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英语长句英语长句 长句分析 怎样处理阅读时最令人头疼的长句 长句 1. 长句:长句是让我们感到很困难的句子,长句的明显特点就是句子比较长,一个句子往往有三、四行,甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中,不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长,主要有下面几个原因: I. 从句多又长:一个主句带多个从句,从句中又有从句。 应对方法:首先找到主句的主体部分(即主语、谓语和宾语),再确定从句的主体部分,如果从句中还有从句,在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行,先把同一层次的内...

英语长句
英语长句 长句分析 怎样处理阅读时最令人头疼的长句 长句 1. 长句:长句是让我们感到很困难的句子,长句的明显特点就是句子比较长,一个句子往往有三、四行,甚至一个句子就是一段。许多应试者在阅读时经常会陷入一个很长的句子中,不知道它到底讲了些什么。长句之所以长,主要有下面几个原因: I. 从句多又长:一个主句带多个从句,从句中又有从句。 应对方法:首先找到主句的主体部分(即主语、谓语和宾语),再确定从句的主体部分,如果从句中还有从句,在确定下面一层从句的主、谓、宾。注意阅读时一层一层进行,先把同一层次的内容看完,再看下一层次的内容。 例如:98年的第三篇阅读文章中有这样一句话:“A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。” 这句话就是在that引导的宾语从句中,又套入了两个who引导的定语从句。这个句子主句的主体是a survey reveals that„。从句的结构比较复杂:主语是the antiscience tag(反科学的标签),谓语是has been attached to(被贴到),宾语是many other groups,后面用了一个from sb. who„to sb. who„的结构来举例解释这些groups包括什么人。这句话的意思是“1996年进行的一次对新书的调查显示,“反科学”的标签也被贴在了很多别的人群的身上,包括提倡根除残余的天花病毒的权威机构,以及提倡削减基础科学研究资金的民主党人。” II(长长的插入成分:考研阅读所选文章的一大特点就是喜欢用插入语,比如,用插入语交代某句话是谁说的,说话人是什么身份;或是用插入语来修饰、解释、补充前面的内容等等。插入语使作者能更灵活地表达自己的意思,但是插入语过长或是过多容易使读者找不到阅读的重点。从形式上看,插入语的出现有明显标志:用双破折号与主句隔开或者用双逗号与主句隔开。 应对方法:读句子时,先不要理会插入语,先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。 例如:99年第一篇阅读文章中有这样一句话:“Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. ” 这句话的插入语比较多,首先我们要找出主句:stepladders carry labels(梯子上贴着标签),这个labels有两个修饰语several inches long和一个that引导的从句。 从句的主语是that(也就是labels),谓语是warn,宾语又是另一个that引导的从句,在warn和宾语从句中插入among other things,表示宾语的内容只是在warn(被警告的)众多内容中列举的一个。这个被列举的内容是fall off(摔下来),但在fall off之前又插入了一个surprise!,插入这个词是因为作者认为梯子警告fall off是件令人吃惊的事,因为爬梯子本来就有摔下来的危险,但商家为了怕消费者控告,竟然将这么明显的事情也写进了警告语。 这个句子的阅读顺序应该是:第一层stepladders carry labels several inches long that,第二层是that warn that you might fall off,最后再看两个插入的部分among other things和surprise! III(分词状语、独立主格结构的干扰:分词状语就是指用doing或done引导的伴随状语、原因状语等;独立主格结构有时由with引导,看似主谓结构,但实际上并没有真正的谓语部分。由于这些成分的干扰,不仅增加了句子的长度,而且使人很容易错把它们当成主句。在这里,我们不去仔细研究它们的语法构成,而主要研究一下在阅读时怎样分辨主句和这些从属部分。 应对方法:主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构,尤其是独立的谓语部分。什么样的词能构成独立的谓语部分,注意:do\\does和is\\am\\are的各种时态变化都可以做谓语,但是单纯的to do\\doing\\done和to be\\being的形式是不可以做谓语的。一个看似句子的结构,如果没有独立的谓语部分,那它就不是句子,而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。 例如:1994年考研阅读的第四篇文章中有这样一句话:“With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy。” With引导的是一个独立主格结构,在这个句子中做原因状语,也就是说“因为现存癌症的种类有120种之多,所以„”。这句话的主语是由一个复杂的动名词短语充当的,即discovering how cancer works。由于这句话的状语较长,主语又是这样的一个复杂结构,所以大家往往感到找不到这个句子的主干。实际上,只要抓住谓语动词就很容易找到句子主干。由于单纯 1 长句分析 doing的形式是不可以做谓语的,所以在这个句子里,discovering就绝不可能是谓语。它是一个动名词,相当于名词的用法,因此它是做主语的。Works虽然是谓语,但它是how cancer works这个从句中的谓语,而不是主句的谓语。所以,主句的谓语只有is。 在实际的阅读过程中,我们常常会碰到包含上面三种情况的超复杂句子,即:一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分,还有分词状语或者独立主格结构。阅读这种句子的正确方法是:从前向后,抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语,再根据从句的连接词(有时无连接词)区分主句和从句,层层理解,插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。 我们举一个例子来练习一下这种阅读方法。 Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. (99年第四篇阅读) 这句话比较长。主句在哪里,首先我们应该在从前向后读的过程中,根据独立的谓语动词找到主句。第一个动词是declaring,由于单纯的doing形式不能做谓语,所以它引导的是一个伴随状语。主句的主语是第二行的he,谓语是ordered,后面的that引导的宾语从句做ordered的宾语,这个宾语从句中还出现了一个插入语(用破折号标明)。 宾语从句的全部内容属于下一个层次,可以暂时不看。再看破折好后面,又出现了一个独立的谓语动词asked,由于从句的主语federal funds不会发出asked的动作,因此asked是主句的谓语动词。说明主句主语he发出了两个动作ordered和asked,用and连接,asked的后面也有一个比较长的宾语从句。 我们在理清了文章的第一层结构是:Declaring that„, he ordered that„ and asked„之后,我们就可以分别分析这三个动词的宾语部分了。 a. Declaring后面是一个that引导的宾语从句,表示其宣布的内容是“反对利用这项非同寻常的畜牧技术来克隆人体”; b. ordered之后也是一个宾语从句,但其中又插入了一个成分“他同时下令禁止政府资助这种试验----尽管目前还没有人提出要这样做”; c. ask一词后面通常接ask sb. to do sth.的结构,这句话比较复杂,但其主要结构仍是ask an panel to report back,只不过每个主要成分又有限定和修饰语。 这句话的意思是“命令一个由普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro带领的独立专家小组在三个月内向白宫汇报,对制定人体克隆方面的政策提供建议。” 英语长句翻译基本功! 对于每一个英语句子的翻译, 并不只是使用一种翻译方法, 而是多种翻译方法的综合运用, 这在英语长句的翻译中表现得尤为突出。长句在科技性的文体中的出现极为频繁, 因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点, 通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出, 所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时, 首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构, 找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思, 然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系, 再按照汉语的特点和表达方式, 正确地译出原文的意思, 不必拘泥于原文的形式。 一、 英语长句的分析 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。 (2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。 (3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。 (4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。 下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析: 例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many 2 长句分析 stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为 Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。 (2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语 为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development. 在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有了一个较为透彻的理解, 然后根据我们上面所 讲述的各种翻译方法, 就可以把该句翻译成汉语为: 行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能 力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。 例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. (85年考题) 分析: (1) 该句的骨干结构为it is more „ to do sth than to do sth else. 是一个比较结构, 而且 是在两个不定式之间进行比较。 (2) 该句中共有三个谓语结构, 它们之间的关系为: it is more convenient as well as cheaper to „ 为主体结构, 但it是形式主语, 真正的主语为第二个谓语结构: to sit comfortably at home, 并与第三个谓语结构to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比较。 (3) 句首的for a family of four作状语, 表示条件。另外, 还有两个介词短语作插入语: for example, with almost unlimited entertainment available,其中第二个介词短语作伴随状语, 修饰 to sit comfortably at home. 综合上述翻译方法,这个句子我们可以翻译为: 譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服 服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又 方便。 二、 长句的翻译 英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分 明的叙述。因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中, 我们一般采取下列的方法。 (1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻 译成汉语。例如: 例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (84年考题) 分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A. 既使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮 我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表 达的顺序与汉语完全一致, 因此, 我们可以通过顺序法, 把该句翻译成: 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水 加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。 例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials. (84年考题) 分析: 该句的骨干结构为“It is realized that„”, it为形式主语, that引导着主语从句以及并列 的it is even possible to „结构, 其中, 不定式作主语, the time „是“expectation of life”的同 位语, 进一步解释其含义, 而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构, 表达了四个 层次的意义: A. 