On the Characteristics of Business Negotiation Language and Its Translation

On the Characteristics of Business Negotiation Language and Its Translation ABSTRACT With the advancement of China’s reform and opening-up and the acceleration of economic globalization, business interpreting has inevitably played a vital role in Sino-foreign exchanges in which business cooperation could be achieved. Business negotiation, as one crucial means in international business communication, serves as a cornerstone to the success of business cooperation establishment between different countries characterized by disparity in cultures, ideologies and business regulations. In that case, negotiation interpreting determines to a certain extent the smoothness of negotiation, and meanwhile is faced with daunting challenges. In business negotiations, interpreters shall act as more than a message-transmitter, but a facilitator, buffer and mediator, which calls for a comprehensive knowledge of the interpreter on negotiation interpreting characteristics like inter-activeness, cultural adaptation, disputes handling and detail-accuracy, on interpreting principles and on a flexible manipulation of various strategies so as to successfully hold the whole situation and promote the result of negotiation. In this paper, first of all, this paper summarizes the basic connotation of the characteristics of business negotiation language. Then, this paper introduces the research about the translation of international business negotiation and puts forward the important principles that translators should follow. Then paper use a lot of space to analyze the application of international business negotiation translation. In the final end of the paper summarizes the full text. . Keywords: characteristics, business negotiation language, translation 商务谈判语言的特点及翻译 摘    要 与中国改革开放的发展和经济全球化的加速,企业解释不可避免地在中外交流中扮演了至关重要的作用,商务合作可以实现。商务谈判,在国际商务沟通作为一个重要手段,作为基石,不同国家之间的商务合作的成功建立在文化差异,意识形态和商业法规。在这种情况下,谈判口译在一定程度上决定了谈判的平滑度,同时面临着严峻的挑战。在商业谈判中,口译员应当充当代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf ,但一个主持人,缓冲和中介,要求全面的知识翻译等谈判口译特点,文化适应,纠纷处理等、解释原则和灵活的处理各种策略,成功地举行整个形势和促进谈判的结果。 本文首先，本文总结回顾了商务谈判的语言特点的基本内涵。然后，介绍有关国际商务谈判的相关研究并提出翻译员应该遵守的重要原则，接着通过大量篇幅来国际商务谈判翻译中的应用。本文在结尾部分对 全文 企业安全文化建设方案企业安全文化建设导则安全文明施工及保证措施创建安全文明校园实施方案创建安全文明工地监理工作情况 进行归纳总结。 关键词：语言特点，商务谈判，语言翻译 Table of Contents 1  Introduction    3 1.1  Research Background    1 1.2  Significance of the Study    1 2  Literature Review and Theoretical Framework    1 2.1  Studies on Business Interpreting and Business Negotiation Interpreting    1 2.1.1 Domestic and Overseas Studies on Business Interpreting and Business Negotiation Interpreting    1 2.1.2  Current Studies Interpreting at Home and Abroad    2 2.2  The Cooperative Principle(CP)    3 2.2.1  The Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims    3 2.2.2  Violation of the Cooperative Principle    4 2.3  The Politeness Principle(PP)    4 2.3.1  The Politeness Principle and Its Maxims    4 2.4  Domestic and Overseas Studies on CP and PP and their Application    5 3  A Brief Survey on Interpreting of International Business Negotiation    6 3.1  International Business Negotiation    6 3.1.1  Phases,Categories and Features    6 3.1.2  Principles to Follow    6 3.2  Interpreting of International Business Negotiation(IIBN)     7 3.2.1  Characteristics of Interpreting of International Business Negotiation    7 3.2.2  Roles and Qualification of the IIBN    8 4  Application of Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle to Interpreting of             International Business Negotiation    10 4.1  The Importance of Combining PP with CP in IIBN    10 5  Characteristics of Business Negotiation Language    10 5.1  Objectivity    10 5.2  Flexibility    11 6  Conclusion    11 References    13 Acknowledgements    14 1 Introduction 1.1  Research Background International business has witnessed a boom in the past decades, with a growing number of countries kicking out the shackles of isolation and embracing the accelerating process of globalization. In order to strengthen communication and pin down exact details of a certain business, usually the two sides involved will resort to negotiation through which they gain mutual benefits and reach a win-win outcome. International business negotiation also serves as an indispensible means to resolve conflicts inevitable for two sides with distinction in ideology, standpoints and culture, etc. Therefore, requirements are undoubtedly put on qualified interpreters that they shall be equipped with both profound knowledge and outstanding negotiation skills. They are, what’s more, expected to abide by principles necessary for communication and put them into good use so that the negotiation works out in friendly vibes 1.2  Significance of the Study Previous researches have either mainly focused on the skills regarding Interpreting of International Business Negotiation or related to cooperative principle and cooperative principle separately in a thesis when it comes to studying Interpreting of International Business Negotiation. Other cases do exist in which cooperative principle and Politeness Principle are both elaborated on. Most of them, however, are devoted to exploring the application of these two principles to other fields of business interpretation, such as international business letters and diplomacy. In the present thesis,I targets at combining both principles to encompass comprehensive international business negotiation circumstances. Since one message planned from one side may sound offensive to the other, since a word may determine which side gains an upper hand, since a policy or good will is transmitted through nobody but the interpreter, it is significant for interpreters to master the art of communication and keep rules in pragmatics in mind, so that they could have a card up their sleeves. 