外文翻译原文和译文-基于电阻应变式称重传感器的高精度和低容量电子秤开发

外文翻译原文和译文-基于电阻应变式称重传感器的高精度和低容量电子秤开发 外文文献翻译译稿1 基于电阻应变式称重传感器的高精度和低容量电子秤开发 Baoxiang He,Guirong Lu ,Kaibin Chu ,Guoqiang Ma 摘要:基于称重传感器的应变计优化设计中除了一些先进的稳定技术比如温度的影响之外，静态超载和计算机模式识别(CRT)技术也被用来进行动态模拟与分析。这种多谐振荡的压力释放方法是在生产中创造性的使用了压力传感器，由于这种技术，量程30G的压力传感器才能做到高精度，高稳定性。由于使用了这种压力传感器，使得基于传感器的电子秤拥有300,00种分类和小于0.2mg的精度。这种压力传感器的量程和精度远远高于市场上的同类产品，而其价格却远低于电磁压力传感器。因此，这种压力传感器的商业前景是十分广阔的。 关键词:设计;电阻应变式称重传感器;精度;电子秤 1.介绍 众所周知，压力传感器的精度是决定一个的电子秤精度的关键。目前，用于高精度称重的传感器主要是电磁平衡式称重传感器。低成本电阻应变式称重传感器仅能用于使低精度的称量。主要影响精度应变式称重传感器的误差是蠕变和温度漂移，特别是对于低负荷的传感器来说。 一般来说，高精度传感器的负载能力最低是300克。称重传感器的最大分配平衡只有50K，最小分辨率是不小于0.01克。总而言之，对于超低容量称重传感器来说设计和制造技术是很难被应用到敏感的称重传感器的加工和生产中的。因此很难做出足够好的高精度平衡的称重传感器 。使得低量程和高精度的传感器始终是全世界的热门话题。本文将分析应力释放及补偿技术，探索低量程高精度应变式称重传感器的制造技术。 2(原理与方法 A. 残余应力的释放 制作压力传感器主要部件的材料是铝棒。为了获得更好的综合性能，铝条会在挤压后进行淬火。由于淬火的残余应力不能被自然老化而得到充分释放，此外，机械加工和固化过程中也会造成很大的残余应力，特别是对于超低容量称重传感器来说，如果这个压力不及时释放，可能就会在压力传感器被测试或者是最终使用的时候释放出来。这将导致改变压力传感器传感器的输出，而且这种变化不能从压力传感器的温度和蠕变性能中被筛选出来。这将会影响称重传感器稳定性与精度。这是一个制造超低量程传感器的主要困难。为了释放残余应力，压力传感器要经受高温和低温室不同温度的敲打。尽管这些都不够，但是静态超载方法还是在被使用。多谐振荡的方法被引进来让应力得到进一步的释放。该方法解决了励磁机和振动传感器，称重传感器，并将其放置在橡胶垫上。谐振频率将被 自动扫描出来，然后将压力传感器进行少于30分钟的共振。当压力传感器的应力得到释放的时候会发生微型的塑料变形。有一点需要提一下的是，对传统的振动时效设备，工艺调整兴奋点，支撑点和部分拾取点很 复杂。并且也难以达到最佳状态。 每个部分都需要不同的工艺参数。然而，对于这里提到的全能多谐振荡应力释放法，有一个拾取点没有特殊的要求和支撑点。运营商可以通过简单 [1,2]的训练掌握那个技能 。图1所示的是这种全方位多谐振荡器的模拟图纸。 图2是称重传感器的零点平衡和灵敏度稳定性的应力释放效果的对比。4#-6#号样品通过了压力释放过程，而1#-3#号样品却没有。显然，当应力用以上述方 法被释放时，测力传感器的零平衡和灵敏度的稳定性将大大提高。 图1全能多谐振荡器 图2.应力释放对称重传感器的零点平衡和灵敏度和稳定性影响的对比 B.蠕变控制 测力传感器的蠕变是指具有相同的温度和相同的负载下时的负载传感器的输出变化。蠕变基本上是由元件的材料的蠕变现象引起的，这会导致传感器正蠕变。一般情况下，应变片被设计成负蠕变补偿蠕变的元件。理论上，该元件的蠕变可以通过合理匹配的应变片和元件进行补偿。在生产过程中，元件的属性和应变有很大的偏离批次，甚至有不同的单位。特别是对于超低 容量称重传感器,已蠕变匹配的可能性是非常低的。除了物质，有些因素比如压制粘合，引线和密封在生产过程中在很大程度上也会影响蠕变性能。因此，原料的分级，降低每个关键过程因素的偏差都非常重要。在这里提到的称重传感器的生产过程中，如严格控制方法进一步分类的原材料和零部件，从原材料的批次控制入手，对关键过程相一致的操作是用来增强一致性。在这里提到的称重传感器的生产过程中，如严格控制方法进一步分类的原材料和零部件，从原材料的批次控制入手，对关键过程相一致的操作是用来增强一致性。 通过以上所有这些努力，蠕变的收益率足够达到大规模生产的要求，使得大规模生产超低容量称重传感器得以实现。作为补偿方法中最有效的一个，该模糊补偿被广泛地用来降低蠕变。 (1) 模糊识别原理 目前，有两种方法进行模糊识别,分别是最大隶属度原则和选择最接近的原则。前者被用来识别单个模型，而后者是用来识别多个模型。根据具体情况，本文采用最大隶属原则来确定蠕变的起点。 根据最大隶属原则 如果存在一个元素使得那Ai(u0),max{A1(u0),A2(u0),...,An(u0)at|u,U Ai么是从属于，。 Ai,F(U)i,1,2,...,n,u0 (2)传感器的负载变化的区分。 假设为传感器的前一时间的输出，是传感器的当前输出，所以 该可f0f1 变数量的电流输出等于传感器输出的相对变化量 等于,,f,f,ft,f0 ,f。 ,,ft 要研究传感器输出的不同严重程度;需要把传感器输出的相对变化量用通过从视图简化算法相对浮动利率替代。假设相对变化量是在采样时间段(或其整数倍)的传感器输出的是整体U,A1,A2是模糊集的急性变化和U，分别缓慢的变化，及其隶属函数如下。 ,0,10,,,,102,,1(),()10,,100A,90,,1,100, ,1,10, ,,,102,,2(),1,()10,,100A,90,,0,100, ,的单位是1/100000，判断在一定时间段的点的状态，所述传感器计算的点的隶属度，在实际测量中，其中两个以上提的模糊集合是用上述隶属函数分别计算。 (3)传感器蠕变的模糊补偿的现实化。 采用上述补偿方法，本文以正蠕变曲线为例，说明传感器蠕变的模糊补偿过程。该传感器从零负载和零蠕变工作开始。从传感器的输出的急性变化的负荷段到传感器输出缓慢变化的蠕变段。在蠕变段，该计算机作为传感器的数据采集系统读取传感器以一定的速度输出，计算输出的变化，求隶属度和，A1(,)A2(,)其对应的模糊集合的急性变化和在当前时间点的缓慢变化，并比较它们的值，最后的电流传感器的输出已被存储。当A1(,),A2(,)时，通过传感器实际能承受的负载减去来自传感器的前一时间的输出存储在存储器中的蠕变量获得判断上述时间是蠕变点。继而W0的在存储器中的初始值被移位与上述计算值作为下一个时间段的初始负载W0。电脑会继续读取输出，计算出模糊集A1和A2在当前时 间的隶属度，比较值，判断是否蠕变继续发生，并寻求当前蠕变值通过来自所,述传感器的电流输出中减去W0以上的值，然后将其存储到流离失所原来的蠕变值的内存。通过不断地模糊识别负载雕像和动态调整初始负载和每一个过程的蠕变量得到实际的负载。 称重传感器的补偿进行了详细的描述，并且它需要说明的是，上述方法中提 ,,0到也适用只是让蠕变。 (4)验证测试 采用上述补偿方法使试验验证。实验程序在加载传感器上的各10g，2分钟后加入10克，持续2分钟，并卸到零，并等待2分钟，再加入30克，等待5分钟。该传感器的输出应该被读到分别在已经加载的时间和下次加载的时间。测试数据如表1所示。试验结果表明了非常满意的补偿。蠕变补偿的方法不被许多传感器厂商受欢迎。一些公司在国外使用的方法是建立数学模型，并利用该模型弥补蠕变。但这不是太好办法因为较昂贵的成本，计算量大和在不同环境下的适应性差，对重量传感器的蠕变特性关于提到的模糊补偿分析了蠕变和传感器的工作状态。使用的特性曲线，如装卸传感器蠕动，使用特殊功能传感器的当前输出的计算的改变，结合动态模糊识别，找出蠕变不同加载条件下的开始和结束，并由小而简单的方式蠕变值计算区别而不影响传感器的动态响应特性。 表1 有补偿和无补偿测试数据比较 因为传感器在动态电流下可以有不同的工艺蠕变值，因此，蠕变误差可以由实时性控制。有一个结论是，该传感器可以用来补偿蠕变精度高。因为它是一种低成本的方法，所以蠕变试验和传感器是没有必要的，这是一种对重量传感器的蠕变补偿的简单和有用的方法。 C. 温度补偿 在无负载的情况下，称重传感器的输出随温度变化被称为零点温度漂移。具有相同的负载情况下，称重传感器的输出随温度的变化被称为为灵敏度温度漂移。其中一个原因温度漂移的主要原因是电阻应变计的温度系数。另一种是元件材料的弹性模量的温度系数。一般情况下应变式称重传感器采用差动全桥电路和弹性模量补偿计得到补偿。差动全桥电路的补偿原理是基于这四个应变片具有精确相同的温度特性的假设。这不可能的大规模生产，所以每个称重传感器应单独测试和补偿。对于精度要求较高的应用，因为材料和补偿计偏差的测试和补偿，不同称重传感器的灵敏度温度漂移也需要各不相同。但是，即使有上述这些补偿，最后的结果仍然不能满足高精度称重传感器的要求。其原因在于温度漂移属性的原始曲线在许多情况下不是线性的。上面提到的只是测试和补偿在规定的温度范围的两端传统的补偿方法，即使测试和补偿是完全正确的，中间点在此范围内不能得到有效补偿。因此计算机曲线拟合技术用于生产超低容量负载传感器。用这种方法，负载单元根据两个以上的温度点测试，测试系统将给出一组计算机装有补偿参数。然后称重传感器就能得到充分有效的补偿。 D. 线性度改善 线性度是测力传感器的另一个关键参数。虽然有些电子秤具有线性补偿功能，但它仍然有一些缺点，比如:复杂的校核问题。电子秤被要求有更多的内存，更长的读取反应时间，所以称重传感器要具有良好的线性性能仍然是至关重要的。 线性误差主要是由于元件与应变计的设计造成的， 对于高精度的应用特别是在超低容量称重传感器， 还有更多的因素会影响这一性能。 首先，铝材料的元件是很重要的，绝大多数的称重传感器使用2024或LY12铝制成。但是一些顶级公司有自己独特的化学成分 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 ，而且，，硬度也是非常重要的。一些公司在机械加工之前或之后都有自己的热处理工艺。 第二，底部的压力，不同材料的底部有不同的线性性能, 这种效应在超低容量压力传感器上更为明显。所以为制造高准确度的传感器选择合适的传感器的基础材料是另一个关键点。 第三是传感器的基架,超过15年的经验让我们相信箔的热处理的线性性能具有显著的影响,所以测试和分类是非常重要的。在我们的设计和生产超低容量的传感器的过程中，,以上因素在许多实验中将被认为是最好的组合。 3(称重传感器的性能测试 基于以上技术的压力释放,蠕变控制和温度补偿,我们得到MSP3B称重传感器—低容量30 g如图3所示, 图3 MSP3B-30g压力传感器 测试程序OIML 60的测试结果如图4所示。 图4 MSP3B-30g-005 称重传感器误差曲线 显然,空间,冷,热,室温的不同都会影响称重传感器的应用。除此之外,这些称重传感器符合OIML C3的蠕变、温度漂移规范。 4、结论 总而言之，在设计阶段有限的进行分析优化—冷热温度和静态超载，特别是 在生产阶段的应力释放过程中创造性地运用了振动方法。这使得30克超低量程 称重传感器的蠕变得到很好的控制。测试结果表明，所有组合误差的蠕变和这个 称重传感器都符合OIML C3的规范的高温性能。虽然生产超低容量称重传感器有 许多极为敏感因素而被列为禁区。但是，这个禁区能通过严格的操作和精细的控 制而被有效突破和详细的分析。 参考文献 [1] SUN Zhiguo, HUANG Weidong, ZHANG Qun. Effect of different adhesives on the evolution of residual stress at chip surface during and after curing for COB parkages [J]. Journal of functional materlals and devices. 2002,(2):195-199. [2] LIU Jiuqing. Some research to improve stability of weighting sensor made using aluminum alloy [J].Winghing Instrument. 