可是现在人们意识到; B. 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的; C. 人们甚至 还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”; D. 将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗 殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法, 把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整, 整个句子就 3 长句分析 翻译为: 可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计 出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和 储量将消耗殆尽。 下面我们再列举几个实例: 例3. Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. 在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性 的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。 例4. This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?” 这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?” 例5. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man`s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being. 我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童 般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深 沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人, 都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。 例6. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在 发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此 有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。J (2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原 文后面开始翻译。 (3) 例如: (4) 例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it (5) found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity. (6) 分析: 这个句子由一个主句, 两个原因状语和一个定语从句, “铝直到19世纪才被人发 现”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有四个谓语结构, 共有五层意思: A. 铝直到19世 纪才被人发现; B. 由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝; C. 由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一 起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧结合; E. 铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。按照汉语的表达习惯通常因在前, 果在后, 这样, 我们可以逆着原文的顺序把该句翻译成: (7) 铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。 (8) 例2. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their (9) opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. (10) 分析: 该句由一个主句, 一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成, “„„变得越来 越重要”是主句, 也是全句的中心内容, 全句共有三个谓语结构, 包含三层含义: A. „„变 的越来越重要; B. 如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会; C. 得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信 息, 作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯, 我们也采用逆序法, 翻译成: 4 长句分析 (11) 因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更 为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。 (12) 下面我们再举几个实例: (13) 例3. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learningEnglish seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the languagehave been understood. (14) 一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也 许教师比学生更容易理解。 (15) 例4. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroysthe old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. (16) 对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进 步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。 (17) 例5.A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties (18) 50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨 掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶 进了知识分子的贫民窟。 (19) 例6. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. (20) 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人 之常情。 (21) 例7. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. (22) 假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我 们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。 (23) (3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可 以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。例如: (24) 例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four. (25) 上句在英语中是一个相对简单的句子, 但是如果我们按照原文的句子结构死译, 就可能被翻译成: (26) 没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为1/4。 (27) 这样, 就使得译文极为不通顺, 不符合汉语的表达习惯, 因此, 我们应该把它译为: (28) 大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。 (29) 例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmers which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题) (30) 分析: 在此长句中, 有一个插入语“it is often said”, 三个并列的谓语结构, 还有一 个定语从句, 这三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上同属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义, 因此在翻译时, 可以采用分句法, 按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句, 结果 为: (31) 人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以 看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。 (32) 下面我们再举一个例子: (33) 例3. All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (85年考题) (34) 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧, 以 5 长句分析 及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。 (35) 例4. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe. (36) 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型 式, 但是行星的数目如此之多,以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。 (37) (4) 综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法, 事实上,在翻译 一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述 任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序, 顺 逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例 如: (38) 例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else. (39) 分析: 该句共有三层含义: A: 人们不敢出门; B: 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以 应付紧急情况; C: 警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。在这三层含义中, B表示让步, C表示原因, 而A则表示结果, 按照汉语习惯顺序, 我们作如下的安排: (40) 尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也 和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。 (41) 下面我们再举几个例子: (42) 例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. (43) 对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察 到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。 (44) 例3. Taking his cue from Ibsen`s A Doll`s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home becauseshe resents her husband`s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would needmoney to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive. (45) 易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩 子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生 存就必须有经济上的权利。 (46) 例4. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities. (47) 到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而 把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。 考研英语翻译中一些常用的结构及其翻译 all but:几乎,差不多as anything:非常地anything but:根本不apart from:除了 but for:要不是by far:远不,„„得多by no means:根本不by any means:无论如何 due to:由于except for:除了far from:远非in contact with:与„„联系 instead of:而不是on account of:因为on the basis of:根据only to:结果是 might/may as well:还是„„的好not so much„as:与其说„„不如说 not really:远不not to mention:更不用说let alone:更不用说 no more„than„:和„„一样都不no less than:简直是nothing less than:完全是 cannot„too„:再„„也不过分rather than:而不是owing to:由于 It is assumed that:人们认为It is said that:据说It is learned that:据闻 It is supposed that:据推测It is considered that:据估计It is believed that: 000000 论说文的考试主题: 精神与思想 理想与志向 潜能也开发 困难与逆境 情绪与心态 恒心与毅力 实干与勤奋 信心与自信 自强与自立 学习与求知 习惯与创意 竞争与合作 成功与失败 自我与他人的关系 学习小组的如何准备: 6 长句分析 1、对每个主题分别收集名言警句,10条左右,出处作者。 2、典型事例每篇1—2个例子,或成功学的寓言故事 3、对例子进行评论分析 4、收集典型文章 5、自己写成文章 6、大家相互评阅 44444444444444444444444 1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消 费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造 出来。 2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此,在美国的经济体系中,个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲 望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合,一起决定了什么应该被制造,以及资源如何被 用来制造它们。 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. [参考译文] 另一方面,如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降,那么这就有可能增加卖方 和制造商能提供的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消 费者购买产品。 4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual. [参考译文] 在美国经济中,私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权,也指其他一些 特定的权利,如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。 5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. [参考译文] 同时这些计算机 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 下哪些时间是最忙的,哪些员工工作效率最高,这样就能 相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。 6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. [参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业,从剧院到杂志出版商,从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶 处理厂,都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。 7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. [参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成 人后的潜能,他们的教育必须适应这些不同。 8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. [参考译文] 在过去的30年中,公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中 的一种中强烈的情绪,那就是所有的公民,不管其情况有多特殊,都应享有充分发展其能力 的机会。 9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. [参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去,因此可以(使公 7 长句分析 司)建立一个坚固的国内市场,同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。 10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. [参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 广告的条件,没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销 一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。 11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. [参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言,如果这不是完全不可能达到的, 也是非常难做的,因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意 味,那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人 会关注它。 12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts. [参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们,成绩进步的学生,学会了一门新语言的外国人一 一这些 都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。 13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. [参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系, 非正式的信息流动被切断了,随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信 心。 14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming. [参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多,而找到与他,她的特定问题 相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时,有时甚至令人难以招 。 15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. [参考译文] 通过远程会议,专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享,而争论的问题能够得到 解决,同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。 16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. [参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构,在这个结 构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。 17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. [参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候,可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经 验和其 他资格是不是值得他雇用你,而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一 种有条不紊而且合情合理的 相互关联的方式被展示出来。 18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain. [参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来,至少目前 会这 样,但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下 的讨论话题。 19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. [参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的,政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人 一包括 普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里,甚至 要说说他们是否认为这个 公司值得被保留下来。 8 长句分析 20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求, 并且它 (这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的 创业者之后的第二代和第三 代人(领导公司)的时候,经常会毁掉那些 家族公司的财富。 21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他 们作 为一个阶级的重要性,这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个 因素,这种财富不但远 离了土地和土地拥有者的责任,而且几乎同样与 公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。 22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. 适"阶级[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒 提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作,他们除了 分红和偶尔参加一下股东大 会,向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外,跟 社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。 23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. [参考译文] 这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需 求一无所 知,而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。 24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. [参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接,但是就连 他对工 人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古 老家族公司的那种更加家 长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有 这样的私人关系。 25. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological. [参考译文] 在许多形成因素当中,我将挑选出这些:这个国家优秀的小学教育:欢 迎新技 术的劳动者们:奖励发明者的做法;而且最重要的是美国人在对 那些技术性事物的非言语 的、"空间性的"思考方面的天赋。 26. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, "A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist". [参考译文] 正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那样:"一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成 能被 清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、 非语言表述的过程宋 处理的„„设计者和发明者„„能够在他们的脑中 装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。" 27. Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea". [参考译文] 罗伯特?法欧特曾经这样写到:"一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、 轮子 等等当中,就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中,把这些字母看成 自己思想的展示,在这 样的展示中,每种新的次序安排都传达了--种新 的思想。" 28. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He 9 长句分析 describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. [参考译文] 在最后三章中,他脱下手套,将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他 们的活 动和战术,而且,对于那些对神造论者的做事方式刁;熟悉的人来 说,神造论者的欺骗和 扭曲事实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧 异。 29. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: "This book stands for reason itself." And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. [参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上,史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道:"这本书本 身就 代表理性。"而它确实是这样的--而且如果理性成为神造论,地化 论之间的辩论中的惟一评 判 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 的话,一切就都好办了。 30. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. [参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后16个小时激烈的议会辩论,澳大利亚北 部地区 成了世界上第一个允许医生终止希望死去的绝症病人生命的立 法当局。 31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. [参考译文] 一些机构终于松了一口气,但是其他一些机构,包括教堂,倡导生命之 权的团 体和澳大利亚医学协会,尖锐地抨击这个法案,指责法案的通过 过于匆忙。但是大势已定, 不可逆转。 32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. [参考译文] 在澳大利亚--人口老龄化,延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会态度,这 些因素都 在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关于安乐死的 法律。 33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. [参考译文] 当然,例外是存在的。在美国,心胸狭窄的官员,粗鲁的传者,和没有 礼貌的 出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见,这 使得它值得被讨论一下。 34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [参考译文] 我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里: 一片用 来止头痛的阿斯匹林,一些用来社交的葡萄酒,早上自己提提神 所喝的咖啡,一支用来定 神的香烟。 35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [参考译文] 对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量,要产生想得到的效果所 需要的 药品剂量越来越大,然后表现为当停止用药后,令人不快的停药 症状的出现。 36. "Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?" Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?" [参考译文] 上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们:"难道这 就是 你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂,但是难道 你们还非要腐化我们的国 家,威胁我们的孩子们吗?" 37. "The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', "lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be..." [参考译文] "对任何一个民主社会的考验,"他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中 写到," 不在于它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达,而在于这个社会是 否能给予思考和表达的尽 10 长句分析 可能广泛的自由,不管有时候这种结果是多么 的富有争议或令人不快„" 38. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that "music is not the cause of society's ills" and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. [参考译文] 在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中,莱文宣称说:"音乐不是 社会 问题的原因",他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克 斯的一个教师,并用说 唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。 39. Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" of "a touch on the brakes" , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. [参考译文] 有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇,例如"轻踩刹车"以"操纵经济软着 陆",使货 币政策听起来像是一门精确的科学。没有什么比这更远离实际 情况的了。 40. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [参考译文] 经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶,因为传 统的计 量方法显示两国的经济,特别是美国的经济,几乎没有生产萧条 的时候。 41. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. [参考译文] 很不幸,这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济 结构的 强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联 为基础的旧的经济模式。 42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [参考译文] 例如,阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥,但是它也夺去了埃及以前 所享有 的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换宋的就是这么个疾病滋生的水 库,现在这个水库积满了淤 泥,几乎不能发电了。 43. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, [参考译文] 企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对 一个经济的整 体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。这种经济还受许多其他因 素的驱动,比如结合设备和机械 上的投资、新技术,以及在教育和培训 上的投资。 44. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. [参考译文] 他的同事迈克尔?比尔说,有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公 司内部 的重新设计,在没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。 45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "The Flight from S.cience and Reason" , held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo. [参考译文] 科学卫士们在会议上也表述了他们的关注,比如1995年在纽约市举行的 "逃离 科学与理性"会议,以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的"(错误) 信息时代的科学"会议。 46. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. [参考译文] 一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示,反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其 他团 体身上,从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构,到鼓吹削减 基础研究经费的共和党 人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。 47. The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. 11 长句分析 [参考译文] 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗?厄尔里西认为,科学真正的敌人 是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提 出置疑的人。 48. This development--and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting. [参考译文] 这种发展--以及其对美国政治、经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影 响一一使得南部在全国人口普查中有史以来首次成为美国人口最密集 的地区。 49. Often they choose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog.crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. [参考译文] 他们常常选择--现在依然这样选择--居住在那些气候较为寒冷的地 区, 比如俄勒冈、爱达荷,还有阿拉斯加,为的是逃避烟雾、犯罪, 以及"金州"(加利福尼亚)城市化进程中的其他问题。 50. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. [参考译文] 结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在20世纪70年代时下降到了18(5,一 一稍高于60年代增长率的三分之二,大大低于西部其他各州。 5555555555555555555555555555555 【编者按】英语中常用连词、介词、分词短语和由关系代词、关系副词引出的各种从句组成长句,有时甚至一整段只由一句构成。由于英语长句形式多样,结构复杂,表达细腻,应用广泛,因而也是广大考生在翻译时感到头疼的事。本文作者从两方面谈起,一要正确分析句子,二要合理安排语序。那么,怎样正确分析句子和合理安排语序呢, 句子分析着重从以下三个方面入手: 一、语法结构分析。语法结构分析属于语言的表层结构的分析,只有对表层正确认识,才能对句子深层语意正确理解。语法结构分析有助于正确理解长句内部的逻辑联系,明确主次关系,如主句和从句的连结方式,修饰语和被修饰语的存在形式等。例如: How well the predictions will be validated by later perform ance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is always interpreted( 整句结构:这是一个带主语从句的复合句,基本框架为 sth(depends upon„and on„此句主语是How well引导的主语从句,谓语为depends upon„and on„这两个并列成分。句中amount,reliability and appropri-ateness是upon的宾语,used修饰information;而 skill and wisdom是on的宾语,由with which从句来修饰。经过这样从整体到局部的分析之后,全句的主次关系理顺了,句意清晰了。本句可译为: 这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用的信息和数量,可靠性和适宜性以及解释此信息的技能和才智。 二、交际功能分析。在长句翻译中,单纯的语法分析是不够的。因为语言有其语用特征、交际功能、修辞色彩、话语特性等。如定语从句与状语从句在语义上时有参差;状语从句中的时间与原因,条件与让步经常有交替等等。这要通过语言的功能分析,克服翻译时机械对应的束缚,作出正确的转换。