2  Literature Review and Theoretical Framework 2.1 Studies on Business Interpreting and Business Negotiation Interpreting 2.1.1  Domestic and Overseas Studies on Business Interpreting and Business Negotiation Interpreting In the past decades, with the intensifying of international commercial exchanges and cooperation, interpreters’ position has been sharply given prominence to, especially in business field. In the meantime, papers dedicated to this area have been published in waves to shed light on this fledgling occupation. Roughly speaking, papers and works delved into business interpreting from diverse perspectives, most of which attached importance to the leading role of “Interpreter”, cultural factors and techniques in the process. With regard to cultural factors, Dell Hymes, the Poland Sociolinguist, stressed that a successful interpreter in international business negotiation is supposed to be equipped with both excellent language skills and a considerable knowledge of different cultural backgrounds, for the negotiation process itself is a certain kind of cross-cultural interaction. 2.1.2 Current Studies on Interpreting at Home and Abroad As far as researches on interpreting carried out in China in recent years are concerned, four areas are categorized as below: 1) theoretical research; 2) research on practical interpreting skills and techniques; 3) research on teaching interpreting and interpreter training; 4) introducing foreign interpreting studies. (Hu Gengshen, 2000) Most of the interpreting researches, however, have been conducted under the guide of “Interpretive Theory”. By the first half of 2004, twenty monographs had been published on interpreting in China. Among them, six are translation editions, two authored by Swiss scholars and four are by the two initiators of Theorie du sens. Eight monographs altogether were made known to the public in the country before 1998, including A Summary of Interpreting Theory by Bao Gang, which takes a quite special position in domestic theoretical interpreting researches, as it has been the first monograph on interpreting theory of its kind in a real sense. Another scholar worth mentioning is Cai Xiaohong, who edited and published the first essay collection on interpreting study in 2002, named as A New Study on Interpreting Research--- New Methodology, New Concept and New Trend in which essays written by academicians all over the world are included. Symbolizing a step further into interpreting research, it’s made up of four parts: thought process in interpreting, improvement of interpreting capability, quality evaluation of interpreting and researches into interpreting theory and methodology. It could be seen that from 1998 to 2004, studies on interpreting theory and teaching had made progress to a certain extent, which was also closely linked with support from the publishing field. In 2000, Chinese Translators Journal specially set up a column for interpreting research, providing interpreting researchers with a more direct and convenient platform for exchanges. 2.2  The Cooperative Principle 2.2.1  The Cooperative Principle and Its Maxims Leech categorized pragmatic rules into interpersonal rhetoric and textual rhetoric while the previous one includes the famous Cooperative Principle put forward by H. P. Grice and Politeness Principle by Leech himself. In 1967, H.P. Grice, an Oxford philosopher, delivered the famous William James Lectures at Harvard. According to his observance, “our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks, and would not be rational if they did. They are characteristically, to some degree at least, co-operate efforts; and each participant recognizes in them, to some extent, a common purpose or set of purposes, or at least a mutually accepted direction.” (Grice,1975:44). That has given premises of a communication into full play. When two strike up a conversation in real life, meanings intended by language, however, are categorized into: firstly the literal meaning embodies in the utterance of the addresser and secondly the implied meaning lying under the addresser’s words or sentences, or as you name it, the explicit meaning and implicit meaning. In order to explain how the addresser could get his ideas through and the addressee fully arrives at the intended meaning, Grice has brought in the concept of “Conversational Implication”, which is an important manifestation of indirectness. It is, nevertheless, only on the basis of both parties holding cooperative attitudes in carrying the conversation on that conversational implication makes sense and the connection between the two sides is guaranteed. Therefore, H.P. Grice came up with the Cooperative Principle : “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.” (Grice,1975:45). He held that conversations are not comprised of a series of unconnected words just because of the involvers’ observation of the Cooperative Principle. (1975:307). To make it specific and more acceptable, Grice borrowed from Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, four concepts: quantity, quality, relation and manner and further divided the Cooperative Principle into four corresponding maxims. “David Crystal calls them conversational maxims while others Grice’s maxims as specified below in pragmatics”(Levinson, 1983/2004:101-102). The four maxims are interpreted as follows: