深圳市罗湖区道路交通噪声地图的绘制与应用

深圳市罗湖区道路交通噪声地图的绘制与应用 1*1112彭荫来，廖宇强，姚蓉，吴鸿鸣，梅立永， (1. 深圳市罗湖区环境保护局，广东 深圳，518019;2. 深港产学研环境技术中心，广东 深圳 518057。*本文联系人Tel:) 摘要:通过噪声模拟绘制噪声地图，能够预知未来的整个区域的噪声分布，和可以实时更新、动态管理，获取不同时段受噪声直接影响的人口数量和分布，而这些是常规噪声监测手段无法实现的。作为具有尝试性的工作，我们以SoundPLAN软件为依托，将罗湖区城市主干道路及周边地物进行概化、建模，并根据实际监测数据调试参数，绘制出罗湖区主干道路噪声分布地图，并对噪声污染严重路段防护措施进行效果模拟，为罗湖区道路交通噪声控制规划和整治以及建设项目审批管理等提供依据。 一、目的 用常规方法对道路交通噪声监测，虽然速度快、操作简单，但是缺少重要声源资料、气象参数资料，在测量时会受背景噪声影响，监测点有限。通过噪声模拟绘制噪声地图，能够预知未来的整个区域的噪声分布，为噪声治理提供依据，而不是只能反映单点的噪声现状，在噪声地图的基础上，可以实时更新、动态管理，获取不同时段受噪声直接影响的人口数量 [1]和分布，为噪声控制规划以及建设项目审批管理等提供依据。 二、噪声模拟与噪声地图 城市环境噪声模拟模型就是根据过去和现在所掌握的基础资料包括噪声源的种类、数量、位置及其作用时间等和建筑布局、气象参数等有关资料推断未来，预计环境噪声的变化和发展趋势所建立的数学模型，它可以有效防止噪声环境进一步恶化，并为治理和改善噪声环境提供依据。在城市环境噪声的各声源中，交通噪声占有重要地位。自20世纪80年代以来，各国相继开发了基于当地实际情况的道路交通噪声模拟模型而我国当前基本上还在使用 [2]国外的相关模拟模型或在其基础上加以修正。 噪声评价的主要手段是“以模拟为主、实测为辅、面向受体”，即在实测基础上通过对城市不同区域的噪声污染情况的模拟模拟，来评价不同接受点的噪声污染水平。根据监测结果，对噪声污染产生的特点、原因和周围敏感点受影响程度进行分析，为后续噪声污染治理 [3]措施制定提供依据。 [4]模型软件采用德国的SoundPLAN模型。SoundPLAN软件自1986年由Braunstein+ Berndt GmbH软件设计师和咨询专家颁布以来，迅速成为德国户外 [7]声学软件的标准，并逐渐成为世界关于噪声预测、制图及评估的领先软件。采of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the start-up and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7-1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow-up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, will be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7-2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1 用SoundPLAN软件可模拟几何衰减、地面效应、 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面反射以及障碍物引起的屏蔽等衰减项，同时考虑了空气吸收衰减、建筑物多次反射等影响因素，它可覆盖接受点周围的整个区域，可绘制噪声等值分布图、噪声敏感点噪声分布图和三维噪声分布等。 SoundPLAN的建模、计算及评估都是基于ISO和其他标准，将实际的生活环境转化成抽象的数学模型，自动进行计算，计算的类型根据用户需要选择，包括噪声围线图，色阶图，建筑物表面声压级分布，特定点噪声计算等。 图1 SoundPLAN软件界面 噪声分布图是通过对感兴趣的区域划分网格，计算网格点得到。因此这里主要介绍单个点响应的计算过程。根据激励源互不相关性，对某点的响应可以分别计算所有声源的贡献加以叠加。 而对某单个声源的贡献可由下式计算: 2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1-echnical courses see below. Figure 1.7iled tning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detad out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planill be carrieup planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-twork planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow1 Yibin city rail transit ne-architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7 and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, networkues rch ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniqup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and resea-te staring and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for plannvision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels servic of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the2 其中 LW为单个声源的声功率，C1„Cn为各个不同传播模式的修正系数，包括直达声场、空气吸收、衍射声场、地面影响、反射声场。 SoundPLAN 使用扇形模型进行声场计算。从接受点出发，发射“射线”覆盖所有要考虑的区域和实体，包括:源，反射体，声屏障，地面衰减区等。射线间隔为1度(缺省值)，也可以自行设定，间隔越小，计算将会越精确，也越慢。 研究显示，扇形扫描比射线扫描要精确很多，它可以覆盖接受点周围的整个区域，而射线扫描就会忽略掉射线间的部分。但SoundPLAN 在扫描方向发现一个声源，它将自动计算包含在该扇面声源部分。 在噪声预测分析软件SoundPLAN等的支持下，还可绘制噪声等值分布图、噪声敏感点噪声分布图和三维噪声分布等，可以表现不同高度(地面，10米，20米等)的等值线或某个横断面的等值线，还可以以动画形式进行动态演示。 三、噪声地图绘制与应用 在SoundPLAN等的支持下，我们采用调研监测的数据绘制罗湖区的噪声地图，分析道路交通噪声影响的空间范围、受噪声影响的人口数量和分布，为交通噪声治理提供技术依据。 (一) 数据收集与处理 绘制噪声地图需收集和处理的数据包括: 1、空间数据:各个路段、各类地物(如建筑物、声屏障等)和接受点的坐标，等高线或标高点等; 2、属性数据:各路段的车流量、车速、轻/重型车比例、路宽、路面材料、绿化植物高度、声屏障的高度和长度、建筑物的高度和层数等。 以上数据大部分通过调查监测获取，其中空间数据直接采用罗湖区地形图，部分对预测结果影响不大的参数通过类比估算而得。 (二)主干道路噪声地图绘制 绘制噪声地图是一项长期而艰巨的工作，需要大量的基础数据和监测数据，由于缺乏对铁路噪声、工业噪声等的声源数据，单就城市道路交通噪声而言，短期也无法对所有类型的道路及周边环境进行调查并数字化后输入模型。 ill be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rup planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-face with follownter1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning i-7ground research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.back levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between variousup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's -rovide conditions for the startble conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, p6, staary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. ng term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminof vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit lodevelopment planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.12 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and -rt in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7ail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transpo3 因此，作为具有尝试性的工作，我们以SoundPLAN软件为依托，将罗湖区18条城市主干道路及周边地物进行概化、建模，并根据实际监测数据调试参数，绘制出罗湖区主干道路噪声分布地图(图2、3)。 