2014北京高考真题生物(含解析)

2014北京 高考 地理事物空间分布特征语文高考下定义高考日语答题卡模板高考688高频词汇高考文言文120个实词 真题生物(含解析) 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合生物试题(北京卷) 一、选择题 1.蓝细菌(蓝藻)与酵母菌的相同之处是( ) A(都有拟核 B. 均能进行有氧呼吸 C. 都有线粒体 D. 均能进行光合作用 2.在我国北方，游泳爱好者冬泳入水后，身体立即发生一系列生理反应，以维持体温恒定。此时，机体不会发生的反应是( ) A(兴奋中枢神经系统，加强肌肉收缩 B. 通过反射活动引起皮肤毛细血管收缩 C. 通过神经调节减少汗腺分泌 抑制垂体活动导致甲状腺激素分泌减少 D. 3.比较生物膜和人工膜(双层磷脂)对多种物质的通透性. 结果如右图，据此不能得出的推论是( ) A. 生物膜上存在着协助HO通过的物质 2 ++-B. 生物膜对K、Na、Cl的通透具有选择性 C. 离子以易化(协助)扩散方式通过人工膜 分子的大小影响其通过人工膜的扩散速率 D. 4.为控制野兔种群数量,澳洲引入一种主要由蚊子传播的兔病毒。引入初期强毒性病毒比例最高，兔被强毒性病毒感染后很快死亡，致兔种群数量大幅下降。兔被中毒性病毒感染后可存活一段时间，几年后中毒性病毒比例最高，兔种群数量维持在低水平。由此无法推断出( ) A. 病毒感染对兔种群的抗性具有选择作用 B. 毒性过强不利于维持病毒与兔的寄生关系 C. 中毒性病毒比例升高是因为兔抗病毒能力下降所致 D. 蚁子在兔和病毒之间的协同(共同)进化中发挥了作用 5. 在25?的实验条件下可顺利完成的是( ) A. 光合色素的提取与分离 B. 用斐林(本尼迪特)试剂鉴定还原糖 C. 大鼠神经细胞的培养 D. 制备用于植物组织培养的固体培养基 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 二、非选择题 29. (18分) 为研究赤霉素(GA)和生长素(IAA)对植物生长的影响，切取菟丝子茎顶端2.5cm长的部分5 (茎芽)。置于培养液中无菌培养(图分为三组，分别培养至第1、 8、15天，每组再用适宜浓度的激素处理30天，测量茎芽长度。结果见图2: 1)植物激素是植物细胞之间传递________的分子。 ( (2)本实验中，试管用滤膜封口是为了在不影响________通过的情况下起到________的作用。用激素处理时应将IAA加在________(填“培养液中”或“茎芽尖端”)。 (3)图2数据显示，GA和IAA对离体茎芽的伸长生长都 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现出________作用。GA55的这种作用更为显著。 (4)植物伸长生长可能是细胞数量和(或)________增加的结果。当加入药物完全抑制DNA复制后，CA诱导的茎芽伸长生长被抑制了54%，说明影响茎芽伸长生长的方式是________。 (5)从图2中B组(或C组)的数据可知，两种激素联合处理对茎芽伸长生长的促进 作用是GA单独处理的________倍、IAA单独处理的________倍，由此可以推侧GA和IAA55在对茎芽伸长生长的作用上存在________关系。 (6)A组数据未显示出GA和IAA具有上述关系.原因可能是离体时间短的茎芽中5 ________的较高。 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 30. (16分) A基因位干1号染色体上，影响减数分裂时染色体交换频率，a基因无此功能。B基因位于5号染色体上，便来自同一个花粉母细胞的四个花粉粒分离，b基因无此功能。用植株甲(AaBB)与植株乙(AAbb)作为亲本进行杂交试验。在F中的获得了所需植株丙( aabb)。 2 (1)花粉母细胞减数分裂时.联会形成的________经________染色体分离、姐妹染色单体分开，最终复制后的遗传物质被平均分配到四个花粉粒中。 (2)a基因是通过将T-DNA插入到A基因中获得的，用PCR法确定T-DNA插入位置时.应从图1中选择的引物组合是________。 