2002, (3): 9-14. [3] Zou Y,Suhling J C,Die surface stress variation during thermal cycling and thermal aging reliability tests [C]. Proceedings – Electronic Components and Technology Conference [C],1999,1249-1260. [4] LIN Haoshun. Researches on Compensation of Creep of Load Cell [J]. Instrument Technique, 2005,(3):84-85. [5] ZHU Zijian, CHEN Renwen, ZHANG Dong. Researches on Fuzzy Compensation of Creep of Load Cell [J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors and Actuators, 2003,(1): 54-58. [6] XU Huafeng, DONG Yan. Reseach about compensation technology of strain weighting sensor with high accuracy [J]. Winghing Instrument. 2001, (4). [7] M. Shimojo, A. Namiki, M. Ishikawa, R. Makino, K. Mabuchi, A tactile sensor sheet using pressure conductive rubber with electrical-wires stitched method[J], IEEE Trans. Sensor J. 4 (2004) 589–596. 外文文献翻译原文 1 Developing of High Accuracy and Low Capacity Strain Gage Based Load Cell for Electronic Scale Baoxiang He,Guirong Lu ,Kaibin Chu ,Guoqiang Ma Abstract:A strain gage based load cell optimized with final element analysis design. Besides some advanced stabilizing technologies like temperature impact, static overload, computer pattern recognition (CRT) technology is also used to make dynamic simulate and analysis. The multivibration stress release method base on that is creatively used in the production of this load cell. With all this technologies, high accuracy, high stability is achieved on the load cell with the capacity of 30 g. With this load cells, strain gage based electronic balance with divisions of 300,000 and resolution of less than 0.2mg is practicable. The capacity and accuracy of this load cell is much higher than similar product on the market while its price is much lower than electromagnetic load cell. Therefore, the commercial prospect of his load cell is encouraging. Keywords :design, strain gage based load cell, accuracy, electronic scale. I. INTRODUCTION It is well known that the accuracy of load cell is one of the key factors for the accuracy of the balance scales. Currently, the load cell used in high accuracy balances mainly is electromagnetic balance load cell. The low cost strain gage based load cell is only used to make low accuracy balance. The main errors effects the accuracy strain gage base load cell are creep and temperature drift, especially for low capacity load cell. Traditionally, the lowest capacity for high accuracy strain gage based load cell is 300g. The maximum division for balance with this load cell is only 50k and the minimum resolution is no less than 0.01g. All in all, for super low capacity load cell, the design and manufacturing technology is not easy to be merged organically and the load cell is extremely sensitive to the material, machining and production process. So it is hard to make good enough load cell meets with the requirement of high accuracy balance. Making super low capacity high accuracy strain gage base is always the worldwide hot subject. This article will making analysis and research on stress release and compensation technology to explore the manufacturing technology of make super low capacity high accuracy strain gage based load cell. II. PRINCIPLE AND METHOD A. Release of residual stress The material used to make the main parts of the load cell is aluminium bar. To get better combined performance, aluminiumbar will be quenched after extruding. The residual stress of quench can’t be fully released by natural aging. Moreover, the machining, gagging, curing process will also cause big residual stress, especially for super low capacity load cell. If this stress is not release in time, it will be gradually released while the load cell is being test and even in final application. This will cause change of load cell’s output and this change can’t be screen out from the temperature and creep performance of the load cell. So it will affect the stability and accuracy of the load cell. This is one of the main difficult of making super low capacity load cell. To have the residual stress released, the load cell is undergone temperature hit between hot and cold chamber. Then the static overload method is also been applied? however these are still not enough . To have the stress further released, the multivibration method is specially introduced. The method is fix the exciter and vibration sensor to the load cell and place them on the rubber pad. The resonance frequency will be automatically scanned out and then the load cell underwent less than 30 minutes’ sub-resonance. Microscopic plastic deformation will happen inside the load cell and the stress get released. One thing needs to mention here is that for traditional vibration aging equipment, the process to adjust the exciting point, supporting point and pickup point of the part is very complicated. And it is also hard to achieve the best status. Each part needs a different process parameter. However for the all-around multivibration stress release method mentioned here, there is no special requirement for the pick up point and supporting point. Operators can master that skill with simple training. Fig 1 below is the simulated drawing of this all-round multivibrator. Fig 2 is the contrast of the stress release effects to the stability of load cell’s zero balance and sensitivity. 