图2 罗湖区主干道路噪声地图绘制 ning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detad out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planill be carrieup planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-twork planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow1 Yibin city rail transit ne-architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7 and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, networkues rch ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniqup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and resea-te staring and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for plannvision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels servic of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1-echnical courses see below. Figure 1.7iled t4 图3 罗湖区主干道路噪声三维分布图 (三)噪声污染与治理的模拟分析 我们应用SoundPLAN软件对所研究的滨河大道、滨河中学及周围地形地貌进行建模，根据所建模型进行了噪声模拟。依据《声环境质量标准(GB3096-2008)》，利用SoundPLAN软件计算第一排建筑物不同楼层昼间和夜间的等效A声级L(A)，如表1所示。 eq 表1 滨河中学第一排教学楼昼间和夜间的噪声预测值(无声屏障) 昼间(6:00,22:00) 夜间(22:00,次日6:00) 楼层 预测值dB(A) 超标量dB(A) 预测值dB(A) 超标量dB(A) 1 70.1 +0.4 63.6 +8.9 2 70.5 +0.8 64.0 +9.3 3 70.8 +1.0 64.3 +9.6 4 71.0 +1.2 64.5 +9.7 5 71.1 +1.4 64.6 +9.9 6 71.3 +1.5 64.8 +10.0 现状第一排教学楼昼间和晚上均超标严重，在辅道路边加装长200m、高5.0m的折弯式声屏障后，可使第一排教学楼各楼层的昼间噪声降低2.4,6.7 dB(A)，对改善第一排教学楼各楼层的声环境质量有一定效果，见下表，图。 表2 滨河中学第一排教学楼昼间和夜间的噪声预测值(声屏障5.0m) up planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-face with follownter1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning i-7ground research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.back levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between variousup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's -rovide conditions for the startble conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, p6, staary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. ng term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminof vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit lodevelopment planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.12 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and -rt in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7ail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transpoill be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid r5 昼间(6:00,22:00) 夜间(22:00,次日6:00) 楼层 预测值dB(A) 插入损失量dB(A) 预测值dB(A) 插入损失量dB(A) 1 63.4 -6.7 57.0 -6.6 2 64.2 -6.3 57.8 -6.2 3 65.2 -5.6 58.8 -5.5 4 66.3 -4.7 59.9 -4.6 5 67.5 -3.6 61.1 -3.5 6 68.9 -2.4 62.5 -2.3 图4 滨河大道滨河中学附近区域昼间噪声二维分布(无隔声屏) twork planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow1 Yibin city rail transit ne-architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7 and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, networkues rch ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniqup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and resea-te staring and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for plannvision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels servic of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1-echnical courses see below. Figure 1.7iled tning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detad out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planill be carrieup planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-6 图5 滨河大道滨河中学附近区域昼间噪声二维分布(加设5.0m声屏障) (四)估算受噪声影响人口分布 在初步绘制的罗湖区主干道路噪声地图基础上，可识别出受道路交通噪声影响严重的大致范围，结合对各敏感点的人口调查结果，可粗略估算出受噪声直接影响的人口数量和分布。 根据《声环境质量标准》(GB3096-2008)，城市道路干线两侧第1栋建筑物执行4a类标准，其中学校、医院执行2类标准。根据敏感点监测结果，夜间噪声全部超标;因此，以昼间噪声为指标，估算出调查范围内居住区超过70dB(A)的户数、医院和学校超过60dB(A)的床位数和学生数，并列出统计表(见下表1)。据统计结果，道路沿线受噪声直接影响的人口数量占敏感点总人口的50%以上。 表3 道路沿线受噪声直接影响的人口数量统计 序道路居住区 学校 医院 face with follownter1 Yibin city rail transit network planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning i-7ground research, network architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.back levels, research, techniques and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, research program and research ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between variousup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's -rovide conditions for the startble conditions for planning and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, p6, staary rail traffic levels service levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. ng term network, as well as the vision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminof vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit lodevelopment planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.12 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and -rt in other ways; Detailed technical courses see below. Figure 1.7ail transit network planning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transpoill be carried out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rup planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-7 号 名称 敏感昼间噪声敏感敏感 昼间噪声超昼间噪声超 点 超过点 师生总点 总床 总户数 过60dB(A)过60dB(A) 调查70dB(A)的调查数 调查位数 的师生数 的床位数 数量 户数 数量 数量 布心 1 6 3000 1800 1 2200 1700 1 500 330 路 罗沙 2 8 4500 2300 1 180 60 -- -- -- 路 深南 3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 东路 爱国 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 路 — -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 四、结论 作为具有尝试性的工作，我们以SoundPLAN软件为依托，将罗湖区条城市主干道路及周边地物进行概化、建模，并根据实际监测数据调试参数，绘制出罗湖区主干道路噪声分布地图，并对噪声污染严重路段防护措施进行效果模拟。下一步可以进行更详细的调查，收集更为翔实的数据，提高噪声模拟的精度，细化为更贴近实际情况的噪声地图，为噪声治理和环境管理提供技术支撑。由于目前法律法规的限制，以及模拟精度问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，噪声模拟结果尚不能直接用于行政执法。 主要参考文献: [1] 城市高架快速路交通噪声的环境影响及防治对策. 环境 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 , 1998(4):53-56 [2] 郑峥. 主干道噪声对临街校园的影响及声屏障设计研究. 吉林大学，2008 [3] 宫瑞婷. 城市道路交通噪声污染分析与对策研究. 北京建筑工程学院学报, 2004 [4] SoundPLAN user's manual. Version 6.5. Braunstein + Berndt GmbH/SoundPLAN LLC (2008) 基金项目:2008年深圳市罗湖区第二批软科学研究计划项目。 1作者简介:彭荫来(1965-)，男，广东紫金人，深圳市罗湖区环境保护监测站高级工程师，硕士，主要研究方向为环境监测与管理、噪声污染防治等。 *本文联系人，email:pengyinlai@yahoo.com.cn，tel: 2 General technology route figure 2nd chapter City status and development planning 2.1 city basic profile 2.1.1-echnical courses see below. Figure 1.7iled tning; 2, the partitioning for network planning; 3, joint planning of rail transport and urban transport in other ways; Detad out as soon as possible the following planning projects: 1, detailed control of the land of rapid rail transit network planill be carrieup planning tasks. Network planning Urban planning system in a transitional position, online network planning is completed, w-twork planning technology roadmap planning interface is mainly responsible for network planning interface with follow1 Yibin city rail transit ne-architecture research, planning and implementation of research and programming interfaces. Figure 1.7 and phases. Network planning process the whole process can be divided into four parts, namely, background research, networkues rch ideas. Technology reflects the various stages in the process, logical relations between various levels, research, techniqup and development of rail transit in Yibin city. 1.7 technical course technology is the project's research program and resea-te staring and supporting of Yibin city track traffic construction and formation of rail transit industry, provide conditions for the levels, system model, and technical standards. 5, to ensure that network can be implemented. 6, stable conditions for plannvision of Yibin city, and future development of rail transit network. 4, Yibin city, preliminary rail traffic levels servic of vision. 3, build, fitting in with the urban master plan in Yibin city rapid rail transit long term network, as well as the8