例如: But when the wolf continued for a long time following in the train of his flock without the least attempt to attack them,he began to look upon him more as a friend than a foe( 分析:由于when的词义常为“当„的时候”,when-分句经常被分析为时间状语从句,但是when还可以解释为:“although(尽管,虽然)”,“if(如果)”,“considering that, since(既然,考虑到)”,“as soon as(一„„就)”等,而以上when-分句,其功能侧重于表示原因。该句可译为: 由于狼长时间地跟在羊群后面,没有一点伤害它们的样子,他开始把它看成朋友,而不是敌人。 三、信息结构分析。由于长句包含较多的信息单元,各信息单元互有牵连,需要理顺信息之间的层次。如在复合句中作为主线的主句传达主要信息;作为补充、修饰、限制或发展主句语义的从句传达辅助信息,虽属句子语义的次要部分,但往往是必不可少的组成部分。只有在理解长句信息结构的基础上,才能把握语义重点,分清主次,对译文结构作出合理的安排。 12 长句分析 例如: There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me( 该句的信息结构可分为三个层次:?我不熟悉(原因),?天黑以后继续进行调查(假设), ?希望不大(结果)。于是,该句可译为:这一带我不熟悉,天黑以后继续进行调查,取得 结果的希望不大。 综上所述,长句分析既要着重表层结构上的分析,又要注意深层结构上的交际功能分析和信 息结构分析。通过上述各项分析后,语义的内容,信息的主次及其内在逻辑关系已经明确。 接下来就是如何根据汉语习惯合理安排语序、组织表达的问题。我们通常使用以下几种手段: 1、顺译法:即顺着原文直译。如有些英文长句按时间先后、空间上下来描述,或按动作连 贯来叙述。 【例1】Our country,along with other countries,is experiencing an acute shortage of skilled workers,so we would like to ask you to provide for the training of as many operating personnel as possible( 本句为并列连词so连接的两个分句,so前的分句表原因,so后的分句表结果。 本句的表达方式符合汉语的表达习惯,可从前往后译:我国和其它国家一样,严重缺乏技术 熟练工人,因此,我们请你们提供培训,培训尽可能多的经营人员。 【例2】Those who recognize problem s as a human condition and don't measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of human we know,also,the most rare((CET ,6,2001(1阅读理解题)那些认识到困难是人类生存的必然条件,不以有没有困难来衡 量愉快的人,是我们所知最聪明的一类人,也是很罕见的一类人。 这句话长就长在定语从句,但由于该句的叙述层次与汉语基本一致,翻译时用顺译法并不困 难,即按照原文的顺序表达词序、语序。 2、逆译法:即从原文的后半部或尾部译起。有些英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反,可 采用逆译法。如对于含有状语从句的长句,翻译时常把状语从句提前翻译。若长句的前后动 作的时间顺序是颠倒的,为了表达清楚,可按时间的先后顺序从长句的后部分译起。 【例3】It was our view that the US could be effective in both the tasks assigned by the President, i(e(,if ending hostili-ties,and making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East —if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in perm- anent contact with all of these elem ents in the equation( 此长句是it was our view that引导的一个主语从句,从句的主语是the US,谓语是 could be effective in,过去分词短语assigned by the President是用于修饰tasks,而ending„m aking„ 作介词of的两个并列宾语,进一步说明tasks的内容。that从句中还用了if引导一个条件状 语从句。显而易见,此句该从后面译起: 如果我们采取行动以便能继续与中东问题各方保持长久接触,美国就能担当起总统布置的两 项任务,即结束中东敌对行为,并对该地区的永久和平作出贡献,这就是我们的看法。 【例4】Through product diversification and careful market re-search,Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problem s Nike came across several years ago,when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores((CET ,6,2000(6阅读理解题)几年前,由于耐克公司错误地判断了健 身鞋流行的强度,不得不将积压的运动鞋打折销售。Reebok鞋业公司希望通过产品多样化 和周密的市场调研避免类似于耐克公司遭遇的销售问题。 这句话很长,原文when引导的从句后 置,作原因,补充说明问题。按照汉语的表达习惯,通常因在前,果在后,这样一来,翻译 时需要把后面由when引导的时间状语从句提前并转译成原因状语从句。 还有,对英语中的非限制性定语从句通常也采用逆译法,译成前置定语。 【例5】Reebok shoes,which are priced from ,27to ,85,will continue to be sold only in better specialty,sporting goods,and departm ent stores,((((CET ,6,2000(6阅读理解题)标 价在27美元至85美元之间的 Reebok鞋将持续在精品专卖屋、体育用品专卖店以及大百货 商场销售,„„ 3、拆译法:翻译时打破原句的结构,按汉语造句的规律重新安排。拆译时切忌只顾原句的 13 长句分析 词语排列顺序而忽略其主次,要分清主次,讲究层次分明,还要注意承上启下。 【例6】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environm ent where there are many stim uli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intel-lectual development( 分析:主句为Behaviorists suggest that„,that引导宾语从句,the child是从句主语, where从句修饰environment,which从句修饰many stim- uli,分析完后,句子的层次及各从句的相互关系便一目了然。该句可译为: 行为主义者的看法是:如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里生长,而这些刺激物能够开发其作出适当反应的能力,这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 【例7】The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hem isphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies((CET,6,2001(1阅读理解题)这些研究结果为一个长久以来的假设提供了最好的证据,即单侧脑睡眠是在生物警惕敌人过程中进化形成的。 【例8】Second,heels are quite functional for defense against oncom ing enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these sharp,deadly fashion accessories((CET ,6,2001(6阅读理解题)其次,高跟鞋在对付来犯之敌时很有用处。穿着一双尖尖的、极度时髦的高跟鞋的人很容易就能把来犯之敌吓得闻风而逃。 4、综合法: 在一些情况下,长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不奏效,需仔细分析,或按时间先后,或按逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,运用综合法主次分明地对全句进行处理。 【例9】Attempts to prevent pollution by legislation,economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits,per- sonal and industrial denial and long delays— not only in accepting responsibility,but more importantly,in doing something about it((CET,6,1999(6阅读理解题)运用立法、经济手段以及友好规劝的方法,力图防止污染,已经遭到了诉讼、个人和企业的抵制及拖延。他们不仅不愿承担责任,更重要的是,他们根本就不采取措施去防治污染。 分析:原文是个较长的简单句,表达的内容很丰富。但我们不能按照原文的表达结构翻译,即在主语的前面加上一长串的修饰语,又在宾语的后面无休止地挂上补语。那样的话,整个句子必然生硬冗长,给人以沉重的感觉。最好的处理办法只能是:先将整句拦腰切断,然后前半句运用逆译法,后半句运用顺译法,关键词还需转换词性。 总之,翻译长句的关键在于:首先要分清主句与从句,理出主句的主、谓、宾;然后分析从句,从句与从句,修饰与被修饰部分之间的关系;最后用汉语的意思准确地表达出来。当然,翻译好一个长句并非一日之功,在平时阅读过程中,就应有意培养自己分析长句的能力。经常有意识地去做这样的训练,考试中遇到长句翻译时便能应付自如。 5555555555555555555 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 一、命题趋势及考查重点 从历年命题来看,阅读理解题的选材多为议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 和说明文,内容偏向社会和人文科学(包括心理学、社会学、语言学、经济学、政治学等)方面,考题提问的焦点也集中在考生的判断推理能力以及把握主旨的能力。从题干设计来看,综合归纳、判断推理以及细节转换理解题会更加突出。 阅读理解能力测试要求学生具备较强语言学习能力,它要求掌握所读材料的主旨大意以及用说明主旨的事实和细节;要求理解字面的含义,也理解深层的含义,包括作者的态度、意图等;要求理解某句某段的意义,并能把握文章的脉络,即句与句之间、段与段之间的关系 ,并能据此进行判断、推理和预测;要求学生根据材料所提供的信息结合常识正确判断生词和短语的含义。 二、解题步骤、应试技巧和方法 一般而言,许多同学习惯上先阅读文章,再阅读文章后面的题目,然后一一对照。这种步骤及方法对于那些议论性较强的文章比较适合,因为这类文章混淆选项的可能性较大,采用这种顺读顺解法不易出错。 但是,顺读顺解法中有一个弊端,即人的记忆可能遗忘,所以有时要回过头来再读一遍材料内容,费时费劲,尤其是解一些细节题,采用先看问题,再读材料的方法也许更为适宜。带着问题看材料,针对性大大提高,从而缩短应试时间。 14 长句分析 诚然,各个考生都有适合于自己的学习方法,不宜生搬硬套,考生应根据自己的实际情况选 择适合于自己的方法,并在平时多进行一些适应性练习。 具体到实际考试时还要注意文章 的题材,如果是议论性较强的文章可以顺读, 如果是考察细节的题目最好是先看问题。实 际训练中稍微注意一下卷面的外观, 就大致可以做出这一分类。 下面举例说明解答阅读理解题的方法与技巧。 [ 例 一 ] The nobler and more perfect a thing is,the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity.A man reaches the maturity of his reasoning powers and mental faculties hardly before the age of twentyeight;a woman at eighteen. And then,too,in the case of woman, it is only reason of a sort—very niggard in its dimensions. That is why women remain children their whole life long;never seeing anything but what is quite close to them,cleaving to the present moment,taking appearance for reality,and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.For it is by virtue of his reasoning faculty that a man does not live in the present only,like the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future;and this is the origin of prudence,as well as of that care and anxiety which so many people exhibit.Both the advantages and the disadvantages which this involves,are shared in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning.She may ,in fact,be described as intellectually short-sighted,because her field of vision is narrow and does not reach to what is remote;so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are more inclined to be extravagant,and sometimes carry their inclination to a length that borders upon madness.In their hearts,wo men think it is men\'s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband\'s life,but at any rate,after his death.The very fact that their husband hands them over his earnings for purposes of housekeeping strengthens them in this belief. However many disadvantages all this may involve,there is at least this to be sai d in its favor:that the woman lives more in the present than the man,and that if the present is at all tolerable,she enjoys it more eagerly.This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women,fitting her to amuse man in his hours of recreation,and,in case of need,to console him when he is borne down by the weight of his cares. 