3)就上述两对等位基因而言，F中有________中基因型的植株。F中表现型为花粉 (12粒不分离的植株所占比例应为________。 (4) 杂交前，乙的1号染色体上整合了荧光蛋白基因C、R。两代后 ?丙获得C、 R基因(图2)。带有C、 R基因的花粉粒能分别呈现出蓝色、红色荧光。 ? 获得了C、R基因是由于它的亲代中的________在减数分裂形成配子时发生了染色 体交换。 ? 丙的花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时，若染色体在C和R基因位点只发生一次交换， 则产生的四个花粉拉呈现出的颜色分别是________。 ? 本实验选用b基因纯合突变体是因为:利用花粉粒不分离的性状，便于判断染色体 在C和R基因位点间________，进而计算出交换频率。通过比较丙和________交换频 率.可确定基因的功能。 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 31. (16分) 人易染乳头瘤病毒 (HPV)可诱发宫颈恶性肿瘤。研究机构为评估某种HPV疫苗的效果。在志愿者中进行接种，一段时间后，统计宫颈癌出现癌前病变癌变前病理变化(可发展为恶性肿瘤)的人数，结果见下表: 组别 接种物 总人数 癌前病变人数 对照剂 A 7863 83 1A(接种前未检出 HPV DNA) 疫苗 A 7848 4 2 对照剂 B 1125 126 1B(接种前检出HPV DNA) 疫苗 B 1121 125 2 (1)为制备该疫苗，将HPV外壳蛋白基因与________连接，导入受体细胞;受体细胞将目的基因转录，再以________为原料翻译出L1，这样就获得了疫苗的有效成分。 (2)人体接种该疫苗后，________作为抗原刺激机体产生特异性抗体。一旦HPV侵入机体，________会迅速繁殖、分化，产生大量抗体。这些抗体与游离HPV结合，阻止HPV________，所以A2组出现癌前病变的比例明显低于对照组。 3)B组人群中出现癌前病变的比例显著高于________组，据此推侧感染HPV是诱 (1 发癌前病变的因素之一。 (4)B组与B组人群中出现癌前病变的比例没有明显差异。原因可能是该疫苗未能21 明显诱导________清除体内HPV。 (5)综上所述，该疫苗可用于宫颈癌的________。 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合生物试题(北京卷) 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 一、选择题 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.C 5.C 二、非选择题 29. (1)信息 (2)气体(CO O等) 防止杂菌污染 茎芽尖端 22 (3)促进 (4)细胞体积增大 既促进细胞增殖，又促进细胞体积增大 (5)2 约为3 协同作用 (6)赤霉素、生长素等内源激素 30. (1)四分体 同源 (2)?、? (3)2 1/4 (4)?父母本 ?仅有红光 仅有蓝光 同时发红光和蓝光(发紫光)不发荧光 ?是否发生交叉互换 乙 31. (1)运载体 20种氨基酸 (2)L1蛋白(HPV外壳蛋白) 记忆B细胞 侵染细胞、增殖 (3)A 1 (4)特异性免疫中的体液免疫产生抗HPV抗体，和细胞免疫产生效应T细胞使被侵 染细胞裂解死亡释放抗原 (5)预防 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合生物试题(北京卷)解析 一、选择题 1. 【答案】B 【解析】本题考查原核细胞和真核细胞结构与代谢类型。 蓝藻为原核细胞，酵母菌为真核细胞，只有原核生物有拟核，而真核细胞的遗传物质主 要存在于细胞核中，故A错;原核细胞无具膜细胞器，蓝藻无线粒体，其有氧呼吸发 生在细胞质基质和细胞膜上，故C错;蓝藻虽然没有叶绿体，但有光合色素和相关的 酶，可在细胞质中进行光合作用，故D错;蓝细菌(蓝藻)与酵母菌均能进行(有)氧呼 吸，B选项描述正确。 2. 【答案】D 【解析】本题考查体温调节过程。 