Watson called the executive into his office saying there was something he wanted to discuss with him. Sure he was about to lose his job; the young man blurted out, “I guess you want my resignation?” Watson replied, “You must be kidding. We’ve just spent $10 million educating you.” Watson’s logic is this: anyone making a multi-million-dollar mistake had to learn something that would help him do a better job the next time. As management consultant Peter Drucker once pointed out, “The better a man is, the more mistakes he will make, for the more new things he will try. I would never promote into a top-level job a man who was not making mistakes.” So would I.
Furthermore, making mistakes gives one an opportunity to try a new approach. China’s reform is a case in point. After Liberation in 1949, China, under the leadership of Chairman Mao, gradually built up a nationwide planned state-run economy. This mode of economy was originally intended to ensure both stable economic development and social justice. Unfortunately, what it resulted in was economic stagnation and lasting poverty; the socialist ideal of social justice deteriorated into no more than an “iron bowl.” Recognizing this fatal mistake in Mao’s economic policy, Deng Xiaoping took a new approach -- a gradual but
dramatic reform. He first introduced some elements of market economy, hoping to juxtapose planned economy and market economy. This approach worked for some years, but then proved ineffective. Finally, after a series of trials and errors, he and his administration decided that market economy was China’s only choice. Due to this strategic turning, China’s economy has now embarked upon a stable and
dynamic course. Although Mao’s mistakes caused Chinese people painful sacrifice, we are lucky that we have learned our lessons and now we are moving ahead out of our past mistakes.
Admittedly, mistakes will not automatically lead to discovery or progress. We must analyze every failure to find its cause; we must honestly face defeat and never fake success; we must exploit the failure; we must never use failure as an excuse for not trying again. In a word, we must learn how to fail intelligently.
As the saying goes, to err is human. To this I would add: To learn from errors is
progress.
(483 words)
参考译文:
论题: “只有通过犯错误，才能有发现和进步。”
范文:
化学家Paul Ehrlich发现了一种可为梅毒患者提供治疗的药物。该药物被名命为“606号配方”，因为前605次测试均以失败而告终。我们从这一故事中所能吸取的经验教训清晰而又简单:发现和进步乃孕育于失误。
只有犯错误，我们才能知道哪些东西行不通。一个现在在IBM广为流传的故事与IBM创始人Thomas Watson及其一位副总裁相关。这位副总裁自告奋勇去开发一个新产品。据《财富》杂志报道，该产品是项风险投资，以全面惨败而告终，致使公司亏损了一亿美元。Watson唤这位行政主管来他办公室，说有事要与他讨论。毫无疑问，他将丢掉他的饭碗。这位年轻人脱口而出:“我想你是要我的辞呈,”Watson答道:“你肯定在开玩笑。我们刚花了1亿美元来让你进行学习。”这就是Watson的逻辑:任何能够犯下一个1亿美元错误的人，必须要从失误中学到某些东西，以便有助于他下次做得更加出色。管理咨询师Peter Drucker曾指出，“一个人越是杰出，他犯的错误也愈多，因为他必须比别人尝试更多的新事物。任何一个不犯错误的人，我是绝不会将他提拔到高层职务的”。我亦如此。
除此之外，失误可以给人以机会，去尝试新途径和新方法。中国的改革便是一个适例。在1949年解放之后，在毛主席的领导下，中国逐渐建立起一个全国范围内的国营
计划
项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载
经济。这一经济模式最初旨在保证隐定的经济发展和社会公正。不幸的是，它所导致的却是经济的停滞与持久的贫穷。为社会正义而确立的那种社会主义理想渐趋沦为一种纯粹的“铁饭
碗”。在认识到毛泽东这一经济政策中的致命失误后，邓小平先生采用了一种全新的方法—— 一场渐进式的却又急剧的改革。他首先引入了市场经济的某些因素，希望让计划经济和市场经济齐头并进。这一方法在最初的若干年中行之有效，但随后变得无效。最后，经过一系列试验和失误，他和他的政府得出结论，市场经济乃中国唯一的选择。由于这一战略性转变，中国经济现在正行进在一条稳定而又强劲的轨道上。虽然毛泽东的错误给中国人民带来了痛苦的牺牲，但值得庆幸的是，我们已吸取了经验教训，并且我们现在正在步出昔日的失误。
需要承认的一点是，错误本身并不会自行导致发现或进步。我们必须
分析
定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析
每一次失败，以便从中寻找出原因。我们必须真诚地面对失败，而绝不假装成功。我们必须善于利用我们的失误，但我们绝不能将失败用作一种借口，藉以拒绝进行新的尝试。总而言之，我们必须学会如何去聪明地犯错误。
正如谚语所云:凡人多舛误。在此基础上，我想补充的是:从失误中学习有益的教训便是进步。
此文开头所引用的例子极具感染力，而结尾则更妙。它套用了英国18世纪诗人
Alexander Pope的英雄体偶句(heroic couplet) “To err is human; to forgive, divine.”(凡人多舛误，唯神能见宥)而推陈出新，成为“To err is human, to learn from
errors is progress.” 文章主体部分的论述也相当深入全面，几乎无可指摘。
然而，正如我此前所指出的那样，整篇文章之所以显得言之成理，甚至言之确凿，是因为作者首先界定了一个有利于自己论述的前提，而在对这个前提进行界定时使用了一种“障眼法”——原来的题目“Only through mistakes can there be discoveries and
progress”被作者在其行文时“篡改”成为“Discovery or progress is born in mistakes.” 有咬文嚼字嗜好的人会立刻注意到“only”一词被这篇文章的作者有意地无意地(consciously or unconsciously)疏漏掉了。
出于对这一题目的浓厚兴趣，也出于想检验自己思辨能力的冲动，更出于咬文嚼字的爱
好，我在读完上述范文后便自己动笔写了一篇“反其意而用之”的文章。我给自己界定的前
提是 “We can make discoveries and progress through mistakes but mistakes alone cannot be the only source for discoveries and progress. There are sources other than mistakes from which to achieve discoveries and progress.”
全文
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如下(英
文原文及中文翻译均为本文作者):
Issue Topic
“Only Through Mistakes Can There Be Discoveries and Progress.”
Sample Essay
“Failure is Mother to Success”, a more popular and more widely publicized
version of “Only through mistakes can there be discoveries and progress”, has been championed as an adage of encouragement perhaps since our earliest childhood, by people ranging from kindergarten nurses, teachers of elementary through middle to senior high schools, to university professors, and even by employer to his employee in the moving story at IBM involving Watson and one of his vice presidents. Admittedly, it is totally possible for Paul Ehrlich, one of the few exceptionally talented scientists in the world, to discover—perhaps under the
encouragement of his childhood axiom—an syphilis-curing drug (which he
symbolically named “Formula 606” as an indication of his perseverance, for he failed for the first 605 trials in developing the drug), thereby making important contributions to the progress of medical science as a whole. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that it is seriously misleading to take this apparently encouraging
remark as a lifelong principle and even to live by this principle. There are times when mistakes are committed in such a way that there is no time for discoveries. Imagine how you would think if you, still committing mistakes in your great seniority, were approached and admonished with this “motto” by your grandson, who received it from his father to whom it was precisely you that had handed it down innumerable decades ago?
The process of “making mistakes”, especially when it is connected with “making discoveries”, strongly implies that a human agent, presumably a scientist, is
engaged in an act of highly positivistic and empirical scientific research. However, with life being so transitory, we should keep in mind that the wealth of scientific knowledge accumulated by the scientists who precede us can help us effectively and directly head toward discoveries and progress by bypassing possible pitfalls and mistakes. The fact that we can exploit existing scientific findings in a more speedy and fruitful manner precludes us from the necessity to achieve scientific progress by resorting to mistake-making as the sole source of knowledge, as is advocated by the foregoing argument.
Moreover, the proposition that “only through mistakes can there be discoveries and progress” induces the illusion that, as long as researchers keep on
undertaking trials and experiments regardless of efficiency and cost, victory will be there automatically and inevitably. The proposition that perseverance will ultimately lead to discoveries and progress further implies that every scientific
effort would end up in success. By inference, there would never be such a thing as resignation or giving up halfway, as if success can always be guaranteed by an “anti-failure insurance company.” But there are instances in which certain scientific missions have to be terminated eternally because the prospect of making a discovery is all too bleak. If we allow ourselves to cherish the blind faith in an ultimate victory, two serious consequences would ensure thereof. On one hand, those mistake-makers would comfortably indulge themselves in committing infinite mistakes, and even blind mistakes. It would scarcely occur to them to make opportune reflections on their sustained failures and to seek fresh and more efficacious perspectives and methodologies. It is pathetic to expect the occurrence of the final miracle which in actuality might never occur. On the other hand, this will also give rise to the development of magnanimous but ill-fated tolerance on the part of the general public for mistake-making. In this case, the general public itself live under the illusory misconception that the perpetrator of constant mistakes would eventually evolve into a scientific genius, given enough time. It is absolutely conceivable that, by being exonerated for committing “innocent and necessary”
mistakes, the perpetrator tends to contract inertia and indolence on one hand and become increasingly irresponsible on the other, thereby resulting in alarming physical wastes of materials and resources.