1.According to the author,the major difference between a man\'s and a woman intellect is that __________. A.men mature much later than women B.men have a broader view of things C.women are more cheerful than men D.a man\'s intellect is nobler than that of a woman 2.The cause of women\'s frivolity and cheerfulness is that ____________. A.men do not challenge their intellect B.they are irresponsible by their very nature C.they live more in the present D.they want to console men 3.The author is probably a ___________ . A.philosopher B.gossip columnist C.happily married man D.biologist 第一个问题实际上是考查对第一段的主要思想的概括,题目问的是男女智力上的主要区别在 什么地方,问的是实质上的东西。选项A、C、显然停留在表面上,作者强调的是女人只活 在现在,而男人考虑的不仅仅是现在,还有过去和将来,即选项B所概括的“男人看问题 更全面”。需要注意的是,对于这类论说性质较明显的文章,在对文章的主旨进行提问时, 只对某个事实进行复述的选项往往不是正确答案。 答案为 B. 第二个问题考细节,考查的是第三段中第二句话“This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women”中的代词“this”指代的内容。上句中提到“ the woman lives more in the present than the man”,this 指代的即是这句话包含的 内容,由此可知C是正确选项。 第三个问题考查的是对整篇文章内容及行文风格的理解。比较容易排除的是选项D, 因为 文章的内容与科技意识形态等没有关系。选项B中的“gossip”一词过于严重,因为 从作 者的观点及论证过程来看,他是非常严肃和严密的。对于选项C,文中谈的泛泛的男人与女 人的特点,至于作者是否是已婚男女在文中并没有体现,正确答案为A。 (阅读材料中的观点有一定性别歧视趋向,读者对此应持批判态度。当然男同胞也可以自己 15 长句分析 偷着自鸣得意...) [ 例 二] One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bankissued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society" is not on the horizon—it\'s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computeranalyzed marketin g reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.过 句子方面没有做得很好, 有待提高。) 1.According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__________ . A. withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes B. obtain more convenient services than other people do C. enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper D. cash money where he wishes to 2( From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ____________ . A(in the future all the Americans will use credit cards B. credit cards are mainly used in the United States today C. nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash D(it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before 3(The phrase“ring up sales” most probably means“__________". A( make an order of goods B( record sales on a cash register C( call the sales manager D( keep track of the goods in stock 4( What is this passage mainly about, A(Approaches to the commercial use of computers B(Conveniences brought about by computers in business C. Significance of automation in commercial enterprises D(Advantages of credit cards in business 第一个问题测试考生对段落(第一段)内容的理解能力。第一段中作者首先讲了信用卡在美国 的普及程度及使用面,由此而给信用卡的持有者所带来的方便。可见,所给的4个选择中 B(obtain more convenient services than other people do 最为切题。 第二个问题测试考生对段落中的某个句子的理解能力。第一段最后一句的意思是: 对于我 们中的许多人来说不用现金付款的社会“不是在遥远的将来—— 这个社会已经来到了。可 见,C. nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash (如今许多美国人不用现金 付款)表达了 第一段最后一句的含义。 A(意为“将来所有美国人都将使用信用卡”,说得 太绝对,与 所指句子的句意不符。 B(意为“今天信用卡主要在美国使用”与所指句子的意 思相悖。 D(意为“现在使用信用卡比以前更方便”,也不合所指句子的句意。故A、B、D 、均不 能入选。 第三个问题测试考生根据上下文判断短语含义的能力。 ring up sales意为“把销售金额记入 现金记录机”。作者认为,这是用于现金记录机的最基本功能。接着作者列举了 这种机器的 16 长句分析 各种其他的功能。故应选B。 第四个问题测试考生对文章大意的判析能力。本文共三段:第一段主要讲信用卡已在美国得 到广泛使用并给使用者带来莫大方便;第二段叙述信用卡是以计算机技术为依托的,计算机 在现代商业中广泛使用,完成各种各样的任务;第三段讲述无数其他的商业企业受益于计算 机的使用。所以,全文的中心思想是讲计算机在各种商业行业中给人们带来的便利。由此可 见,B. Conveniences brought about by computers in business最合题意。 [ 例 三 ] Policymakers must,of course,respond to changes in society that reflect the needs and wishes of their constituents.In the United States,one vehicle which brings about important changes in domestic policies is the constitutional amendmen t.One of the greatest strengths of the U.S.Constitution has been its flexibilit y;it was written to accommodate change.But owing to the basic soundness of the original document and constant clarifications by the judiciary,relatively few a mendments have been added to the Constitution since it was adopted almost 200 years ago. The framers of the Constitution made the amendment process a long and difficult one.Those amendments which do survive the procedure usually involve hardfought issues that have been debated extensively in the U.S. Congress and in the stat e legislatures.Before an amendment becomes law,legislators must have expressed str ong arguments supporting its passage.Usually the amendment which does become a l aw has a great impact on the American citizen. The Constitution provides two methods of proposing an amendment.One is by vote of twothirds of the members present in both houses of Congress;the other is by a convention summoned by Congress at the request of the legislatures of twothirds of the states.Only the first of these methods has ever been used. One striking feature of the amendments that have been ratified,is that the majority—18 out of 26—are devoted to protecting or extending the rights of citizens.Most of the remaining amendments deal with the mechanics of government,either correcting flaws that became evident after the Constitution went into effect or changing some aspect of government to respond to changing perceptions of gove rnment\'s role. Thomas Jefferson,writing in 1816 about a proposed change in the constitution of the State of Virginia,epitomized the value of the amending process.His statement applies equally to the Constitution of the United States:“I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and constitutions.I think m oderate imperfections had better be borne with...But I know also,that laws and constitutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind.” 1.It can be inferred from the passage about the constitutional amendment s that _________. A the amendments usually express the urgent needs and strong wishes of the general public at the time when they become laws Bit is fairly easy to amend the Constitution Cevery year there are amendments proposed Dthe Constitution was intentionally made with flaws and imperfections for future amendments 2. The author cited the remark of Thomas Jefferson in order to______ . Astrengthen his idea of this passage Bdemonstrate the importance of amending the Constitution Cshow that laws and Constitutions can not be perfect Dshow that Jefferson was so conservative that he opposed the cons titutional amendments 第一题问的是“What can you infer from the passage...”(你从文中能推断出什么),属推理 型题。答案A将本文头两句并成一句:“Policy makers must,of course,respond to changes in society that reflect the needs and wishes of their constituents. In the United States,one vehicle which brings about important changes in domestic po licies is the constitutional amendment.”(制 定政策的人必须对社会变化做出反应。这些变化反映了他们的选民的要求和愿望。在美国, 使国内政策发生重大改变的一个重要途径 就是宪法修正案。) 第二题:注意一般引文都是作者要用它来说明自己的观点,通常与说这话的人无关。D显 然 是离题了。另外,看引文的时候,一定要注意看它的上下文,即它的语境。这句话紧承前 两 句:第一句话说的是Thomas Jefferson很好地概括了修改的重要性;第二句话说Jefferson的 话同样适用于美国宪法。那么接下来就应该是修改美国宪法也是很重要的B,只是作者 没 17 长句分析 有明说,而是用Jefferson的原话作总结。 综上所述,六级考试的阅读理解题型可分为两类: (1)客观问题类型,即facts(或details)。像这类客观的问题,考生可以不必细读本文,用 略读的方法即能找到答案。 (2)主观问题类型。这类题型又可分为几个层次: ?单句。通常是把原文中的句子换一种表达法(paraphrase),或略做改动,让考生判断正误 ,题型如Which of the following statements is true/not true? ?段。考查某一段或全文的主要内容或思想,这类题型最为常见。一般的文章后都设有这类问题,只是提法不同(main idea,conclusion,purpose,etc.)。考查的是考生的归纳概括能力。 ?建立在对文章的理解基础之上的推理题(inference)。需要注意的是推测的出发点应是作者的思路,即考生一定要以本文所提供的事实或逻辑关系为依据进行推理。 总之,阅读理解的测试点重在“理解”。要正确地理解原文,考生除了应掌握相当的词汇和英语语法知识外,还应充分调动自己的逻辑思维能力,这样在遇到自己不熟悉的词或主题时,也能很好地把握语境,从而达到理解的目的。另外,鉴于六级考题的题材比较广泛,考生在平时的训练中应注意一下各类题材文章的体裁和语言特点。具备了这类“常识”,对阅读理解也会很有帮助。阅读的质量和速度的提高依赖于考生平时的积累和训练。我们希望这里的分析与建议能对读者的阅读理解和应试能力的提高做出一点贡献。 -- 六级考试阅读理解难点题型 [转帖] 三、考前应试准备中阅读理解能力的培养方法 阅读理解能力包括两个方面:理解的准确性和一定的阅读速度。 根据上述要求,考生在阅读的应试训练中应做到以下几点: 1(把握主旨: 每做一篇阅读理解练习,首先要看懂文章的第一句。 通常第一句或第二句是文章的主题句,它点出了文章的主旨。然后浏览每段的第一句和最后一句,以便了解全文的梗慨。 2(有的放矢: 针对题目要求,带着问题看每段文章,快速搜索题目要求的信息,并对所给选择项进行是非判断。 属于理解细节的题,注意选择项中哪一项与段落中所给的信息相对应,思慎行断,作出决择。 凡属对词语或句子内涵的理解题,应根据上下文进行推断。 凡属于综合归纳、逻辑推理的题,必须根据段落或文章的语篇意思去粗取精,去伪存真, 由此及彼、由表及里地思考判断。这类题往往涉及文章的主题、标题、作者的写作意图、作者对所论述事物的观点等等。 考生在阅读训练时必须思想集中,根据题目要求,利用学过的 语言知识,结合自己对有关方面的背景知识,搜索文章中的目标信息,在规定的时间内做完 全部题目。 3(精读为本、刻苦训练: 阅读能力的培养非一日之功。许多考生做了大量快速阅读练习,然后对照答案计算得分,却没有深入到文章内部的语言点和语篇结构。其实,单靠这样的快速阅读是很难提高阅读能力的。语言知识是阅读的物质基础,反复朗读理解是阅读 的必经之路。笔者建议考生,对读过的阅读材料应选择其阅读量的三分之一进行精读,不 但弄懂每个句子中词与词、分句与分句之间的修饰关系,而且要把难句译成汉语,反复推敲 ,深悟其意。此外,精读时要读一段并找出该段的主题句和讲出该段的主要内容,读完一篇 文章应能找出文章的主题句,并讲出文章的构思层次、上下文的逻辑关系及作者的风格,培养综合分析、归纳和推理的能力。考生必须每天保证半小时的朗读理解时间,做到边读边理解。同时要把精读材料中的积极词汇、短语、常用句型抄在小本上,利用空闲的分分秒秒时 间进行背记。没有这样的精读功底,快速阅读就成了无源之水、无本之木。快读也就成了瞎 读乱猜。考生务必记住,精读是培养阅读能力的基础,快读是培养迅速获取信息的手段。二者必须主次分明,但它们又是互相促进、相互依存且既对立又统一的阅读整体。 四、阅读理解中的长难句分析 词汇是基础、理解是关键。除了生词外,长难句尤是阅读中最大的难题。阅读理解能力 要求之一就是理解的准确性。为提高理解的准确性,我们将长难句分析单取出来作为一项训练, 18 长句分析 以期进一步提高大家的阅读能力。 翻译长句时,首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构,找出整 个句子的中心内容及其多层意思,然后 分析几层意思之间的相互关系,再按照汉语特点和 表达方式,正确译出原文的意思。 1.分析长难句主要有两个步骤。 (1)语法分析:即找出主句、从句,以及主、从句中的主要成分,然后再理清主从句之间的 关系、连接它们的纽带及其修饰成分。 (2)逻辑分析:推断出句子的逻辑思维的发展并分清其层次、重点及形式。 2.翻译长句的方法有顺译、倒译、重组等。 (1)顺译法:有些英语长句中所描绘的一系列动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排的, 也有些长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排的,这些都与汉语的表达一致,因此翻译时可按原文顺 序译出。例如: It was a Saturday evening, when Tom was lying on the bench of the school listening to a blackbird and composing a lyric, he saw the girls running among the trees, with the redcheeked Joe in swift pursuit. 可译为“一个周末的傍晚,汤姆正躺在学校的长凳上,一面听画眉鸟歌唱,一面写一首抒情 诗。就在此时他忽然看见女孩子们在树林里奔跑,后面紧跟着红脸的乔。” It is believed by the party leaders that the “middleoftheroad"candidate— the man who does not represent either the extremely liberal attitude or the extremely traditional attitude—is more likely to succeed than the man who represents one extreme or the other. 可译为“党的领袖们认为,采取中间路线的候选人既不是极端的自由主义者,也不是极端的 保守主义者。竞选中推出这种人比代表这一极端或那一极端的人更有可能获胜。” (2)倒译法: 有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反。这时就必须从 原 文后面译起,逆着原文顺序翻译。例如: It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks ass igned by the President, i.e.of ending hostilities, and making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East—if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of these elements in the equation. 可译为“如果我们处理得当,以便能继续与中东问题各方保持接触,美国就能有效地担当起 总统布置的两项任务,即结束中东敌对行动,并对该地区的永久和平做出贡献。这就是我们 的观点。” 英语中带有条件句的句子在译成中文时往往要将条件句放在句子开头。例如: The terrible history of France during the next decade might conceivably have bee n different if the Petain who was war minister in 1934 had been the same Petain who had clashed with the military establishment less than a generation before on the respective merits of bayonet charges and artillery fire power. 可译为“如果在1934年担任陆军部长的贝当还是当年的贝当的话,可以想像以后十年的 可怕历史也许会是另一个样子;近二十年前,贝当和军界在上刺刀冲锋和发挥火炮威力各自 优点的问题上曾进行过激烈的争论。” (3)重组法:有些长句顺译或倒译都有困难,这时就应仔细推敲,或按时间先后,或按逻辑 顺序,有顺有倒,将全句重新组合。例如: Learning is, in too many cases, but a foil to common sense, a substitute for true knowledge. Books are less often made use of as spectacles to look at nature wi th,than as blinds to keep out its strong light and shifting scenery from weak ey es and indolent disposition. 可译作“书本理应是人们观察自然的透镜,却常常被视力不够和生性懒惰的人用来遮光护 眼 ,使他们对自然的光芒和变幻的景色视而不见。把学识当作常识的陪衬,以学识代替真 知的 人真是太多了。”译句主要是抓住了原句的基本观点,又不拘泥于表层结构,将前一句 调到 后面。 大学英语四级考试英译汉 第一部分: 概述 第一节: 英译汉的目的,要求和评分 19 长句分析 一、1999年新修订的《大学英语教学大纲》对基础阶段(l,2年级)学生的翻译能力(英译汉)具体要求如下:“能借助词典将难度略低于课文的英语短文译成汉语,理解正确,译文达意,译速为每小时300个英语单词。” 二、具体要求 英译汉一般安排在阅读理解部分之后,每次共4至5题。分别从4篇文章中分别选择1个或2个句子组成,要求考生在15分钟之内将它们译成汉语,每题2分,共计10分。因此,翻译时考生需参阅整篇文章的大意,理解上下文,以便更好地传达原意。 三、评分标准 根据最新的全国大学英语四级考试大纲公布样题的评分标准,每道英译汉题为2分,具体细化为4个部分,1.5分判给题中3个必须翻译正确的语言点,另外O.5分判给整句翻译的语言结构。例如: And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind(= 第二节 答题步骤 英译汉的步骤主要可分为理解、表达和校正3步。理解是表达的基础,表达是双语转换的体现,二者不可分割,没有准确的理解就没有顺畅的表达。尽管全国大学英语四级考试时间比较紧,但校正仍是不可省略的一步。 一、 理解 首先是理解句子所关联的主题。由于英译汉翻译题的选句是从语篇中划出句子,其内容必然关联主题。因此,必须对文章有一个准确的理解。对原文作透彻的理解是翻译的关键。因此必须注意下面几点: 1、理解语言现象 在翻译时学生应该依据上下文来理解原文的词汇含义,句法结构和惯用法等。例如:For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. 对我来说,教书是一个会令人熬红眼睛,手掌出汗,精神沮丧的职业。 从上下文来看,sinking-stomach 不是指从事教书这个职业就会得胃下垂这种病,而是说明作者的精神状态,所以译成“精神沮丧的”。 2、理解逻辑关系 为了透彻理解原文,同学们还要有联系地理解原文中词,词组和句子。有时他们有几种意思,此时要根据上下文仔细地推敲,决定哪一种是确切的译法。 例如: Let me care for your house while you are away. 在此句中“care for” 应该译成“照看,照料”。 I care for classical music. 在此句中 “care for” 应该译成“喜欢”。 二、表达 有了正确的理解才有可能进行正确的表达。表达实质上就是把所理解的内容在头脑中进行转换,寻找恰当的汉语词语表示出来。在表达上还有一些具体方法和技巧, 在后面的讲解中我们会提到。 三、校改 校改是前面两个阶段的进一步深化,是对原文理解进行进一步核实、推敲的阶段。校改在翻译过程中相当重要,通过校改,往往可以发现译文中存在的偏差,只有这样才能确保考出好成绩。校改的内容包括译词的错漏或不够准确,笔误,错别字,标点符号等。 第三节 使用适当的翻译技巧 不同的语言各有其特点和形式。在词汇,语法,惯用法,表达方面有相同之处,也有相异之处。英译汉的一切翻译理论,方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上。因此在翻译的过程中,很自然地要用到一些翻译技巧。学生应该掌握一些基本的翻译方法。在平时学习时,要有意识、有 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 地进行这方面的训练。下面就提醒同学注意一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、在词汇方面要注意如下几个问题: 1、词义的选择 英语与汉语一样,一词多义的现象很普通,必须依靠分析词语的搭配来确定该词在上下文中的特定含义,才不会出现理解错误,造成翻译失误。例如: 20 长句分析 I have an account in the Midland Bank. 在该句中,account的意思是“帐户”。 This acceleration is frequently dramatized by a brief account of the progress in transportation. 在该句中,account的意思是“描述,叙述”。 3、词语的增减 因为英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差异,我们不可能进行“逐字对译”,很多情况下都采取“意译”,或者在翻译的过程中增加一些词语使句意完整,或者减少一些词语避免不必要的重复。例如: So that amounts to about a year for shouting and disabling a cop, and a year for robbing a jewelry store 根据上下文,为了更准确地理解原文,翻译此句时我们应该用增词法增加动词和减词法。“那就是说,枪击并可能致残一位警察只服了一年的刑,枪劫珠宝店也仅服刑一年”。.而原句中的”amount to” 在译时给省掉了。 With what enthusiasm the students are studying English! 翻译时可以增加形容词,使译文更明确。(学生们正以多么高的热情学习英语啊~) 二、在句子结构方面 要注意名词从句、定语从句、状语从句,长句的处理和被动语态的问题。现分别举例如下: 1、名词从句。名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。翻译这类从句比较容易,大多数可按原文顺序译,但也有一些特殊处理的方法。 1.1主语从句。该句型可先译主语从句,形式主语可译可不译。例如: It does not matter which method you chose. (你选择哪一种方法都无关紧要。) 1.2宾语从句。有it作形式宾语时,可先译that引导的宾语从句。例如: I owe it to you that I have been so successful. (我这么成功,多亏了你。) 1.3同位语从句。该从句往往译成“„„的”这种从句往往是置后,我们可把从句名词转化为汉语的动词来译,后面的从句可用汉语的“即”或冒号引出。例如: We have to face the fact that we have done wrong. (我们不得不 视这样的现实:我们已经做错了。) 2、定语从句。英语中的定语从句的译法主要涉及到限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的译法。当定语从句较简单时,可以用前置法来翻译。就是说把定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组,放在被修饰的词之前。例如:If it is school success you are after, you can not neglect studying. (如果你追求的是学业成功,你决不能忽视学习。) 如果定语从句结构复杂,译成汉语前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时,往往可以译成后置的并列分句。例如:They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. (他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的性命。) 3、状语从句 状语从句包括时间,条件,地点和目的等从句。在翻译时,往往可以把这类从句译成汉语的介词或副词词组,或译成分句。例如: She was late because the traffic was too heavy. 将原因状语从句译成表原因的分句,按汉语的习惯,在译文中把它前置在主句的前面。“因为交通太拥挤,她迟到了。 4、长句的处理。碰到长句翻译时,我们要注意如下几个方面的问题。 4.1语序不同。语序是使学习英语的中国学生感到头痛的问题之一。一个句子中有众多成分,哪个在前,哪个在后,一般说来,英汉两种语言在句子顺序的先后排列上不一样,例如:昨天上午八点半在体育馆前面我碰见了John。汉语将事件的有关情况先—一交代,最后才点明主题。英语是:I met John in front of the stadium at half past eight yesterday morning. 英语先把“什么人做什么事情”说出来,然后一步步地将地点、时间等附加状语说出来,英 21 长句分析 汉两种语言在其它方面语序也大不一样。拿地点状语来说,汉语的习惯是从大说到小,而英语却是从小说到大,两种语序正好相反 4.2结构的不同:英语有些句子很长,但其结构紧凑,复杂而清晰,从句里还有从句,而汉语的句子结构比较松散,常用几个小句表达一句话的意思。例如: Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American literary history and is seen as one of the artistic leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, the period when a neighborhood that was predominantly black produced a flood of great literature, music, and other art forms depicting daily city life for African-Americans. 该句句子较长,结构复杂,有并列结构、被动结构、同位语和定语从句。可把原文分成三个句子来翻译。 “ 休斯是美国文学史上最成功的作家之一。在哈莱姆文艺复兴时期, 从黑人占优势的地区中涌现出数量众多的文学作品。音乐作品和其他的艺术形式,描写了非洲裔美国人日常城市生活。修斯被看做是这个复兴时期的一名艺术带头人。” 4.3表达习惯不同。英汉两种语言表达习惯差异较大。所以在翻译中既要保留原文结构,又要忠实原文意思往往有困难。此时可以改变原文结构,保留原文意思。而常用的方法之一是分译法,即把原文中较长的句子成分,或者不易安排的句子成分分出来另作处理。这样可以使译文在意义上忠实原文而意思明确。例如: Heat is required to change ice to water. 把句中的不定式短语译成一个分句。(要让冰融为水,就必须加热。) She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success. 把该句拆开,译成个小句。(她已试了好几次,要帮他们另找一所出租的房子,结果并没有成功。) 4.4翻译长句时,首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系,再按汉语的特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,不拘泥于原文的形式 。下面介绍两种长句的译法。 4.4.1顺译法 有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排,也有的长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排,这与汉语的表达方法比较一致,因此翻译时可按照原文顺序译出。例如:Even in the face of Atlanta’s segregation, the district thrived. Dr. King never forget the community spirit he had known as a child, nor did he forget the racial prejudice that was a seemingly insurmountable barrier that kept black Atlantans from mingling with whites. (参考译文: 即使在亚特兰大州的种族隔离的环境之中,也没有影响这个地区的繁荣。金博士从来没有忘记自幼熟知的社区精神,也决不会忘记种族歧视,那似乎无法逾越的障碍,那阻止着亚特兰大黑人与白人融合的障碍。) 4.4.2逆译法: 有些英语长句的表达顺序与汉语的表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这是就必须从原文后面译起,逆着原文的顺序翻译。例如:Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch. 按照汉语先发生的事先叙述出来以及条件在先结果在后的习惯,该句逆着原文的顺序译出。 (参考译文:当你跟可爱的孩子站在池子里,又有个年轻的狄安拉在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候,如果你懂得什么叫美的话,时间是过得很快的~) 5、英语的被动语态的翻译 5.1 很多情况下,被动语态都可译成主动句,原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。例如: The whole country was armed in a few days( (几天之内全国武装了起来。) 5.2原文的主语在译文中作宾语。例如: Mr. Wang can not be stopped from doing the hard job. (没办法阻止王先生做这项艰难的工作。) 5.3有一类以it作行式主语的句子,在译文中常要改成主动行式,有时不加主语,有时加上不确定的主语。例如: It is reported that„. 据报„„ 22 长句分析 It is supposed that„.. 据推测„.. It is asserted„.. 有人主张„„ 综上所述,在四、六级统考中,碰到“英译汉”时,首先要正确充分理解原文,特别是 文章的主要内容,然后具体分析原句在上下文中的确切含义,采用必要的翻译技巧,从大到 小,由总体到局部,把原文的意思准确完整地表达出来。当然,以上只是部分翻译技巧。这 些翻译技巧并不是固定不变的模式,翻译是一种再创造,只有在充分理解原文的基础上,灵 活地运用这些翻译技巧,把多种方法巧妙地结合起来,才能保证译文的语言质量,使译文达 到忠实、通顺的翻译标准,提高应试能力。 第二部分:试题解析 If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise and as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon. (1) Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. (2) Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect(智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties(能力). ) Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty- and seventy-year-olds. Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age-using the head. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White-collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain," he says, "Think hard and engage in conversation. Don't rely on pocket calculators. (1) Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down. 译句分析:(1)句是含有两个宾语从句的主从复合句, 在第一个从句中, in northern Japan作定语,修饰前面的farmers;动词不定式 to think and reason 作定语,修饰前面的 ability。otherwise的意思为“在其它方面,除此以外”;process of aging可译为“衰老过程”; slow down意为“延缓,减缓”。翻译时注意定语的位子, 可用顺 译法来处理宾语从句. 参考译文:“Taiju Matsuzawa教授想弄清为什么日本北部的一些本来很健康的农民在早 年就丧失思维和推理能力,以及如何才能延缓这种衰老。” (2) Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect(智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. (2)句是带有一个非限制性定语从句的复合句, which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰 主句中的 the front and side sections of the brain。由于本句较长,定语成分较多,如果按字面 翻译,会显得很拗口,不符合中文习惯。其实,将非限制性定语从句另译成一个分句,则更 顺畅。 参考译文:“Matsuzawa教授和他的同事运用计算机技术对前夕脑和侧脑的容量作了精 确测量,大脑的这两个部位与智能和情感相关联,并决定人的性格。” 23
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