recipient受事者

recipient受事者 INTRODUCTION , Passive marker - ENG: be + V-en + by + agent - CHIN: 被 bei , Frequency - ENG: not very frequent (often in formal context) - CHIN: even less , Function ~ focus on recipient受事者 - ENG: He is elected to be the monitor. - CHIN: 他被選為班長。 , Meaning - ENG: polite , You have been warned to keep quiet. - CHIN: feature of adversity (traditional sense) , 我被姊姊罵了一頓。 , Both languages: similarities & differences BODY , Similarities 1. Only transitive verbs can appear in the passive (patient involved) 2. No imperative mood 祈使語氣 (which requires control) - ENG: She was hit. X Be hit! - CHIN: 她被人打了。 X 被人打! 3. Active voice ? passive voice: rearrangement of sentence structure - BOTH: Active: NP1 + active verb phrase + NP2 - ENG: Passive: NP2 + passive verb phrase (by) + NP1 , I have eaten all of the chocolate. ? All of the chocolate has been eaten by me. - CHIN: Passive: NP2 + (被) + NP1 + passive verb phrase , 我吃光了那些朱古力。? 那些朱古力被我吃光了。 NP1 (Actor施事者): active subject ? passive agent NP2 (Recipient受事者): active object ? passive subject 4. No co-reference between the subject and the nominal object , REFLEXIVE 反身代詞: - ENG: The man shaved himself everyday. X Himself was shaved by the man everyday. - CHIN: 這個男人每天都為自己刮臉。 X 他自己每天被這個男人刮臉。 , RECIPROCAL相互代詞: - ENG: We keep in touch with each other. X Each other is kept touch with by us. - CHIN: 我們互相保持聯絡。 X 互相被我們保持聯絡。 , POSSESSIVE NOUNS物主代詞: - ENG: The boy raised his hand. ( = his own hand) X His hand was raised by the boy. - CHIN: 這個男孩舉起他的手。 X 他(這個男孩)的手被這個男孩(他自己)舉起了。 5. Verb constraints (relation between subject and object) - ENG: have, posses, like, fit, suit, become, contain, fail etc. , She has a new car. X A new car is had by her. - CHIN: 有,擁有, 喜歡,適合,成為,包含,失敗…… , 她有一架新車。 X 一架新車被她有。 6. Non-marked passives , ACTIVE VOIVE (with adverb): - ENG: This floor waxes easily (generic, present tense, adverb, no by-phrase) - CHIN: 功課已經做完了。 (Homework has already been done.) ~ Notionally passive , PROGRESSIVE: - ENG: The water is boiling. - CHIN: 水正在沸騰。 , CHIN: Focusing construction (focus on the actor): , 這隻錶是我媽媽送的。 (This watch is given by my mother.) , Differences 1. Order of verb + agent - ENG: verb + by + agent , arrested by the police - CHIN: bei + agent + verb , 被警察拘捕 2. Omission of agent - ENG: only omitted with no by-phrase clause ~ Short passive , My mobile phone has been stolen (by somebody). - CHIN: possible even with 被 , 我的手提電話被(人)偷了。 3. Different meanings of different passive markers - ENG: get ~ resulting copula / without agent / informal VS be-passive ~ passive verb phrase / with or without agent / formal , I got hurt on my way to school. , I was hurt in the football match today. - CHIN: 叫 jiao (call), 讓rang (allow), 給gei (give) ~ content words with independent meanings VS 被 bei ~ function word / grammatical word without its own meaning , 我被他吻了一下。(I was kissed once by him.) , 我叫他吻了一下。(I asked him to kiss me once.) , 我讓他吻了一下。(I allowed him to kiss me once.) , 我給他吻了一下。(I kissed once for him.) 4. Ambiguity in meaning of Chinese sentence - CHIN: 鱷魚捉到了。 , 鱷魚捉到了魚兒作晚餐。 (The crocodile has caught the fish for its dinner.) , 鱷魚被人捉到了。 (The crocodile has been caught by somebody.) CONCLUSION , Use of passive constructions - ENG: passive structure to express passive meaning - CHIN: passive meaning is mainly with non-marked passive structure (passive interpretation is context-dependent) , Semantically (abstract): similarities , Syntactically (concrete): differences