4#~6# are samples have gone through release process mentioned above while samples1#~3# haven’t. Obviously, when the stress is released with above method, the stability of the load cell’s zero balance and sensitivity is greatly improved. Fig.1 All-round multivibrator Fig. 2. The contrast of the stress release effects to the stability of load cell’s zero balance and sensitivity. B. Creep control The creep of the load cell refers the load cell’s output change with time under same temperature and same load. The creep is basically caused by the creep phenomena of the material of the element. This causes positive creep on the load cell. Normally the strain gage is designed as negative creep to compensate the positive creep of the element. Theoretically, the creep of the element can be compensated by reasonable match the strain gage and element. In the production process, the property of the element and the strain have big deviations from batch to batch and even from from unit to unit. The possibility to have creep matched is very low, especially for super low capacity load cell. Besides the material, some factors in the production process like gagging adhesive, lead wire and sealing also affect the creep performance to a great extent. So, classifying the raw material, reduce the evitation of each key process factor are very important. In the production process of the load cell mentioned here, strict control methods like further classify raw material and parts, batch control start from raw material on, consistent operation on key process are used to enhance the consistency. With all these efforts above, the yield rate of the creep is high enough for massive production. Then the door for massive production of super [4,5]low capacity load cell is opened As the most efficient one of compensation method, the fuzzy compensating is widely used to reduce the creep. (1) The principle of fuzzy identification. At present, there are two ways for fuzzy identification, which are the biggest membership principle and the principle of choosing the nearest. The former is used to identify an individual model, while the latter is used to identify the population model. According to the concrete conditions, this paper adopts the biggest membership principle to identify the starting point of the creep. According to the principle of the biggest membership, Supposing is considered to subordinate relatively to the set of Ai Ai,F(U)i,1,2,...,n,u0 Ai(u0),max{A1(u0),A2(u0),...,An(u0)at|u,Uif there exists an element i such that (2) The distinguish of the load variation of the sensor. f0f1Suppose that is the output of sensor at the preceding time, is the output of ,fsensor at present, so that the current output of variable quantity is ,,f,ft,f0and the relative variable quantity of the sensor output is ,f,,ft.To be studied the varying severity of sensor output; the relative variable to be studied the varying severity of sensor output; the relative variable quantity of the sensor output is displaced by relative variable rate from the simplified algorithm of view. Supposing that the relative variable quantity of the sensor output in the sampling time segment (or its integral multiple) is the universe U, then A1,A2 are the fuzzy sets as acute changes and slow changes in U, respectively, and their membership functions are represented as follows. Quantity of the sensor output is displaced by relative variable rate from the simplified algorithm of view. Supposing that the relative variable quantity of the sensor output in the sampling time segment (or its integral multiple) is the universe U, then A1,A2 are the fuzzy sets as acute changes and slow changes in U, respectively, and their membership functions are represented as follows. ,0,10,,,,102,,1(),()10,,100A,90,,1,100, ,1,10, ,,,102,,A2(),1,()10,,100,90,,0,100, ,The unit of is 1/100000 here. To judge the status of a point in certain time segment, the sensor computes the membership grade of the point in the practical measurement, which of two above mentioning fuzzy sets are calculated by the above membership functions respectively. (3) The actualization of fuzzy compensating of sensor creep . Adopting the above compensating method, this paper takes the positive-creep curve as example and illustrates the fuzzy compensating process of sensor creep. The sensor starts to work from the site where the value is zero-load and zero-creep. From the load segment of the acute changing of output of sensor and then entering the creep segment, where the sensor output changes slowly. At the creep segment, The computer as data collection system of sensor reads the output of sensor at a definite speed in the segment, calculates the output changes, seeking the membership grade A1(,)and, which is corresponding to the fuzzy sets acute changes and slow A2(,) changes in the current time-point, and compares their values, finally the output of the A1(,),A2(,)current sensor has been stored. At the moment when , the sensor judges the preceding time is the creep point, and the actual load, which can be endured by the sensor, is obtained by subtracting the creep quantity stored in the memory from the output of the sensor at the preceding time. Subsequently, the original value of Wo in the memory is displaced with the above computing value acting as the initial load W0 of the next time segment. The computer continues to read the output, calculates the membership grades of the fuzzy sets A1 and A2 at the current time, compares the values, judges whether the creep continues to occur, and seeks the current creep value by subtracting the above value of W0 from the current output of the sensor, then stores it into the memory displaced the original creep value. By constantly fuzzy identifying the load statues and dynamic adjusting the initial load and the creep quantity of every process as such, the actual load can be obtained. The compensation for weighing sensor has been described in detail, and it needs to be clarified that them mentioned above method is also applicable just letting the ,,0creep (4) Verification test Adopting the above compensating method makes the test verification.The experimental procedures are loading the 10g on the sensor, adding 10g after 2 minutes;lasting 2 minutes and unloading to zero and waiting 2 minutes, adding 30g and wait for 5 minutes at last. The sensor output should be read respectively at the times both when it has loaded and before its next load. Test data are as the table 1. The test result indicated a very satisfactory compensation. Creep compensation is not so popular way for many sensor manufacturers. Some company abroad used a method, which is establishing math model and compensate creep using the model. This is a not so good way because of more expensive cost, large calculation and bad adaptability in different environments. About mentioned fuzzy compensation for creep characteristic of weight sensor analyzed the creep and working condition of sensor, used the characteristic curves such as difference between slops of sensor creeps of loading and unloading, calculated change of present output of sensor using special functions, combined with dynamic fuzzy identification, find out the start and end of the creep for different loading condition and calculate the creep value by small and simple way without impact to dynamic response characteristic of sensor. Because the sensor can current dynamically creep value in different process, therefore, the creep error can be controlled real time. A conclusion can be done that the sensor could used to compensate the creep with high accuracy. Because it is a low cost way, creep test and of sensor is not necessary, therefore this is a simple and useful method for creep compensation of the weight sensor. Temperature compensation Without load, load cell’s output change with temperature is called as zero balance temperature drift. With the same load, load cell’s output change with temperature is call as sensitivity temperature drift. One of the main reasons cause temperature drift is the resistance temperature coefficient of the strain gage. The other is the elastic modulus temperature coefficient of element material. Normally strain gage based load cell use differential full bridge circuit and elastic modulus compensation gage to get compensated. The compensation principle of differential full bridge circuit is base on the hypothesis that the four strain gages have exact the same temperature property. This is not possible for massive production, so each load cell should be individually tested and compensated. For high accuracy application, load cell’s sensitivity temperature drift also need individual tested and compensated because of the deviation of material and compensation gage. However, even with all these compensations above, the final results still can’t meet the requirement of high accuracy load cell. The reason is that the raw curve of temperature drift property is not linearity in many cases. The traditional compensations method mentioned above only tested and compensated at two end of the specified temperature range, even if the test and compensation is fully correct, the middle point in this range can’t get effective compensation. So the computer curve fitting technology is used in the production of super low capacity load cell. With this method, load cell is tested under more than two temperature point and then the test system will give out a set of computer fitted compensation parameters. Then the load cells get fully effective [6,7].compensated D. Linearity improvement Linearity is another key parameter for the load cell and also the scales, Although some scales or digital load cell have linearity compensation function but it still have some disadvantages like complicated calibration procedure, more memory required, longer reading reaction time… So make load cell with good linearity performance is still the first selection. Linearity error is mainly caused by the design of the element and the strain gage, for high accuracy application especially in super low capacity load cell, there are even more factors which will effect this performance. First, the chemical composition aluminium material for element is very important, most load cell manufacture use 2024 or LY12 aluminium, however some top level company have their own unique chemical composition specification. Beside, the hardness is also very important for linearity. Some company have their own heat treatment process before or after the machining of the element. Second, the base of the strain. Different material of the base have different linearity performance, this effect is even more obvious for super low capacity load cell. So selection suitable base material for the strain gage is another key point for make high accuracy low capacity load cell. The third is the foil of the strain, with more then 15 years experience, we believe the heat treatment of the foil has significant effect to the linearity performance of the strain, so test and classification is very important. In our design and production process of low capacity load cell, all above factors are will considered and the best combination was found with numerous experiments. III PERFORMANCE TEST OF THE LOAD CELL Base on above technologies of stress release, creep control and temperature compensation, we got MSP3B load cells with a supper low capacity of 30g as shown in Fig.3 and have them tested according to the test procedure of OIML 60 and get the test results as shown in Fig.4. Fig.3 Photo of MSP3B-30g-005 Load cell Fig.4 MSP3B-30g-005 Load cell error curve Obviously, the errors under room, cold, hot and duplicated room temperature are all with in the spec of multi and single load application. Besides, these load cells also meet OIML C3 spec on creep, temperature drift of zero balance and so on. IV. CONCLUSIONS All in all, with FEA optimization in design stage, hot-cold temperature hit and the static overload especially the creatively applied the multivibration method into the stress release process in production stage, the creep of this 30g super low capacity load cell is well controlled. The test result shows that all of the combined errors? creep and temperature performance of this load cell meet spec of OIML C3. 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Sensor J. 4 (2004) 589–596. 外文文献翻译译稿2 电子秤 电子秤是称重技术中的一种新型仪表，广泛应用于各种场合。电子秤与机械秤比较有体积小、重量轻、结构简单、价格低、实用价值强、维护方便等特点，可在各种环境工作，重量信号可远传，易于实现重量显示数字化，易于与计算机联网，实现生产过程自动化，提高劳动生产率。标签秤在超市中的应用已经是耳闻目睹的了。一张小小的标签包含着:品名、价格、重量等。标签机的使用大大加快了销售速度，也方便了顾客。顶尖条码标签秤有着许多卓越的特点，以太网功能使管理更加方便。 电子秤的分类(衡器可以分为机械式和电子式) 1工作原理:电子式的工作原理以电子元件(称重传感器，AD转换电路,单片机电路，显示电路，键盘电路，通讯接口电路，稳压电源电路等电路组成。 2使用功能:电子衡器采用现代传感器技术、电子技术和计算机技术一体化的电子称量装置，才能满足并解决现实生活中提出的〃快速、准确、连续、自动〃称量要求，同时有效地消除人为误差，使之更符合法制计量管理和工业生产过程控制的应用要求。 3健康秤是衡器使用功能中的一个分类(分为机械式和电子式)，物美价廉，它可以帮助人们有效的监视自己的体重变化，新产品还可以检测自己的脂肪含量，而且还有一些人性化的附属功能。可能不属于计量器具。 4电子衡器是国家强制检定的计量器具，他的合格产品是有检定分度值e和细分值D的标准，是受国家计量法保护的产品。在电子衡器分类中有一种叫“人体秤”的产品，它可以在计量部门进行检定，称重很精确。 电子秤的原理方框图解读 第一部分电子秤的原理方框图:程式K/B(按键) Fx—传感器—OP放大一A/D转换—CPU—显示驱动一记忆体 工作流程说明:当物体放在秤盘上时，压力施给传感器，该传感器发生形变，从而使阻抗发生变化，同时使用激励电压发生变化，输出一个变化的模拟信号。该信号经放大电路放大输出到模数转换器。转换成便于处理的数字信号输出到CPU运算控制。CPU根据键盘命令以及程序将这种结果输出到显示器。直至显示这种结果。 第二部分秤的分类:1.按原理分:电子秤机械秤机电结合秤2.按功能分:计数秤计价秤计重秤3.按用途分:工业秤商业秤特种秤 第三部分秤的种类:1.桌面秤指全称量在30Kg以下的电子秤2.台秤指全称量在30-300Kg以内的电子秤3.地磅指全称量在300Kg以上的电子秤4.精密天平 第四部分按精确度分类:I级:特种天平精密度>1/10万II级:高精度天平1/1万<精密度<1/10万III级:中精度天平1/1000<精密度<1/1万IV级:普通秤1/100S精密度<1/1000 第五部分专业术语:1.最大称量:一台电子秤不计皮重，所能称量的最大的载荷;2.最小称量:一台电子秤在低于该值时会出现的一个相对误差;3.安全载荷:120%正常称量范围;4.额定载荷:正常称量范围;5.允许误差:等级检定时允许 的最大偏差;6.感量:一台电子秤所能显示的最小刻度;通常用“d”来表示;7.解析量:一台具有计数功能的电子秤，所能分辩的最小刻度;8.解析度:一台具有计数功能的电子秤，内部具有分辩能力的一个参数;9.预热时间:一台秤达到各项指标所用的时间;10.精度:感量与全称量的比值;11.电子秤使用环境温度为:-10摄氏度到40摄氏度12.台秤的台面规格:25cmX30cm 30cmX40cm 第六部分电子秤的特点:1.实现远距离操作;2.实现自动化控制;3.数字显示直观、减小人为误差;4.准确度高、分辩率强;5.称量范围广;6.特有功能:扣重、预扣重、归零、累计、警示等;7.维护简单;8.体积小;9.安装、校正简单;10.特种行业，可接打印机或电脑驱动;11.智能化电子秤，反应快，效率高; 第七部分电子秤检查过程:1.首先整体检查:有无磨损和损坏;2.能否开机:开机后是否从0到9依次显示、数字是否模糊、能否归零;3.有无背光;4.用砝码测试能否称重;5.充电器是否完好，能否使用;6.配件是否齐全; 第八部分传感器类型:1.电阻式:价格适中、精度高、使用广泛;2.电容式:体积小、精度低;3.磁浮式:特高精度、造价高;4.油压式:现市场上已淘汰;显示器种类:1.LCD(液晶显示):免插电、省电、附带背光;2.LED:免插电、耗电、很亮;3.灯管:插电、耗电、很高;K/B(按键)类型:1.薄膜按键:触点式;2.机械按键:由许多单独按键组合在一起;传感器的特性:1.额定载荷;2.输出灵敏度;3.非线性;4.滞后;5.重复性;6.蠕变;7.零点输出影响;8.额定输出温度影响;9.零点输入;10.输入阻抗;11.输出阻抗;12.绝缘阻抗;13.容许激励电压;(5-18V) 第九部分传感器损坏后现象:1.称量不准;2.显示不归零;3.显示的数字乱跳判断传感器的+E、-E、+S、-S1.先用电阻档测4条线两两这间的电阻值，共有6组。如为400-450欧则为+E、-E;如果为350欧，则为+S、-S;为290欧，则为R桥臂;2.在+E、-E端接上+_1.5V电压，传感器正确施加一个压力，如输出+一S增大，则红表笔为+S，反之-S; 第十部分高精度计数秤特点:l.Kg/Ib单位转换功能;2.零点显示范围、调整功能(GLH系列没有)3.取样速度调节功能;4.有10组单重记忆功能;5.可同时进行重量、数量、累计功能(GLH只有数量累计)6.可设定重量、、数量上限警示功能;7.自动零点追踪、温度线性校正;8.扣重及预扣重功能;9.待机功能;10.有零点显示范围和零点跟踪范围;11.有电池电压管制限制功能。 电子秤是称重技术中的一种新型仪表，广泛应用于各种场合。电子秤与机械秤比较有体积小、重量轻、结构简单、价格低、实用价值强、维护方便等特点，可在各种环境工作，重量信号可远传，易于实现重量显示数字化，易于与计算机联网，实现生产过程自动化，提高劳动生产率。电子秤还具有自动零点追踪，超负荷显示自动熄灭之特点。 将机械磅秤、地上衡/地中衡(汽车衡)、轨道衡等装上力敏传感器和单片机控制的智能称重仪表即成为智能数字式机电秤(或机电两用秤)，提高了机械秤的计量精度，具有造价低廉、可靠性高、安装简单等特点，且不影响原机械秤任何传力结构。还有去皮、置零、累计次数、累计重量(计价型的累计金额)、零位自动调整、自动跟踪等功能。称重数据可直接打印或经计算机联网传送，工业用秤可提高工艺水平和产品质量，商贸用秤可提高结算信誉，带来不可估量的社会效益和经济效益。 电子秤基本上由传感器、放大电路、A/D变换电路、单片机控制显示部分、开关矩阵电路、键盘电路及电源电路组成。传感器将重量信号转换为相应的电信 号，经放大后送入A/D变换成脉冲数重量，经过单片机控制下将模拟电压信号转换成数字量。这个数字量经单片机程序转换成与实际重量一致的数字值送显示窗显示。 单片机同时对键盘及开关矩阵进行监测。根据输入的参数值，程序作出相应的处理。电源电路提供各部分的工作电压。微处理器采用如8050、 HD404418F、8031等CPU。主板通用性很强，不同量程和分度值的秤，仅需调整主板上的跳线和拨码开关就可实现，唯一不同的是配用的传感器的额定承载能力。 传感器是一种物理装置或生物器官，能够探测、感受外界的信号、物理条件(如光、热、湿度)或化学组成(如烟雾)，并将探知的信息传递给其他装置或器官。传感器的定义 国家标准GB7665-87对传感器下的定义是:“能感受规定的被测量并按照一定的规律转换成可用信号的器件或装置，通常由敏感元件和转换元件组成”。传感器是一种检测装置，能感受到被测量的信息，并能将检测感受到的信息，按一定规律变换成为电信号或其他所需形式的信息输出，以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求。它是实现自动检测和自动控制的首要环节。 传感器的作用 人们为了从外界获取信息，必须借助于感觉器官。而单靠人们自身的感觉器官，在研究自然现象和规律以及生产活动中它们的功能就远远不够了。为适应这种情况，就需要传感器。因此可以说，传感器是人类五官的延长，又称之为电五官。 新技术革命的到来，世界开始进入信息时代。在利用信息的过程中，首先要解决的就是要获取准确可靠的信息，而传感器是获取自然和生产领域中信息的主要途径与手段。 在现代工业生产尤其是自动化生产过程中，要用各种传感器来监视和控制生产过程中的各个参数，使设备工作在正常状态或最佳状态，并使产品达到最好的质量。因此可以说，没有众多的优良的传感器，现代化生产也就失去了基础。 在基础学科研究中，传感器更具有突出的地位。现代科学技术的发展，进入了许多新领域:例如在宏观上要观察上千光年的茫茫宇宙，微观上要观察小到cm的粒子世界，纵向上要观察长达数十万年的天体演化，短到s的瞬间反应。此外，还出现了对深化物质认识、开拓新能源、新材料等具有重要作用的各种极端技术研究，如超高温、超低温、超高压、超高真空、超强磁场、超弱磁砀等等。显然，要获取大量人类感官无法直接获取的信息，没有相适应的传感器是不可能的。许多基础科学研究的障碍，首先就在于对象信息的获取存在困难，而一些新机理和高灵敏度的检测传感器的出现，往往会导致该领域内的突破。一些传感器的发展，往往是一些边缘学科开发的先驱。 传感器早己渗透到诸如工业生产、宇宙开发、海洋探测、环境保护、资源调查、医学诊断、生物工程、甚至文物保护等等极其之泛的领域。可以毫不夸张地说，从茫茫的太空，到浩瀚的海洋，以至各种复杂的工程系统，几乎每一个现代化项目，都离不开各种各样的传感器。 由此可见，传感器技术在发展经济、推动社会进步方面的重要作用，是十分明显的。世界各国都十分重视这一领域的发展。相信不久的将来，传感器技术将会出现一个飞跃，达到与其重要地位相称的新水平。 传感器的分类 可以用不同的观点对传感器进行分类:它们的转换原理(传感器工作的基本物理或化学效应);它们的用途;它们的输出信号类型以及制作它们的材料和工艺等。 根据传感器工作原理，可分为物理传感器和化学传感器二大类: 传感器工作原理的分类物理传感器应用的是物理效应，诸如压电效应， 磁致伸缩现象，离化、极化、热电、光电、磁电等效应。被测信号量的微小 变化都将转换成电信号。 化学传感器包括那些以化学吸附、电化学反应等现象为因果关系的传感器，被测信号量的微小变化也将转换成电信号。 有些传感器既不能划分到物理类，也不能划分为化学类。大多数传感器是以物理原理为基础运作的。化学传感器技术问题较多，例如可靠性问题，规模生产的可能性，价格问题等，解决了这类难题，化学传感器的应用将会有巨大增长。 传感器动态特性 所谓动态特性，是指传感器在输入变化时，它的输出的特性。在实际工作中，传感器的动态特性常用它对某些标准输入信号的响应来表示。这是因为传感器对标准输入信号的响应容易用实验方法求得，并且它对标准输入信号的响应与它对任意输入信号的响应之间存在一定的关系，往往知道了前者就能推定后者。最常用的标准输入信号有阶跃信号和正弦信号两种，所以传感器的动态特性也常用阶跃响应和频率响应来表示。 外文文献翻译原文 2 Electronic scales Electronic scales are weighing technology in a new type of instrument is widely used in various occasions. Electronic scales and mechanical scales have more small size,light weight,simple structure,low price and practical value of strong,convenient maintenance and so on can be in a variety of environmental work,the weight of the signal can be Remote,the weight of display is easy to implement digital,easy-to-computer network,production automation,higher labor productivity. Scale labels in the supermarket is in the application of face value. A small label contains: name,price,weight,etc. 11 list in this small electronic label. Greatly ccelerated the use of label machine sales pace,but also convenient for customers. Top a barcode labels have many remarkable features of scale,Ethernet feature makes the management more convenient. Electronic Scale Classification (scales can be divided into mechanical and electronic type) 1. How it works: electronic works in electronic components (weighing Sensor,AD conversion circuit,microcontroller circuits,display circuit,keyboard circuitry,communications interface circuits,regulated power supply circuit ). 2. using the function: electronic weighing the use of modern sensor technology,electronics and computer technology integration,electronic weighing fffdevices,in order to meet and solve real lifes "fast,accurate,continuous,automatic weighing requirements,while effectively eliminating human error,to make it more in line with the management of legal metrology and industrial production process control applications. 3. Three health scales are weighing the use of features in a category (divided into mechanical and electronic),inexpensive,it can help people to effectively monitor their own body weight changes,new products also can detect their fat content,but also Some human-oriented subsidiary functions. May not be part of measuring equipment. 4. Electronic Scale is a measurement of the state compulsory test apparatus, and his qualified products are test indexing the value of D values of e and subdivision standards,is subject to the protection of the national metrology products. nIn the electronic weighing there is a category called human scale” products,which can test in the measurement sector,weighing very precise. Block diagram interpretation of the principle of electronic balance The first part of the electronic scale principle block diagram: Program K / B (button) f Fx —? Sensors —? OP Zoom —? A/ D converter — ? CPU —? —? display driver display memory Workflow Note: When an object on the pan when the pressure facilities to the sensor that occurred deformation,so that resistance to change,while the use of excitation voltage changes,the output of a change in analog signal. This signal amplification by the amplifier output to the ADC. Converted to facilitate the processing of the digital signal output to the CPU operator control. CPU under the keyboard commands and program output to display this result. Until the show such a result. The second part of the scale of the classification: 1. According to principles of points: E-scale mechanical scale mechanical and electrical integration scales 2. According to the functions sub: Counting Scales Weighing Scale Pricing Scale 3. Purpose: Industrial Commercial Scales Special Scales Balance The third part of the scale types: 1. The full name of the desktop Scale refers to the volume of less than 30Kg electronic scale 2. The full name of platform scale refers to the volume within the 30-300Kg Electronic Scale 3. Loadometer full name refers to the volume of more than 300Kg Electronic Scale 4. Precision Balance 4th Part of the accuracy of classification: I Class: Special scales precision > 1 / 10 ffWan II level: high-precision scale 1 / 10000 < precision of l / 100,000 III: the accuracy of scale 1 / 1000 < precision of "1 / 10000 Class IV: Common Scale 1 / 100 < precision of,1 / 1000 Part V of professional terminology: I. Maximum weighing: an electron balance,excluding tare weight,the maximum load can weigh; 2. Minimum weigh: a electronic scales below the value that would have occurred when a relatively error; 3. safe load: 120% of the normal weighing range; 4. Rated load: normal weighing range; 5. permissible error: class test when the maximum deviation; 6. a nfsense of quantity: a single electronic scales can show the smallest scale; usually d' to represent; 7. analytic capacity: a function with a count of the electronic scales,can distinguish the smallest scale; 8. Resolution: a counting function with an electronic scale,the internal capacity of a Resolution of a parameter; 9. Warm-up time: a scale used to achieve the targets of the time; 10. Accuracy: The full name of a sense of volume and volume ratios; 11. electronic scale use of environmental temperature: -10 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius 12. platform scale The table size: 25cm X 30cm 30cm X 40cm 40cm X 50cm 42cm X 52cm 45cm X 60cm Part VI electronic scale features: 1. To achieve long-distance operations; 2. To achieve automatic control; 3. Figures show that an intuitive,reduce human error; 4. High accuracy and resolution strong; 5. Weighing range is wide; 6 . unique features: buckle