In connection with this consequence is the cost of making mistakes. Since making mistakes is generally negative, it carries the implication that a cost must be paid for every mistake. And when it comes to the point that the cost of making mistakes
significantly dwarfs the possible benefits that can be derived from a trivial discovery, every sensible person would come to the conclusion that the practice of achieving minor discoveries through making costly mistakes should by no means be encouraged.
It might be contended that, given the incessant emergence of changing circumstances and fresh challenges, making mistakes are ineluctable and hence excusable. This is, at least partially, an ill-founded pretext for being immature. For one thing, a person who commits mistakes under each changed circumstance or commits the same mistake in similar cases can only be characterized as incapable of maturity. For another thing, although a definite demarcation line between maturity and naivety can be identified sooner or later in a person’s lifetime, it is
hardly logical to say that a mistake-committing senior citizen has not completed his evolutionary process of de-naivetization when he is virtually on his deathbed. Progress, either personal or social, is absolutely impossible in a state of lasting naivety.
As is universally acknowledged, human beings differ from other creatures in that they are rational. This faculty of rationality functions by endowing man with the ability to foresee and to predict, to make full preparations based on past experience and knowledge for the advent of potential adversities caused by changed circumstances. The capacity for foresight makes it possible for man to be
prepared in advance for impending problems, thus eliminating and avoiding mistakes.
In conclusion, the proposed argument is seriously flawed on two accounts. In the first place, by the use of the word “only”, it posits the committing of mistakes as an absolute condition for accomplishing discoveries and progress, ignoring the foundational importance of the research performed by those scientists preceding us in leading to scientific discoveries and progress. In the second place, the argument is merely negative, based on the act of being erroneous and even being fallacious. A more plausible and compelling explanation for human discoveries and progress is man’s intelligence as a rational being, his long-accumulated
experience and knowledge that have been proved effective through practice, his sound judgments, his right methodologies in understanding himself and the world around him, and his correct decision-making in choosing the proper course of action.
中文翻译:
“唯有通过犯错误，才会有发现和进步。”
“失败乃成功之母”，作为“唯有通过犯错误，才会有发现与进步”这一说法的一种流
传更广、更加广为渲染的版本，或许自从我们孩提时代起就被反复倡导，当作一句激励人们
不懈努力的话。无论是幼稚园阿姨，
小学
小学生如何制作手抄报课件柳垭小学关于三违自查自纠报告小学英语获奖优质说课课件小学足球课教案全集小学语文新课程标准测试题
、中学和高中的老师，还是大学教授，甚至是你的
雇主，无不对此津津乐道。在IBM那则涉及到总裁Watson和他的一位副总裁的动人故事
中，我们可略知一斑。诚然，对于Paul Ehrlich这样一位世界上为数不多的几个具有非凡天
赋的科学家来说，是全然有可能——在其或许是童年时代就已接触到的这一至理名言的激
励下——去发现一种能医治梅毒的药物(他将其象征性地命名为“606配方”，以表明其坚忍不拔的品格，因为他研发该药的最初605次尝试均以失败而告终)，从而对整个医学进步作出重大贡献。然而，我们也必须指出，如果将这番视若予人鼓励的话视作一种终身的
准则
租赁准则应用指南下载租赁准则应用指南下载租赁准则应用指南下载租赁准则应用指南下载租赁准则应用指南下载
，并按此准则来度过一生的话，这无疑将产生严重的误导作用。确实有这样一些时候，亡羊补牢，已为迟也。试问，如果老态龙钟的您依然还在犯下一个个错误，您的孙儿来到您身旁用这句由您不知多少年前传授给您儿子，再由您儿子传授给您孙子的“人生箴言”来告诫您时，您又会作何感想呢,
“犯错误”这一过程，尤其当它与“作出发现”相联系在一起时，强烈地暗示出有某个人类主体——我们可不无道理地将其假定为一位科学家——正置身于一种极具实证主义和经验主义色彩的科学研究行为之中。然而，人生何其短暂，我们应该牢记，前辈科学大师们已为我们积累起了大量的科学知识，足以帮助我们绕过可能存在的诸多弯路和谬误，直接且有效地迈向科学发现和进步。我们能够以一种更为快捷和卓有成效的方式去利用既存的科学发现，这一事实本身足以使我们大可不必象上述题目中的论点所倡导的那样，去诉诸于犯错误这一行为，将其视作唯一的知识之源泉，藉以实现科学进步。
此外，“唯有通过犯错误，才会有发现与进步”这一命题会诱导这样一种错觉，即只要科研人员不断进行试验和实验，无论效率与成本如何，成功将会理所当然地、不可避免地在那里等着你。“坚持不懈终将导致发现与进步”这一命题进一步暗示，任何一种科学努力均会以成功而告终，故诸如放弃与半途而废这样的事情绝不会出现，仿佛成功总可以在一家“反失败保险公司”里得到保障一样。但在实际情形中，某些科学使命不得不被永久性地中止，因为得以作出一项发现的前景微乎其微。如果我们允许自己对一次终极的成功执迷不悟，盲目相信的话，两个严重的后果会随之而来。首先，那些犯错误者会心安理得地沉湎于没完没了地犯错误这一行为之中，即使所犯的是盲目的错误亦在所不惜。他们很少会意识到去对其持续的失败作出及时的反思，并去寻觅全新的和更有可能奏效的视角和对策。对实际上或许永远也不会发生的最终奇迹的发生满怀期待，这无疑是可悲的。另一方面，这也会导致在公众身上养成一种对犯错误行为“宽宏大量的”但却注定没有好结果的容忍。在这一情形中，公众本身就生活在一种虚妄的误解中，仿佛那恒久的犯错者只要假以时日，必将演化为一个科学奇才。完全可以想象的是，当犯错者因其所犯错误是“必要的和无辜的”而获宽宥
时，他一方面易于陷入懒惰与惰性之中而不思进取，另一方面亦易于变得越来越缺乏责任心，从而导致物质和资源的惊人浪费。
与上述后果相涉的还有犯错误的代价这一因素。既然犯错误这一行为普遍地具有负面意义，这便意味着每犯一个错误就必须付出代价。但当事情发展到这样一个地步，即当犯错误这一行为的代价远远超过从一项微不足道的发现中所能获得的回报时，每个明智之士想必都会得出这样的结论，即通过犯下代价高昂的错误而获得一些无足轻重的发现，这一做法绝不应该予以鼓励。
有人或许会辩驳道，由于新情况、新挑战层出不穷，犯错误是不可避免的，因此理应获得宽宥。这一论点至少在部分程度上是一种站不住脚的借口，藉以为不成熟作辩解。这是因为，其一，每次情况有变便必犯错误，或遇到类似情形仍犯同样的错误，这样的人只能被形容为“长不大”。 其次，虽然成熟与幼稚之间的分界线在一个人的一生中总是可以被分辨出来，在有些人身上早一些，在另一些人身上迟一些，但如果有人说一个依然在铸错的老者在行将就木之际还尚未完成他从幼稚中蜕变的过程，这恐怕甚不合乎逻辑。进步，无论是个人的抑或是社会的，在一种持久性幼稚状态中是断无可能的。
众所公认，人类之所以有别于其他种类的动物，就在于人是有理性的。这种理性能力之所以有其效用，就在于它可赋以人类以预测、预知和预见的能力，以前人的经验和知识为基础，对由于环境变化而导致的潜在逆境的出现作好充分准备。前瞻能力使人类得以对行将降临的问题预先作好准备，从而消除并避免失误。
本文题目中所提出的论点由于二种缘故而存在严重缺陷。其一，通过应用“唯一”这一字眼，该论点将铸错设定为获得发现和实现进步的绝对条件，对前辈科学家们所从事的研究在导致科学发现和科学进步中的奠基性意义置若罔闻，熟视无睹。其次，该论点具有消极色彩，仅仅立足于“错误”与“谬误”这一行为上。关于人类发现和人类进步，一种更为合理和更为严谨的解释应该是人类作为理性动物的聪明才智，他长期积累起来的、且经由实践证明确是行之有效的那些经验和知识，其明智的判断力，他用以了解其自身和了解其周围世界的正确方法论，以及他在选择正确的行动方向时所作出的正确决策。
需要申明的是，笔者这篇1500多个英文单词、超过实际篇幅2-3倍的文章并不是在实战条件下写出来的。撰写此文，只是为了探索我的思辨严谨性及对丰富材料的驾御能力，并
意欲以此为例，来论证这样一个道理——只要你拥有一个适当的角度(perspective)，只
要你具备细腻的咬文嚼字的能力，只要你具有严谨的思辨能力，你就能够写出独到的文字来。
至于这篇文章背后所隐含的写作思路，我将在本文稍后的地方进行详尽描述。
一、Outline;
1. 人类面临的问题(如能源、疾病、污染、人口等)。
2. 悲观的看法(如人类将无法生存)
3. 人类的智慧和出路。
Man is to Survive
The achievements man has made, from Internet shopping to Cloning, will never fail to make the world full of the confidence that man can survive better in the century it come when his future is mentioned. However, man still has to be up against many serious problems, such as environmental pollution, energy short-age, population explosion and fatal diseases. By man’s intelligence, could he get over these problems?
Confronted with these difficulties, some people hold to the attitude that the end of the world is coming. They warn that man him, in the course of bettering his life, will eventually bring about his own ruins. In illustration of it, they cite the latest fact as their pessimistic proof that Man has received more serious threat than ever form AIDS. Will the day really come when man disappears from the earth? From the weighty argument that man is the most intelligent animal on the earth, the opposite answer can be easily drawn. As frying in the sky was only a dream of man and tuberculosis a synonym for death 100 years ago, man can use his wisdom to strive for the solution to the problems insoluble in sight. I feel strongly that man’s future is promising no matter how many
difficulties he has to deal with. In fact, it is unavoidable that the development of man’s own results in many troubles, some of which may bring
the earth great threat in a period of time. But it is in the struggle of struggle of surviving the dangerous threats that man will have himself fully developed.
评析:
这篇作文题目给了批驳的范围， 即从人类面临的诸多问题得出的悲观看法进行
批驳， 但作者并没有简单的把题中所列的要求写成三段话，而是充分考虑了前
后的过渡及整体构思，如第三到六句写出了人们的悲观看法，紧接着在第七到九
句写出了这种看法的错误所在，对其错误认识进行了分析地批驳，前后连贯自然，
特别是第十到十二句，引入“我的看法”，使论证更辊有力度。文章结尾提出的
“人类在威胁中生存的过程，也就是自身发展和完善的过程”这一个观点，把批
驳推向了高潮。文章还注意到了控制列举或举例的范文，使文章不至于天马行空，
漫无边际。
二、Directions: For this part, you allowed to write a composition on the title “Challenges”. Base your composition on the following out-line:
1. 人们愿意接受挑战。
2. 人们为什么愿意接受挑战。
3. 我们仍面临着许多挑战。
下面是一篇可能的写作法:
Challenges
For thousands of years, people have accepted challenges in different fields. There are not only physical challenges, but also social and intellectual challenges. Some people risk their lives in playing sports to see how well they can do. Others try to make and invent something to make life easier. They all enjoy, challenges.
Why do people enjoy these challenges? There are probably many reasons. One is curiosity. The other is the personal feeling of success, of achievement. And nowadays, for some people, it is a business.
Today we still have many challenges before us. Medical science faces the challenges of conquering many diseases, which still attack human
beings. Engineers and planners must build new cities and design and produce new kinds of transportation. Scientists must develop new forms of energy. In short, we live in an age of challenges.
Challenges
For thousands of years, people have accepted challenges in different fields.
Why do people enjoy those challenges?
__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________.
Today we still have many challenges before us.
___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
三、1、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes write a composition entitled “Why People Work” in 3 paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its idea in completing the paragraph. Write no less than 120words。
Why People Work Work is indispensable to man’s
existence.__________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Work is beneficial to man’s health, too, provided that the work is not so hard as to weaken his vigor.
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________.
2、Directions: Fir this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled “Why people Work” in 3 paragraphs. You should base your composition on the following outline given in Chinese. Write no less than 120 words.
Outline:
1. 生存的基本需要。
2. 适量的劳动有助于人的健康。
3. 劳动帮助人实现自己的价值。
Why People Work
Work is indispensable to man’s existence. It provides the material
things of life, the goods and services that make possible our ancient civilization and modern civilization as well. Undoubtedly, man can’t
possibly survive without food, clothing and shelter, which are fruit of his work. Whether primitive man lived on wild life and in caves or modern man lived on food and lived in rooms, the very work supports man.
Work is beneficial to man’s health, too, provided the work is not so hard as to weaken his vigor. Facts prove that the more one uses his brains, the more active and efficient he is in thinking. Of all workers of all trades, mailmen on bike have the longest life expectancy.
Above all, work offers ambitious people chance to realize their values. A writer or a scientist may conceive wonderful ideas or designs, yet their works on designs can’t come into being without their creative work, in this sense, we should regard work not only as means of making a living but also means of living a more fruitful life.
四、1、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Nature and Man in 3 paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its idea in completing the paragraph. Write no less than 120 words, not including the given words in each paragraph.
Nature and Man
It has long been taught in school textbook that man has the initiative and power to transform nature to man’s advantage.
________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________.
However, we couldn’t sit idly waiting for our supper of a blind hare as fable teaches us. _____
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________.
It is an arduous task, yet it can be accomplished.
__________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
2.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Nature and Man in 3 paragraphs. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese). Write no less than 120 words.
Outline:
1. 随着人们的大力开发利用，地球环境迅速恶化，使我们认识到人类改造自然
的能力往往具有破坏性。
2. 怎样维持人类生存和保护环境之间的平衡是一个至关重要的问题。
3. 我们看待问题要从长远出发，要避免杀鸡取卵的短视行为。
Nature and Man
It has long been taught in school textbook that man has the initiative and power to transform nature to man’s advantage. Yet recently
with the environment degenerating at unconceivable speed, the fact tams out to be that the more we exploit nature, the more we are endangering ourselves.
However, we couldn’t sit idly waiting for our supper of a blind hare as the fable teaches us. Hence, how to keep the balance between earning our living and preserving the environment becomes of first importance. Successful handling of the problem is far-reaching for future generations and the fate of earth and human beings.
It is an arduous task, yet it can be accomplished if only we try not to be shortsighted and think twice before any hasty and irrational decisions are made.
五、1、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition Politeness and Sincerity in 3 paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its idea in completing the paragraph. Write no less than 120 words, not including the given words in cacti paragraph.
Politeness and Sincerity Some people believe that in communication, only politeness can show one’s sincerity. ______
___________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Other people think sincerity can be destroyed by politeness be-cause politeness creates distance.
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________.
2、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Politeness and Sincerity in 3 paragraphs. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese). Write no less than 120 words.
Outline:
1. 有人认为礼貌是表达诚意的先决条件。
2. 有人认为礼貌会产生距离感，因而不利于表达真挚的感情。
3. 我认为„„
Politeness and Sincerity
Some people believe that in communication, only politeness can show one’s sincerity. Suppose that a young man makes an old woman stumble
to the ground by riding his bicycle too fast, and he says “Sorry” quickly and casually and then goes away. Can we say that his apology is sincere? I’m afraid that few will say so.
Other people think sincerity can be destroyed by politeness because politeness creates distance. Suppose you go to visit a close friend of yours .You won’t sit down until he asks you to; you make an apology for every movement of yours. Your friend may probably be annoyed by your politeness and attribute your politeness to your intention of distancing you two, while you have the least idea of doing so.
To sum up, politeness can show one’s sincerity only when one handles the situations with flexibility. Polite
六、1、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled The Place of Science and Technology in Modern Life in 3 paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its idea in completing the paragraph. Write no
less than 120 words, not inhaling the given words in each paragraph.
The Place of Science and Technology in Modern Life
Human life can not continue without science and technology. _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. The development of science and technology has brought out many changes in our daily life. __
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Science and technology also play an important role in our country’s construction. __________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
2.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled The Place of Science and Technology in Modern Life in 3 paragraphs. You should base your composition on the following outline (given in Chinese). Write no less than 120 words.
Outline:
1. 科学技术推动人类社会进步。
2. 科学技术大大影响了人们日常生活。
3. 我们要努力学习科学技术，为祖国作贡献。
The Place of Science and Technology in Modern Life
Human life cannot continue without science and technology. For centuries, human society has been developing with the advance of science and technology which in turn has brought progress to mankind. In this way,
we are living a life much more civilized than that of our ancestors.
The development of science and technology has brought out many changes in our daily life. For example, now we wan arrive in another country by air in a few hours. The invention of TV enables us to know what is happening thousands of miles away. Through the use of telephone, we can have conversation with our friends whenever we like. Owing to the improvement of modern medical science, many diseases which used to lead to certain death are now curable.
Science and technology also play an important role in our country’s construction. Without science and technology, it is quite impossible to realize the four modernizations. Therefore we should try our best to contribute to development of science and technology so as to help our country to a better future.
七、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following main ideas (given in Chinese). Your composition should contain at least 120 words. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.
题目:珍惜时间
1( 时间就是金钱;
2( 时间就是生命;
3( 必须珍惜青春美好时光。
“Time is money，” as an English proverb goes This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets, If our time is usefully employed, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be mo doubt that time is convertible into money.
Moreover, our life is nothing more than our time. To kill time is
therefore a form of suicide. Our life is a brief span measuring some seventy years in all, but nearly one half of this has to be spent in sleeping, eating and doing other things to keep our daily life. Now if al these years were to be deducted from the term over which our life extends we only have about fifteen or twenty years at our disposal for active work, whoever remembers this will never willingly waste a single moment of his life.
All time is precious; but the time of our childhood and of our youth is more precious than any other portion of our existence. These are the periods when we can acquire knowledge and develop our faculties and capacities. If we allow the morning hours of life to slip away, we will never be able to make up for the loss. As we grow older, our capacity to learn or work will diminish and we will regret when we found ourselves totally disadvantaged in every respect because of the lack of necessary knowledge or skills that we should have acquired in our youthful days. 八、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the following main ideas (given in Chinese). Your composition should contain at least 120 words. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.
题目:请我关心老年人
1( 当今社会中老年人日益增多;
2( 我们如何来关心老年人,
3( 我们如何来发挥老年人的作用,
In today’s world, the percentage of persons aged 60 and over now ranges from about 13% to
20% in industrialized and 4% to 8% in nonindustrialized nations. Some of these people feel very lonely and many of them need to be taken care of. If we can pay due attention to their needs and so more than talk to help them, we can greatly change the quality of their life.
We only need to look at the old people we see living alone in our neighborhoods or in nearby nursing hones to know how these people are affected by their families not paying attention to them. My mother’s friend, Emily, for example, is in a nursing home far away from all of her children. She is sad and depressed and is having a hard time recovering from the stroke she had several moths ago. Another example is my neighbor who lives all alone and whose children rarely visit him. He, too, is lonely and, in fact, his health is rapidly deteriorating, mostly because of his emotional state. State. Surely we owe old people better treatment than this.
Instead of ignoring old people, we should welcome them in our families and society. They are rich in knowledge and experience. Their grandchildren can learn much from them-from what life was like was like in the past to shills like bread baking and carpentry. Society. Society, too, can benefit from their knowledge of the past, thus gaining a deeper sense of history and perhaps even benefiting from their mistakes. It’s time for us to take a look at what we are doing to old people in
our society. We must learn to value that old people have done for us and can still do for us. We should devote a little bit more time and energy to the care of them. After all, we will be in their shoes someday and will certainly want respect and love from those around us.
九、1、Outline
1. 硕士研究生应具备较好的英语水平，其原因是„„
2. 硕士研究生应重点提高某项语言技能(举例)。
3. 如何提高这一语言技能。
Graduate students should have a good knowledge of English because they need it for their engineering work. Some ME students are in part-time program, and their experience can tell that English is very necessary for
them to read the journals in English, and communicate with the foreign engineers.
For graduate students, the stress should be put on the training of reading. Reading can be regarded as the most important shill for them. Many ME students have a clear purpose for their English study. They know that after graduation they have to be able to read the engineering drawings, articles, papers, journals in English. Besides, strong reading skill can help them to speak and write.
In order to improve their reading skill, they should read more. If it is possible they can start to read the papers in English journals. Besides, they should study their textbooks well, and increase their vocabulary. Anyhow, they should keep in constant touch with the reading materials.
2 、Outlion
1. 在职攻读硕士学位的必要性。
2. 在职攻读硕士学位所遇到的困难。
3. 我的看法是„„
It is very necessary for everyone in our society to study for Master’s degree at a university. That is because these people need to further their knowledge theoretically, and will be able to apply what they have learned to their work later.
Certainly, these people have been faced with some difficulties as well when they are studying for the degree. The first difficulty they have is that they are too busy and can hardly find enough time for their study. The second difficulty is that they are getting a little old and it is not easy to memorize what they are required to learn by heart. The most difficult course for them is English. They have a hard time in learning it again.
My opinion is that these people should come to the university again and obtain the degree. They should overcome these difficulties and become aware that what they are doing now will benefit their future work and will contribute a lot to the country as well.
十、OUTLION
1. 21世纪给中国带来的最大变化将是„„。
2. 这一变化对社会及家庭的影响将是„„。
3. 我对这一.变化的看法是„„
The 21st century has come, and will certainly bring about some great changes to us. As we can predict, the most important change will take place in computer science.
This change will have profound effect on every family. It can be seen that the computer will enter every family in the new century, and people’s daily activity will be related to it closely. For example，E-mail works
with a computer, and education partly depends on computers. So we can not live without computers in the new century.
I think that this change is important, and it will change our way of living, working and learning. Therefore， we should adapt ourselves to
this change and make full use of it so as to enjoy this modem equipment. 十一、OUTIION
1. 终身学习的重要性。
2. 如何终身学习。
3. 我的看法是______________________。
With the fast development of our society, life-long learning has become very important for everyone. This is because one needs to acquire new knowledge continuously in order to meet the needs of his work. There are several ways for one to learn life-long. One way is to take a part-time education program. That means, one is studying part time while
he is working. The program could be at undergraduate level or graduate level. The second way is to study by yourself. You can learn whatever you need for your work on your own. You can learn from books, from TV programs or from radio.
I think that life-long learning is very necessary to us. We can choose either of the two ways mentioned above. It depends on your personal preference and interest. I prefer the first one because this kind of learning is systematic and formal. With the help of the teachers, it is easier to learn and quicker to get what you need for your work. 十二、OUTLION
1. 诚实的含义是_________________。
2. 诚实在工作和生活是非常重要的。
3. 诚实在外语学习中同样也是很重要的。
In my opinion, “honesty” means that a person is frank and outspoken, and he always speaks the truth, and doesn’t have any intention to cheat and lie.
In one’s work, honesty is very important. This is because his friends
and his colleagues will trust him if he is honest. For example, one is very frank, and never lies; he will be given an important job to take care of. In our life, honesty is also very important. A couple has to be honest so that they can live happily together.
In foreign language learning, we also need honesty. When we come across a new word and we don’t understand it, we should not cheat ourselves. We should check it up in a dictionary or ask our friends about it. Honest learning will help us to acquire real knowledge. Therefore, honesty is vital for language learners too.
十三、OUTLION
1. 目前人们更加重视产品质量了。
2. 部分产品质量不好的原因是_____________。
3. 如何采取措施控制产品质量。
As China has entered a market economy, more people have realized that the quality of the products is vital and it is a matter of life and death. Therefore a great concern has been shown to the quality of any manufactured product in China.
The reasons for poor quality of products are as follows. First, some manufacturers are interested in making money only and have not paid much attention to the quality. They use poor quality materials for their products. Second, it seems that there is not complete law system for quality control. Not enough inspectors are employed by the government to check the quality of the products. Third, some unskilled workers are hired for the production, and they have no formal training.
In my opinion, the following measures have to be taken. First, we should work out various laws to control the quality of the products. Second, those who are responsible for the poor quality of any products should be punished severely. By doing so, the product quality will be improved and ensured. 十四、OUTLION
1. What is green food?
2. The reasons for eating green food.
3. How to promote the use of green food?
We eat food every day but few of us ever take a second to think about what kind of food we are eating. What a surprise it would be if we know that many of the foods we eat are harmful to our health. Based on this, we should eat green food rather than those potentially contaminable ones.