冬泳时，皮肤冷觉感受器兴奋，下丘脑体温调节中枢通过神经控制骨骼肌收缩产热，通 过神经调节使毛细血管收缩，减少汗液分泌，减少散热，并通过激素的分级调节促进甲 状腺激素和分泌，促进新陈代谢，增加产热。故ABC可发生。D不会发生。 3. 【答案】C 【解析】观察图像可知，若生物膜和人工膜对某物质的通透性相等，说明该物质通过细 胞膜的方式为自由扩散，而若生物膜对某物质的通透性大于人工膜，则生物膜上有协助 ++-该物质通过的物质。故A正确。生物膜对K、Na、Cl的通透性不同，体现了细胞膜的 选择透过性，B正确。由图像可知，分子量不同的物质通过人工膜的扩散速率不同，故 D正确。从图像中无法得出细胞膜吸收离子的具体方式，故C无法得出。 4. 【答案】C 【解析】本题考查自然选择与共同进化以及文字信息提取能力。 病毒感染导致抗性较低的兔子死亡，抗性较强的个体存活，具有选择作用，A正确。毒 性过强的病毒导致被感染的兔子迅速死亡，病毒难以大量扩增和传播，故B正确。随 着时间的推移，高毒性病毒逐渐被淘汰，而中毒性病毒可以较好的在兔体内扩增和通过 蚊子传播，且在病毒选择作用下，兔对该病毒抗性会增强，C错误。蚊子是兔病毒的传 播途径，在兔和病毒的协同进化中有重要作用，D正确。 5. 【答案】C 【解析】本题主要考查实验操作。 光和色素的提取与分离不需要加热，室温条件下即可完成，A正确; 斐林试剂鉴定还原糖实验需温水浴加热，B错误; 大鼠神经细胞培养的温度应设定在大鼠体温附近，约37?，C错误; 植物组织培养的固体培养基制备需加热融化并需要用高压蒸汽灭菌法进行灭菌处理，D 错误。 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 二、非选择题 29. 【答案】 (1)信息 (2)气体(CO O等) 防止杂菌污染 茎芽尖端 22 (3)促进 (4))细胞体积增大 既促进细胞增殖，又促进细胞体积增大 (5)2 约为3 协同作用 (6)赤霉素、生长素等内源激素 【解析】本题考查植物激素的调节作用和图像信息提取能力。 (1) 植物激素是对植物的生命活动起调节作用的信息分子。 (2) 滤膜不影响气体分子的进出，又可以防止空气中微生物进入试管。由于生长素 的极性运输只能从形态学上端运到形态学下端，所以生长素加在培养液中对茎 芽无调节作用，需要加载茎芽尖端。 (3) 由图可知，生长素处理组和赤霉素处理组的茎芽长度较对照组长，所以两种激 素都有促进作用。且赤霉素作用比生长素强。 (4) 植物体的生长是通过细胞数目的增加和细胞体积的增大实现的。通过药物抑制 DNA复制，抑制了细胞的增殖，但抑制伸长效果仅有54%，说明两种方式同时存 在。 (5) 两种激素同时作用效果高于二者单独作用，说明二者有协同作用的关系。 (6) 培养一天的茎芽伸长量明显高于另外两组，可能是培养时间过短，茎芽组织内 的内源激素的影响。 30. 【答案】 (1)四分体 同源 (2)?、? (3)2 1/4 (4)?父母本 ?仅有红光 仅有蓝光 同时发红光和蓝光(发紫光)不发荧光 ?是否发生交叉互换 乙 【解析】 本题侧重考查减数分裂、PCR技术、遗传推断相关 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 。 (1) 减数分裂过程中，减数第一次分裂前期同源染色体联会形成四分体，而在减 数第一次分裂后期，同源染色体分离。 (2) PCR技术所需引物需分别于DNA双链互补配对，因此引物2必选。而实验目 的是确定T-DNA的位置，因此引物3位置序列未知，无法合成该引物，故需 引物1。 (3) 由于P代基因型为AaBB和Aabb，因为两对基因独立遗传，单独考虑B、b 基因，F1基因型为Bb，自交得F2相关基因分离比为BB:Bb:bb(花粉粒 不分离)=1:2:1，故花粉粒不分离植株所占比例为1\4。 (4) ?甲乙杂交得F1代，其基因型为AACBb、AARBb、ACaBb、ARaBb，丙1 号染色体组成为aRaC 故其亲代基因型为ACaBb、ARaBb，且父母本都需发method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of 生交叉互换。 ?丙的花粉母细胞进行减数分裂时，若染色体在C和R基因位点只发生一次 交换，则产生的花粉1号染色体基因组成为a、aCR、aC、aR 。分别不发荧 光、同时发红蓝光、仅发蓝光、仅发红光。 ?b基因纯合突变体由于花粉粒不分离，便于数据统计。本实验的目的是检验 A基因对于基因交换频率的影响，故需通过AA与aa个体对比来分析。 31. 【答案】 (1)运载体 20种氨基酸 (2)L1蛋白(HPV外壳蛋白) 记忆B细胞 侵染细胞、增殖 (3)A 1 (4)特异性免疫中的体液免疫产生抗HPV抗体和细胞免疫产生效应T细胞 使被侵染细胞裂解死亡释放抗原 (5)预防 【解析】 本题侧重考查免疫调节和表格信息提取能力。 (1) HPV外壳蛋白基因作为目的基因与运载体连接。在翻译过程中，以氨基酸为 原料产生蛋白质。 (2) 人体接种疫苗后，疫苗中HPV外壳蛋白作为抗原刺激机体产生特异性抗体， 已接种过疫苗的人体，有相应的记忆细胞，HPV再次入侵时发生二次免疫， 记忆细胞迅速增殖分化产生抗体。抗体的作用是与抗原特异性结合，阻止其 进一步侵染细胞和进行增殖，所以注射疫苗组出现癌前病变的比例明显低于 对照组。 (3) 通过计算，B组人群中出现癌前病变的比例显著高于A、A组，根据结论—112 —感染HPV是诱发癌前病变的因素之一，根据单一辩论原则，需比较A、B11 组。 (4) B组与B姐人群中出现癌前病变的比例没有明显差异。原因可能是该疫苗未21 能生效。疫苗作为抗原，诱导发生特异性免疫，体液免疫中浆细胞产生抗HPV 抗体，细胞免疫中效应T细胞使被侵染细胞裂解死亡释放抗原。 (5) 综上所述，该疫苗对已感染HPV者无明显作用，而对未感染者效果较好，故 该疫苗应用于预防。 method of basic operation; including CT, and MRI various contrast, and Image-guided biopsy, ultrasound, etc. (11) teaching, scientific research and training in clinical teaching, written within three years with some level of review or book reports of not less than 1. Four, to read reference books, Journal of internal medicine (medical college planning materials) and of the medical imaging (medical college planning materials); the practical science; the Harrison Science (in English), Chinese Journal of internal medicine series. Surgical surgical specialist refers to the rules complete the medical undergraduate or graduate education Foundation, accepted and adopted surgical specialist training, surgical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and follow-up of common diseases, surgical diagnosis and treatment of rare or incurable diseases, acute and critical illness in emergency and rescue have preliminary knowledge and experience. Surgical specialist training for 3 years. A surgical specialist, training goals through training, trainees to achieve surgical specialist level, with more skilled surgical skills, can guide the teaching of