weight,withholding weight,zero,accumulated,warning,etc.; 7. maintenance simple; 8. size is small; 9. installation,calibration simple; 10. special industry,can be accessed by the printer or computer-driven; 11 • Intelligent electronic scale,quick reaction,high efficiency; Part VII of the electronic scale inspection process: I. First,the overall examination: whether the wear and tear; 2. Whether the boot: the boot sequence is from 0 to 9 in turn shows that figures are vague,can zero; 3. Whether the backlight; 4. with the weight tests in weighing; 5. chargers is intact,can use; 6. parts are complete; Part VIII sensor type: 1. Resistive: affordable,high accuracy,widely used; 2. Capacitive: small size,low precision; 3. Maglev-style: special high-precision,high cost; 4. Hydraulic formula: the current the market has been eliminated; Display Type: l.LCD (liquid crystal display): free electricity,energy-saving,with backlight; 2.LED: free electricity,power consumption,very bright; 3. Lamp: electricity,power consumption,high; K / B (button) type: 1. film button: contact type; 2. mechanical buttons: made up of many individual combinations of keys together; sensor characteristics: 1. rated load; 2. output sensitivity; 3. non-linear; 4. hysteresis; 5. repeatable; 6. creep; 1. 12:00 output effects; 8. rated output temperature; 9. 12:00 input; 10. input impedance; 1L output impedance; 12. Insulation Resistance ; 13. to allow excitation voltage; (5-18V) Part IX sensor damaged phenomenon: 1. Weighing not allowed; 2. Shows no return to zero; 3. Shows the number of bounce to judge the sensor + E,-E,+ S,-S 1. The first to use resistance profile measurement 4-line 22 This resistance value,a total of 6 groups. The case of 400-450,compared with Europe + E,-E; if it is 350 in Europe,compared to + ,-S; for the 290 in Europe,compared to R-arm; 2. + E,-E terminated on the + 1.5V S voltage Sensor correctly to exert a pressure,such as the output + _S increase,then the red table pens as + S,the contrary-S; 10th part of the high-precision counting scale features: l.Kg/Ib unit conversion functions; 2. 12:00 display range adjustment function (GLH series does not) 3. Sampling speed adjustment function; 4, There are 10 groups memory function singlet; 5. may be at the same time the can weight,quantity,the cumulative function (GLH only the number of cumulative) 6. set the weight,the maximum amount of warning function; 7. automatic zero tracking,temperature linear correction; 8. deduction of withholding heavy weight and function; 9. Standby function; 10. there is zero shows zero tracking range and scope; 1L there is the battery voltage control to limit the function; Electronic scales are weighing technology in a new type of instrument is widely used in various occasions. Electronic scales and mechanical scales have more small size,light weight,simple structure,low price and practical value of strong,convenient maintenance and so on can be in a variety of environmental work,the weight of the signal can be Remote,the weight of display is easy to implement digital,easy-to-computer networking,process automation of production and improve labor productivity. Electronic Scale also has an automatic zero tracking,overload display of self-extinguishing characteristics. Mechanical scales,floor scale / land in the value (car value),weigh-bridges and other fitted force-sensitive sensors and microcomputer-controlled intelligent weighing instruments become intelligent digital electrical and mechanical balance (or the mechanical and electrical dual-use scales),to improve the mechanical balance of the measurement accuracy,with low cost,high reliability,simple installation and so on,without prejudice to the original mechanical scales to any transmission bearing structure. There are peeled,set to zero,the cumulative number of times,the cumulative weight (cumulative amount of valuation-based),auto-zeroing,auto tracking and other functions. Weighing data can be directly printed or transmitted via computer networks,industrial processes can improve the level of scale and product quality,trade clearing with the scale can improve the credibility of incalculable social and economic benefits. Electronic Scale is basically a sensor,amplifier circuit,A / D conversion circuit,microcontroller control of display parts,switch matrix circuit,the keyboard circuit and power circuit. Weight sensor signals are converted to a corresponding electrical signal,after amplified into the A / D converted into pulses weight,through the SCM under the control of the analog voltage signals into digital The digital conversion by the SCM program in line with the actual weight of the value of sending the number of display windows. MCU at the same time the keyboard and switch matrix for monitoring. According to the input parameter values,the program handled accordingly. Power circuit to provide the various parts of the operating voltage. Microprocessors such as 8050,HD404418F,8031,etc. CPU. Highly versatile motherboard,different values of range and sub-degree scales,just adjust the jumpers on the motherboard and the DIP switch can be achieved,the only difference is that the sensor used with a rated carrying capacity Sensor is a physical device or biological organ that can detect and feel the outside of the signal,physical condition (such as light,heat,humidity) or chemical composition (such as smoke),and Discovery of information to other devices or organs. Definition of sensor ffNational standard GB7665-87 sensor is defined as: can feel the requirements are measured and converted in accordance with the laws of certain signal device or devices available,usually composed of sensitive components and conversion devices•” Sensor is a detection device,can feel the information being measured,and can detect sense of information,according to certain laws of transformation into electrical signals,or other forms of information required for output to meet the information transmission,processing,storage,display,recording and control requirements. It is the automatic detection and control of the primary link. The role of sensor People in order to obtain information from the outside world must help of sense organs. And rely on people's own sense organs,the study of natural phenomena and laws,and production activities in their functions on far enough. To meet this situation,we need sensors. It can be said sensor is an extension of human senses,also known as electronic features. The arrival of the new technological revolution,the world entered the information age. In the course of the use of information,we must first resolve is to obtain accurate and reliable information,and sensors is to obtain information in the field of natural and production of the main ways and means. In modern industrial production,especially automated production process,the use of various sensors to monitor and control the various parameters of the production process,so that devices work best in the normal state or condition,and to achieve the best quality products. Therefore we can say,without a large number of good sensors,modern production base will be lost. In the basic science research,a more prominent position sensor. The development of modern science and technology into many new areas: for example,thousands of light years to observe the macro level of the vast universe,to observe microscopically small particles cm the world,vertical,to observe the evolution over hundreds of years of celestial bodies,a short response to the s moment. In addition,there was even a matter of deepening understanding,developing new energy,new materials,play an important role in a variety of extreme technology such as ultra-high temperature ,ultra-low temperature,high pressure ,ultra-high vacuum,powerful magnetic field,ultra-weak magnetic bagging,etc. . Obviously,to obtain a large number of human senses can not directly access the information, Not compatible with sensors is impossible. Many basic scientific research obstacles,first of all to obtain information on the object is difficult,and a new highly sensitive detection mechanism and the emergence of sensors,often lead to breakthroughs in the field. The development of a number of sensors is often a pioneer in the development of marginal subjects. Sensor has already penetrated into,such as industrial production,space velopment,marine exploration,environmental protection,resource survey,medical de diagnostics,biotechnology,and even conservation areas and so most of the pan. It is no exaggeration to say that,from the vast space,the vastness of the ocean,as well as a variety of complex engineering systems,almost every modern project,are inseparable from a variety of sensors. Thus,the sensor technology in economic development,promote the important role of social progress is very clear. Countries in the world attach great importance to the development of this area. I believe in the near future,there will be a leap in sensor technology,to achieve status commensurate with its important new level. Sensor classification Different views can be classified on the sensors: they transform principle (Transducer on the basic physical or chemical effect); their purpose; their output signal types and the production of their materials and processes. Working principle of the sensor can be divided into physical sensors and chemical sensors two categories: Sensor working principle of the classification of physical sensors that physical effects,such as the piezoelectric effect,magnetostriction,ionization,polarization, thermal,optical,magnetic and electric effects. Small changes in the amount of the measured signal will be converted into electrical signals. Chemical sensors,including those with chemical adsorption,electrochemical reaction,a causal relationship between the phenomenon of the sensor,the measured signal will be small changes in volume converted to electrical signals. Some sensors can not divided into physics,can not be divided into chemical classes. Most of the physics-based sensor is functioning. Many problems of chemical sensor technology,such as reliability issues,the possibility of mass production,prices,etc” solve such problems,the application of chemical sensors will have tremendous growth. Dynamic characteristic The so-called dynamic characteristics,is the change in the input sensor,its output characteristics. In practice,the sensor's dynamic characteristics common to certain standards of its response to said input signal. This is because the sensor response to the standard input signal easily obtained by experiment,and its standard input signal response and its response to any input signal exists between the relationship,often the latter that the former can be presumed. The most commonly used standard input signal and sine signal with step two,so the dynamic characteristics of sensors are commonly used in the step response and frequency response to that.