Green food is a new notion brought about by biologists only recently. It is called green not only because of our association of nature with the color green but also the naturalness of the food. The naturalness of the
food lies in that it is not processed chemically and it does not contain anything that is artificially added to it. Technically speaking, green food is a kind of food that is not subject to chemical processing and is genetically pure.
There are three reasons for using green food. One, green food is good for health and safe to eat. The use of green food will keep mankind from chemical poisoning. Two, green food is less costly. Green food comes from nature and there is no need for processing; therefore, it is cheaper than chemically processed foods. Three, green food is more nutritious. Nutrition is mostly lost during the processing. No doubt naturally grown food provides the best nutrition.
In order to promote green food, the foremost thing we should do is to tell the public the good of using it and encourage consumers to choose natural food rather than those beautiful-looking foods.
十五、OUTLION
1. 在中国，私人汽车拥有量在增加。
2. 有些人赞成拥有私人汽车。
3. 有些人反对拥有私人汽车。
As China has greatly developed both in industry and in economy, people who own private cars are on the rise. And there have been two different views on this phenomenon.
Some people argue that private cars can bring convenience and mobility to their owners. The more cars people buy, the more developed the automobile industry will become. What’s more, the growth of automobile industry can trigger the growth of automobile industry can trigger the boom of other important industries such as iron and steel production, energy and technological application. In short, they are in favor of developing private cars.
However, others hold the opinion that automobiles will give rise to
such a series of problems as more serious environmental pollution, more traffic accidents and more energy consumption. Besides, there are more than 1.2 billion people in China. If every family owned a car, there would be too many cars running on this land, which certainly result in congestion. Therefore, they are against developing private cars in China. 十六、提示:
We all possibly meet setbacks in life. What do you think of setbacks? What do you do in the face of setbacks?
Face the Setbacks in Your Life Bravely
Have you ever met setbacks in your life? Have you ever experienced any failure? Most probably the answer is yes. Sure enough, life is full of various kinds frustrations. Then what do we do in the face of them?
Life is a long journey, so you can’t expect sunshine on your head everyday. Sometimes there will be rainy days, even storms. Other times the road will not be as even as expected. But remember, if you choose to live, you have to live a full life containing both pleasant things and sad things. Frustrations themselves are precious in that they can enrich your life and make it more colorful than a flavorless one. In addition, don’t you remember the old saying, “failure is the mother of success”? In a sense, it is true. From failure we can learn many lessons which we cannot possibly garn in the sunny days. If we make wise use of them, they would become the steps of the ladder leading to the final success.
So cheer up, my friends! If you are in trouble now, relax and analyze the situation carefully. Learn your lesson and move on.
十七、OUTLION
1. What I thought about my future when in my childhood?
2. What I am doing now; am I realizing my early dreams?
3. How to make my dreams come true.
My Life Dream
I have heard of Martin Luther King’s famous speech “I Have a Dream” and I have my own dreams in my life. Since I was a small boy I have dreamed of becoming a great scientist like Chen Jingrun, one of the most famous mathematicians in China.
Since my graduation from Tsinghua University, I have been working for Legend Corporation as a software engineer till now. I learned my major fairly well in my school years. When I saw computer for the first time in my life, I knew I was in love with it and I could not live without it. Now, I work more than ten hours every day, including weekends. My boss trusts me and gives me many responsibilities. My job can also bring me good money, but my interests still lies in research work.. I grasp every chance to update my major knowledge and I have enough perseverance to study my interested subjects for at least two hours every night.
I believe that with my persistent efforts my dream of becoming a great scientist will come true in the neat future
十八、OUTLION
1. 节制饮食的好处(使人健康，苗条等)。
2. 过度节制饮食的危险性。
3. 节制饮食应适当，以保持健康为准则。
Go on a Diet
With the development of social economy, people pay more and more attention to their health and going on a diet becomes extremely popular. It keeps people from growing too fat and saves them from many inconveniences and diseases related to fatness. At the same time, it provides people with sufficient nutrition to keep them in a fit condition. Besides its good effects on people’s health, going on a diet can also
help many young girls become slim and bring their dream into reality.
However, if carried too far, going on a diet could become extremely
dangerous. It often happens in the cases of young girls. With all their eagerness to have a beautiful figure, they will even risk their lives to lose weight. The tragedy of young Carpenter has proved this. Even if it doesn’t cost their lives, it will damage their health to a certain degree.
Thus, apart from its positive effects, going on a diet has its bad side-effects. The proper way to do it is to put health in the first place. IF it is good for our health, stick to it; if not, just abandon it. 十九、提示:不同的人对杨遇有不同的看法。当前人才市场竞争激烈的条件下，
人们对机遇这个课题展开了争论。试从机遇与成功的关系方面以On Opportunity
为题谈一谈你的看法。要求:120-150字。
On Opportunity
Some people believe that opportunity is the most important factor on the way to success. Without opportunity, hard work equals nothing. So they always complain that they do not succeed because they are so unlucky as not to meet any opportunity. On the other hand, some people hold the view that opportunity is everywhere. If you have knowledge, skill or experience, opportunity will come to you naturally. So they don’t cherish opportunity and simply let it slip away.
Despite the different attitudes towards opportunity, nobody can deny that opportunity is an indispensable factor in one’s success. With opportunity, a person’s talent or abilities can be brought into full play. Without it, even a capable person has to wait in vain. So we should not ignore the importance of opportunity.
In my opinion, opportunity is necessary to one’s success, but it’s not decisive, Just as the saving goes, “Opportunity is fair it
everyone.” But unless you master a certain degree of knowledge and skills, you cannot make full use of the opportunity in front of you. So we should not rely solely on opportunity, but should work hard and grasp the opportunity when it cones in order to succeed.
二十、Outline:
1. Importance of science
2. Its influence on society
3. Its influence on people
People and Science
When science is mentioned, some people often think that science has nothing to do with ordinary people. Is it right? Can we realize our modernization with a high illiterate rate of about 10% of its total population? Absolutely not! Nor can we produce high quality products with a lot of poor skilled laborers, not to mention about catching up with the advanced science and technology in the world with 90% of its young people who cannot receive higher education. In fact, science is a decisive factor for any country’s development. Without science, the development of
society and progress of human race are impossible.
When asked about science, some people will immediately associate it with many scientific discoveries such as computer, TV, satellite and so on. It is true that science has revolutionized our, way of living and changed the lives of millions of people. It has become the new “magic” capable of doing everything. The latest gadgets and devices around you for a better living have come as a result of scientific studies. In modern society, man can hardly live without telephone, TV and computer.
But the true values of science do not merely lie in these things. Rather, they lie in the way in which science contributes to man’s physical, intellectual and mental well-being. Science has not only improved people’s standard of living, but also most importantly, they understand their opportunities for spiritual and intellectual growth. More than any other subject, science has freed people from ignorance and has multiplied their energies, hopes and ambitions. Undoubtedly, China needs to popularize science among people in order to promote its development.
二十一、Outline:
1. 压力时时存在。
2. 有人害怕压力，有人不害怕压力。
3. 我的看法。
Stress in Modern Life
As everyone knows, stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. As the pace of modern life continues to increase, we are always feeling on the go from morning till night. And it is hard to slow down. Therefore, stress goes hand in hand with the life in a competitive society.
Different people, however, think of stress quits differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to one’s mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body.
Personally, I’m in favor of the former view. I think it is impossible
to avoid stress when one is entirely devoted to the career he pursues.
In my opinion, it is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.
二十二、OUTLION
1. Competition a common phenomenon in our society
2. Relationships between competition and cooperation
3. Your opinion on competition and cooperation
Competition and cooperation
Competition is a common phenomenon in our society. We compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study, and there is constant competition for jobs, fame, wealth and so forth. Therefore,
we can say that, in a certain sense, competition is one of the motive forces of the development of our modern society.
It is often believed, however, that competition and cooperation are in opposition to each other. Some people stress competition, without which, in their eyes. There is no responsibility, no drive and ultimately, no progress. Others advocate cooperation whatever they do. They are of the opinion that the dependence of people on one another has increased, without which the society we love in cannot keep going smoothly. In reality, we find that in many cases competition goes hand in hand with cooperation. Let’s take a football game for example. During the game one team is competing against the other, but each member of the team must cooperate with his teammates. Otherwise, they would lose the game no matter how skillful each individual player “might be. It is clear that competition has much to do with cooperation.
As far as I’m concerned, I do not agree with the view that competition and cooperation are always in conflict with each other. In my opinion, while advocating competition, we should never forger cooperation. In our social life, cooperation is especially necessary because most work is fulfilled with or through other people. So I’ve come to the conclusion that competition and cooperation are equally important.
二十三、Outline:
1. 什么是成功,
2. 怎么才能成功,
3. 我对成功的看法。
What Is Success?
What is success? Different people hold different views on this question. Some think tat one is successful of he can make a great deal of money. Others argue that success means holding an important government post. Still others believe that whoever has got a high academic title is
successful. It is clear that there are quite different opinions on success.
In order to become successful, you should first of all be both perseverant and hardworking,. As you know, whatever you do, there are always two possible results: success and failure. When you fail, you should never lose heart. On the contrary, you must build up your confidence and work even harder. You should always keep in mind that perseverance is the mother of success and industry is the key to it. In addition, you should pay great attention to your work method. It is necessary for you to sum up your experience constantly and improve the efficiency of your work. Finally, it is important for you to get along well with you co-workers, care for each other and help each other. If you follow these
you will certainly achieve remarkable success in the future. principles,
In my opinion, success means achieving brilliant results in one’s work, that is, making outstanding contributions to the development of the country and bringing happiness to the people.
The table below shows social and economic indicators for four 二十四、
countries in 1994, according to Untied Nations statistics. Describe the information shown below in about 120 words.
Indicators Canada Japan Peru Zaire
Annual income per person (in $US) 11,100 15,760 160 130
Life expectancy at birth 76 78 51 47
Adult literacy rate(%) 99 99 68 34
Indicators of economic and social conditions in four countries, Canada, Japan, Peru and Zaire, in 1994 reflect the great differences that exist between wealthier and poorer nations.
The table shows that Japan and Canada had annual incomes of $15,760 and $11,110 per person respectively. These figures were overwhelmingly
greater than the corresponding figures of $160 in Peru and $130 in Zaire. Life expectancy at birth was higher among the more economically developed countries. Japan reported the highest life expectancy, 78. This was followed by Canada, 76;Peru,51; and Zaire, 47. This suggests that richer societies are able to put more money into health care than poorer countries.
Literacy rate among adults, too, were higher in wealthier countries, no doubt a reflection of ability to invest in education. Canada and Japan both reported literacy rates of 99%, while Peru claimed 68%. Zaire, the least economically developed of the four countries, have a literacy rate of 34%.
The data appear to confirm the often-cited link between national wealth and health and education standards.
二十五、Dietary Changes and Health Care
As is shown in the graph, China’s food distribution has taken great changes from 1960’s to 1990’s. according to this statistics of cereals, vegetable, meat, and fruits, the number of those who eat rice, flour of vegetable has greatly decreased in the past four decades,. In contrast of this the number of those who eat oil or meat has sharply increased. From such dietary changes, we can perceive the rapid improvement of our people’s living standard.
Why does this improvement occur? The direct reason is the fact that the Chinese people have attached much importance to their health care. Nationally, China’s economic growth is booming, and more people are getting richer. Individually, everyone’s consumption of food is
increasingly varied. In particular, most people are reluctant to eat much vegetable, but much meat and oil in their diets.
In my view, the changes of China’s dietary distribution seem to be both positive and negative. The positive aspect is that China’s
economical growth has given rise to the higher level of dietary standard,
with most people living rich and happy. But the negative aspect is that . I’m afraid, less eating vegetable will lead to poorer health, such as lacking vitamin nutrients in one’s body. Therefore, we think it necessary for the Chinese to be aware of the balanced diets; both vegetable and meat, which nay gain us healthier bodies in the new century.
二十六、Changes in the Diet
Developments in science and technology have been helping people in many ways to improve their living standards. As a result, there have been remark able changes in people’s diet---the consumption of milk and meat
has considerably increased and the demand for fruit and vegetables has been on the rise.
I think these remarkable changes are cue to at least two reasons.
up policy, great First, with the implementation of the reform and opening-
changes have taken place in all the branches of our national economy. With higher pays, people can well afford a better diet----branches of our national economy. With higher in protein and lower in carbon--hydrates. Second, on the basis of being better-fed than in the past, people now have a stronger sense of keeping themselves healthy, and thus more attention is paid to a diet that is not only balanced but also healthful. As a consequence, apart from meat and vegetables, they have increasing demand on various kinds of fruit.
In conclusion, changes in people’s diet can be a basic index to show their better living standards. With the consumption of more vegetables, fruit, milk and meat, people are really enjoying a better life than they could have imagined more than ten years ago.
二十七、 We Have Only One World
With rapid development of industry in almost all areas,
environmental pollution is getting more and more serious. First, rivers in cities and in the countryside are no longer clean. The water in them is undrinkable without being purified. Second, the air is becoming dirtier in which industrial dust and waste are floating. Moreover, in the past few decades, natural disasters have been very serious, with floods and droughts further destroying our environment.
But why do we have so many environmental problems? The first reason is that waste water from daily life and industrial uses that is released into rivers without treatment. The second reason is that a lot of chimneys emit smoke and dust into the air. One more reason is that people have destroyed large areas of forests and seriously upset the balance of nature.
We have only one world, and it is our common habitat. When one part of it is in danger, it will not be long before the effects are felt by other parts of the world. Thus, all nations should make joint efforts to save our world.
二十八、 Ecological Balance
It is only during the last few years that man has become generally aware that in the world of nature a most delicate balance exists between all forms of life. No living things can exist by itself: it is part of a system in which all forms of life are joined together. If we change one part of the natural order, this will in its turn almost certainly bring about changes in some other parts.
The cutting down of forests reduces the supply of oxygen. The killing of weeds and insects by chemicals leads to the widespread poisoning of animals and birds. The throwing of waste products into the ocean damages life in the sea, while exhaust fumes change the chemical balance of the atmosphere and shut out some of the sun’s essential life-giving rays.
And so we could go on, adding more examples, until in despair we might feel like giving up the struggle to control and keep within limits these
harmful human activities. Man is very clever at changing the world around him to satisfy his immediate needs, but he is not so clever at looking fat ahead, or at thinking about what the future results of his actions might be. Man may well in his attempt to be too ambitious, destroy himself.
二十九、 On Modesty
Modesty is one of the many qualities that cross-century young people should possess. It makes you foresee your imperfections. It gives you the impetus to go forward. Most important of all, it makes you accessible and creates favorable conditions for you in interpersonal contacts.
However, many young people do not seem to realize the importance of modesty. Some of them just feel satisfied with a little success, without the slightest desire to make further progress. Others have too high an opinion of themselves, totally ignoring other people’s suggestions and advice. Consequently, their immodesty often drives them up against the wall. Worst of all, immodesty takes many young people away from their colleagues and friends. Therefore they find fewer people with whom they can confide.
For you to be modest, the first thing to do is to have a full understanding of your deficiencies. No matter who you are and no matter how talented you are, you are unlikely to be all-powerful. In fact, you will always, in spite of your talents, fond things about which you feel helpless. Besides, you should also admit other people’s strong points and try your best to learn from them. If you keep these two points in mind, you are on the right pat to developing modesty.
三十 Work and Careers
Sometimes we say that someone is “a square peg in a round hole”, This simply means that the person is not fit for the job he is doing because
his interest and talent lie somewhere else. He may be a bookkeeper, but he really wants to be an actor or a mechanic. In fact, many people in the world are “square jpegs”; they are not doing the kind of work they should be doing for one reason or another. As a result, they probably are not doing a very good job, and certainly they are not happy.
Choosing the right career is very important. Most of us spend a great part of our lives doing jobs. Some of us have become very successful. Why? Partly because they are very hardworking and highly intelligent, partly because they have a good family background or have dear ones who support them heart and soul, but mainly because they have chosen appropriate careers which match their talents and stimulate their interests. There are numerous examples to prove this. Therefore, we should clearly understand what our talents are and how to bring them into full play; we should also clearly know what our personal interests are or where they lie. It is most important to select careers in accordance with our talents and interests.
There are many careers open to each of us. Perhaps we like science. Then we might prepare ourselves to be chemists, physicists, or biologists. Maybe our interests take us into the business world and such work as accounting, personnel management or public relations. Many people find their place in government service. Teaching, newspaper work, medicine, engineering—these and many other fields offer fascinating careers to those with talent and training.
]三十一、 How to Learn with Success
To learn with success is not a very difficult task if some fundamental principles are laid down. While discussing this subject, I’d like to mention four indispensable principles: diligence, devotion, constancy, and punctuality.
All things can be conquered by diligence. It makes the foolish wise,
the poor rich, and the humble noble. It produces a wonderful effect. In learning, the work of a diligent fool doubles that of a lazy wit.
Devotion means to set our heart on one thing at a time and give up all other thoughts. Never think of learning another subject while studying one subject. Those who often change their studies will never succeed in the long run. Therefore, in order to be successful we need devotion.
Constancy makes success a certainty. In contrast, inconstancy often results in failure. If we study day after day, there is nothing that can not be achieved. We should remember a worthy proverb “Constant dropping of water wears away a stone.”
Besides, there is another rule that contributes to one’s
accomplishments, that is, punctuality. The habit of keeping regular hours is of extreme importance to successful learning. Work while you work; play while you play. Every man will certainly become strong and wise if he does so.
三十二、 Education and the Market
As the marketing system is more and more widespread in China, education is becoming more closely related to the market. In a broad sense, the whole modern society is based on a marketing economy. In fact, the former has much to do with the latter. Therefore, it is generally believed that education serves the market which, in turn, supports education.
The reason for education to enter the market is obvious. As a developing country, China is not likely to invest a huge amount of money in education in the near future. Education has to turn to the market to find its own way. It is important to note that teachers’ why of production is to reach and train students. The students’ knowledge is an invisible
product. In addition. Their services to students and society are valuable. So education has to be run in accordance with the law of value to realize the aim that students pay for their education and find jobs for themselves
rather than being as signed jobs by the State.
Personally, I think education is an independent industry between students and the talent market. It is the indispensable link between these two. So my conclusion is that since science and technology and talented people can enter the market, it is a matter of course for education to enter the market.
三十三、 Value of Knowledge (表格)
In the Information Age, public awareness of the value of knowledge critically affects the economic growth of a nation. The schematic diagram clearly shows how the value of knowledge evolved in China in the past 50 years.
The schematic diagram mainly consists of three parts. From 1950 to 1966, the curve was roughly a straight line slightly above zero, showing that China was a poorly-educated nation then. In 1966, the curve drastically dropped below zero, moving down hopelessly in the next 11 years. This period coincided with the “Culture Revolution”, Our society went mad then, books were burned, schools were closed and all kinds of academic activities were banned. Knowledge inflicted its masters nothing but disasters. Life was a nightmare for Chinese intellectuals, including famous scholars as well as common people who received higher education or whose profession had anything to do with knowledge. It was a time when ignorance was a virtue and knowledge was a crime. People tried desperately to be away from knowledge. As a result, China lagged farther behind the rapid progressing world. This was t he darkest time in the history of New China. The curve returned to its original non-zero position around 1978 and moved up but slowly. From 1984 on, it has been shooting up. The open-up policy encourages people to study and to channel their knowledge to the market economy. Millions of Chinese are bettering off by means of their knowledge and more Chinese enjoy the fruits of knowledge and say goodbye
for good to poverty that haunted them for generations.
As our world is rapidly advancing towards the Information Age, increasing number of people realize that knowledge is power and creativity is everything. Only when China becomes a better-educated nation, can it be a great nation with international prestige.
三十四、Challenge
With the fast development of the world, we will face more and more challenge, Challenge means not only hardship, but also opportunity. Since we are young people and have glorious future before us, we should not be afraid of challenge. Challenge can inspire our creative power and lead us to success. The most important thing is to deal with challenge properly.
First, you must get ready for challenge at any time, because it cones all of a sudden. Second, you should be courageous enough to face up to it. No pains, no gains. Only through hard work can you achieve success. Finally, make sure that you have adequate knowledge to help you deal with challenge. Technology development is forging ahead at a tremendous speed and those who can not follow its pace will be eliminated by the society.
As for mw, I have my own ways to deal with challenge, I’m always trying to challenge myself and conquer myself. Only by means of this can I achieve my ambitious goal.
三十五、The Importance of Confidence
Whatever we do we should do it with confidence. Without confidence. It is unlikely for us to accomplish anything, especially when we are confronting setbacks or hardships. On the other hand, with confidence, there will be strong likelihood to achieve success. So it is important to have confidence.
But why so many people lose their confidence even though they are capable of doing something? For one thing they underestimate their own
abilities and therefore they fear to meet any challenge. For another, they overestimate possible difficulties, and thus feel helpless in face of them.
When you get to know the reason for losing confidence, you can easily regain it. You can build faith in yourself by having the right attitude towards your own abilities. In fact, whatever you do, you’ll encounter
difficulties. It is not fearful that there are difficulties in what you are doing. It is fearful that you have no confidence.
三十六、 Good Study Habits
Good study habits are based on two things; a mature mental attitude and appropriate physical techniques.
Required courses provide general knowledge expected of every college graduate. Those who neglect these courses are limiting their intellectual
five or more hours a week growth. Students should spend about forty-
studying them.
Full concentration is essential. While studying, many students just inattentively run their eyes over a page between frequents distractions from the radio and conversations. Five hours of this kind of study are worth less than an hour of uninterrupted concentration.
Students should not ignore course assignments until just before an examination. Students with poor study habits often frantically do all their reviewing just in a day or two. The result usually is that they come to the examination not only exhausted but also confused by a mass of unrelated facts. They could have avoided all this by keeping up with their assignments, making orderly notes, and reviewing their notes regularly. Students with good study habits can obtain a lot more in their scholastic achievements than those without.
三十七、Never Too Old to Learn
Learning is one of the most important things in one’s in especially
for children being educated in schools of different levels. They learn languages, mathematics, history, geography and so on. They must know that they should acquire as much knowledge as possible, which can help them know better about the outside world and develop themselves for their future career.
As for grown-ups, even the aged, learning is important as well. Although they have studied something for many years, and have learned a lot already, there are still some experiences and laws summed up or discovered by our predecessors for them to learn. Moreover, the world keeps changing unceasingly. There is always something new for them to learn. Thus, they must be aware that they should stick to learning throughout their lives. Constant learning can make people become more learned and experienced so that they can suit the changing world better.
In short, the proverb “It is never too old to learn” is true of
everyone. Let us start and keep leaning.
]
三十八、 Science: Good or Evil
According to some people, we should turn away for, the modern advanced science and technology and return to a simpler way of life. In their eyes, science has created innumerable problems, including environmental pollution and nuclear bombs threatening man’s survival,
the shortage of fresh water and energy, and the disappearance of species. The argument sounds persuasive on the surface but it is quite the opposite.
Just think of the obvious benefits science has brought to us. For example, modern medical science has lengthened our lives and reduced the rate of infant death. Modern framing methods have provided enough food for us. What’s more, freed from the struggle for survival, people can enjoy themselves better.
Fro, the above discussion, we can conclude that some problems do not result from the science itself, but from its misusing. Fortunately, we have noticed the problems and are now making great efforts to solve them. We are confident that science will continue to benefit our life if only it is applied in the right way.
三十九 What Do You Think of Internet?
Internet plays an important role in our life. When you search through the net, the world seems smaller than ever, and New York seems no farther than your home town. Every hour, thousands of people, including young children, university students, scientists, businessmen, seek various information through internet. You can discuss international crisis, football match, or your viewpoint on love and marriage with known or unknown people. In this way ,you may make some friends, who share common views with you. When you are in trouble, you may ask for help through internet. What’s more, various meetings are held on the net. “What a wonder!” You may say. Yes, internet is one of the most interesting things man has ever invented. But as many other inventions, it has its own problems.
First of all, there is too much rubbish on the net. Some people are just over-enthusiastic to offer valueless information. This, in turn, has led to the increasing difficulty in finding what you want. Officials also find it hard to prevent internet from the invasion of criminals. And sometimes the cost is so prohibiting to many Chinese.
There is no doubt that internet has contributed and will contribute greatly to our life because it is one of the most convenient ways of communication. Once you know it , you cannot resist it. Thousands of people have fallen in love with it. But won’t it serve us better if stricter administration is applied to it?
四十、Develop Westem Regions
西部开发
The large scale development of west china is of profound signift-cance. First , it will open a broad development space for central and eastern regions. Besides, it’s critical to China’s overall economic rise. What’s more, it’s the only effective way to decrease the imbalance of economic development in the east and the west so as to revitalize our nation.
There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in its economic development. The chief reason. I think, is that the opening up policies enable the east to lure more foreign capital and make a fantastic spur in its development. As a result, it leaves the west far behind in its economic growth. In addition, the west’s unique unfavorable geographic positions greatly limit its development. Therefore, the gaps between the west and the east have been widened since China’s reform. In fact, many regions in the west still remain comparatively underdeveloped. To illustrate, most of the 30 million poor population, who still have subsistence problems, live there. Moreover, currently the per capita GDP in West China is only about 60% of national average. And the vast West China makes less contribution to the nation’s development. If left unchanged, the underdevelopment in the west will greatly affect overall prosperity and even social stability.
However, the western region development is a long-term systematic project. It calls for tremendous efforts of several generations. To sum up, our chief goal is to build West China with economic prosperity, social progress, political stability and beautiful landscape. Finally, I believe the west will catch up with the cast in its economic development in the near future.
The remake-the-west drive, a very important strategy made by the
central government, is of great significance in China’s overall economic development. What’s more, it’s vital important for us to bridge the wide gap in economic development between the east and the west so as to rejuvenate our nation and gain the overall prosperity.
There are various reasons why the landlocked west has lagged behind in its economic development ever since the reform and opening up drive. In my opinion, the chief reason is that the unique geographic positions prevent it from attracting as much foreign capital as the coastal areas. As a result, the west makes less contribution to the gross national product than the east does. Naturally, many areas still remain rather backward and underdeveloped. Consequently, the living standards of people in the west are comparatively lower than those in the east due to its snail growth pace of per capita income.
However, the drive to revive the west proves to be the unique way to decrease the imbalance of the economic development in the east and the west. It will provide us with challenges as well as some golden opportunities. As a student of engineering, I will eagerly respond to the government’s call and get myself ready, both mentally and materially, for going westward after my graduation. With joint efforts, I believe, the undeveloped west will catch up with the developed east in the near future.
四十一 Holiday Economy 假日经济
The lengthy holidays have caused unexpected great travel craze and brisk economic activities. Holiday spending, however, adds fuel to the Chinese economy, which in turn leads to the creation of a new term “Holiday Economy”, But, meanichile, it sparks a hot debate about it.
Some economists are in favout of the Holiday Economy. They believe it has many advantages. First, tourism-based Holiday Economy will raise
consumption, up spending and, therefore, help to spur the domestic demand. In addition, it benefits tourism, transportation, catering, hotels and service industries and enables them to thrive during holidays, which in turn adds fuel to the overall economic growth.
However, others overstate its disadvantages and hold that it brings undeniable problems. First, the travel craze puts a heavy burden on the traffic system, causing serious traffic jams. Besides, thousands and thousands of tourists flood scenic spots, jamming railway stations and airports, causing some overcrowdedness and safety problems. Therefore, we shouldn’t neglect the new problems.
I believe its advantages far outweigh its disadvantages. After all, it greatly benefits our overall economy. Finally, I suggest the government take effective measures to solve the aforementioned problems. Only in this way can we let the Holiday Economy develop in a sound way. 四十二 China’s Entry into the WTO 中国加入世贸组织
China’s entry into the WTO is widely expected. However, as it’s double edged, it will bring us opportunities as well as challenges.
Most people cherish the opportunities and give it a warm welcome. First, they believe it will quicken. China’s restructure, esp. of industries and accelerate its overall economic reform. Besides, it will lure much more foreign capital to China and, by setting up more JVs and foreign funded enterprises, create countless jobs for job seekers. Most important of all, it will nourish textile and costume industries and benefit tourism.
However, others fear the great risks and challenges and, therefore, extend a cold welcome. First, they doubt that it will bring crushing WTO pressure on car, telecom and many other industries. To make matters worse, they fear that the great pressure will make many non-profit companies, even t he large-and-medium-sized loss-making SOEs go bankrupt, leaving about
30 million people jobless or laid off. Worst of all, it will intensify the cut-throat competition in the global economic markets.
As to me, I firmly believe the opportunities far outweigh the challenges. As the fiercer competition will make industries and agriculture mature in the global markets, the post-WTO China will weave an even brighter future in the next century.
四十三 Trying to Renew Knowledge 努力更新知识
With the arrival of the 21 st century, knowledge economy age is rapidly approaching, in which new knowledge emerges much faster than ever before. What’s more important, knowledge plays a decisive role in the whole economy. That is why every member of the modern society finds it urgent to renew his knowledge, otherwise he won’t he able to keep up with the swift development of the new age.
What are the ways to update knowledge? On the one hand, one can attend various courses at all types of schools, either part-time or full-time. On the other hand, however, one can also insist on self-study. It is, in a sense, a more convenient and practical method by which one can effectively renew his knowledge. As is well known, the fast development of modern communications devices makes it much easier to receive further education.
So far as I am concerned. I have mainly relied on self-taught method in the recent years. I am a professional graduate on duty, so I really can’t afford the time spent at school,. To meet the urgent needs of my work, I began to learn computer-operating skills and foreign trade chiefly through watching T.V. educational programs. So far, so good, the newly-acquired knowledge and skills indeed help me a lot, greatly facilitating my practical work. Never before nave I been so determined to persist in my study in this way in order to further renew my knowledge.
四十四、 Can Success Be Measured in Terms of Money? 成功能用金钱衡量吗,
There is a deep-rooted concept in the minds of many people that money is the only yardstick of success. What they do not realize is that there are many types of success, and some are associated with wealth and some not. It is high time that such people opened their eyes and took a sober look at the world around them.
While it is true that a successful businessman or inventor will usually become rich, many other people who are outstanding in their fields do not reap monetary rewards. One example is the rocket scientist who makes great achievements in the field of astronautics while gaining glory for his country, but draws a modest salary. Another example is Lei Feng, who has marked his name in history because his life was devoted to helping others, although he owned almost no personal possessions.
Measuring success by money alone leads people to strive to make money by fair means or foul. If one’s only goal in life is to become rich, without serving others or making any worthwhile achievements, then one certainly cannot regard oneself as a success. Furthermore, those who spend their lives scrambling for money, even though they gain it, are the biggest losers of all.
四十五、 Which Ensures a Happy Life, Health or Wealth?
Some people believe that it is wealth that brings us a happy life. In their eyes, if you are wealthy, you can have ready access to modern conveniences, new fashions, entertainment, etc., which will make your life more comfortable and happier; if you are poor, there is no way to enjoy life. These people prize wealth and often seek after wealth at the cost of their health.
Others hold that health ensures a happy life. A person who is in good shape has the strength and energy to enjoy an active life and withstand the stresses of daily life. A billionaire will not be happy if he has cancer.
Instead, he suffers from it. On the contrary, a person who lives from hand to mouth but is in good health may lead a happy life.
It is true that wealth is important, but, to me, health is even more important. If a person loses his health, it is difficult for him to regain it no matter how rich he is and he will surely suffer from ill health. Therefore, in my view, it is a strong build that really counts. 四十六、Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the title “Good Health”, Base your composition on the following outline:
1. 身体健康的重要性。
2. 保持健康的途径。
3. 我自己的实践。
下面是一篇得了14分的样文。
Good Health
The desire for good health is universal. In our competitive society it is important to maintain good health. On the one hand, people with good health can do work with full confidence and their progress in work in turn contributes to their health and happiness. On the other hand, a sick person is usually not interested in everything around him and therefore he loses many opportunities to become successful.
There are many ways to keep fit. First, those who are always on the going from morning till night should find time to relax because too much stress will affect their health. Second, enough time should be left for sleep because that will help one become rested and refreshed. Finally, regular physical exercise benefits one’s health a lot. So one should
always keep in mind that a certain amount of exercise is not a waste of time.
As for me, I like playing tennis in the morning. I also attach much importance to enough sleep and relaxation. I believe this will ensure my
good health for the rest of my life.
四十七、what is more important ,family And career
1、 some people think that family is more important
2、 Other people think that career is more important
3、 Your opinion.
Which is more important ,career or family?
I used to be radical and thought one could not be a success in career and ,at the same time ,have a happy family life .Sometimes I even subconsciously refused such things as love and marriage .Now I think man engages in a career in the hope of having a happy life ,except for the few “extremely intelligent” ,who would choose career to the exclusion of family .in fact their lives are not complete ones; they have defects .Most people , including many great men ,scientists and merchants ,have experienced much the same experiences .they are from birth to carefree childhood to troublesome adolescence, to dating to work ,to love ,to marriage ,to success in career ,then to old age .
Read while you read .Love while you love ,Whatever you do ,do it
whole-heartedly .Even if one day I become a housewife ,that is nothing to be afraid of ,What is important is that ,in my heart , I have a deep love for life , I will keep in high spirits . I love I marry But I still dream my own dream I still dream my own dream . I will follow the law of nature and pursuit what is beautiful in life . I will bring myself into
full play .Only by so doing ,I will not regret anything in life .(
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