我国农村环境保护问题的几点探讨

我国农村环境保护问题的几点探讨 内 容 提 要 农村环境保护工作是一项系统工程～环境保护是指人类为解决现实的或潜在的环境问题～协调人类与环境的关系～保障经济社会的持续发展而采取的各种行动的总称。我国农村环境问题越来越突出,已经严重威胁到农民的生命健康和财产安全,如果不能得到有效控制,势必影响社会主义新农村建设的全局,影响整个社会的和谐稳定。 本文从公众层面、 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 层面、法制层面对我国农村环境保护形势及现状进行了分析～并结合实际对加强农村环境保护问题提出了意见。 electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 我国农村环境保护问题的几点探讨 ,灵台县环境监察大队 祁旺盛, 【关键词】农村 环境保护 探讨 环境问题是指由于人类活动作用于周围环境所引起的环境质量变化～以及这种变化对人类的生产、生活和健康造成的影响。随着我国农业生产的发展和农民生活水平的不断提高～农村环境污染问题也愈来愈显得突出:自然生态资源破坏日趋严重～生产、生活方式相对滞后～资源循环利用等节能措施不配套等～严重阻碍了全面建设小康社会及新农村建设的进程～有效治理农村环境问题迫在眉睫～是实现农业可持续发展的必然要求～而依法治理是解决农村环境问题的基本手段和必由之路。因此～农村环境治理必定是一项长期而又艰巨的任务。 一、农村环境问题的原因 农村环境问题产生的原因是多方面的～主要有以下几个方面: ,一,发展观念和策略层面上的原因 一些地方存在着单纯的经济观念～片面理解“发展是硬道理”而一味追求经济指标～在经济与环保发生冲突时～往往选择重经济轻环保～甚至不惜臵环境保护于牺牲品地位,一些地方秉承“靠electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 山吃山～靠水吃水”的传统观念～沾沾自喜于“得天独厚”的资源优势～选择了“杀鸡取卵、竭泽而渔”的掠夺型经济发展模式～臵环境于不顾,一些地方片面追求城市化速度～农村环境成为城市化的“嫁妆”～这样把局部利益与整体利益、短期效益与长远利益对立起来～严重违背了自然规律、经济发展规律与可持续发展战略的要求。 ,二,农村特定性原因 除了上述原因外～还有从农村的特点和现状中显现出的更深层次的原因: 1、农民及农村干部文化程度参差不齐～环境意识普遍不高, 2、农民小农意识严重～只图眼前利益～不顾可持续发展～急功近利地发展经济～忽视了长远的环境效益, 3、农村干部和农民环保法律意识淡薄～公众环保意识普遍较差。据调查～就全国而言～国民对于环境状况的认识大多是态度“中庸”～无敏感性～对许多基础性的环境问题缺少了解或根本不了解～而且相当一部分的社会公众不愿意主动地去获取环保知识。农村干部环保政策意识浓厚～法律意识淡薄～以环保政策的原则性、实践性、灵活性代替了环保法律法规的强制性、规范性、稳定性～造成农村环境法制建设障碍重重。 4、农村环境法制宣教的虚无。由于我国农村环保法整体上仍未形成一个完整的体系～宣教力度欠缺～农村环保法在广大农electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 村干部、群众头脑中仍是一个未知数。一些农民缺乏接近环保法、了解环保法的机会～于是也认识不了环保法的内在经济动因。 5、我国部分农村及农民的相对贫困问题与农村环境问题相交叉、相重叠～以至造成从相对贫困到农村环境恶化的恶性循环。由于贫困～一些农民只能依靠对自然资源的过度摄取维持生计～由此造成该地区生态环境的进一步恶化～造成农民物质生活基础的进一步薄弱而更加贫困。 6、农村自然资源的产权不清。自然资源作为生产和生活资料～在权利归属上属于国家所有～但其产生的相当部分的利润或产品却直接为私人所有～自然资源的产权不清直接造成了公有资源过度使用和滥用～同时也加剧了生态环境的恶化。 ,三,管理体制原因 目前我国还未形成一个统一而完善的环境管理体制。执法主体繁杂～多部门多层次上下级形不成垂直关系～致使责权不明～有些为了地方利益、部门利益而相互扯皮～互相推诿责任～使法律得不到有效执行～执法监督也变得苍白无力～从而使一些地方环境保护机构变成了本地区行政机关的附属机构～为了提高本地区的经济利益～而忽视了环境效益与社会效益～造成了环境污染日益严重。 二、农村环境保护问题的指导思想、基本原则和主要目标 ,一,指导思想。 electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 以科学发展观为指导～按照建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的要求～坚持以人为本和城乡统筹～把农村环境保护与改善农村人居环境、促进农业可持续发展、提高农民生活质量和健康水平以及保障农产品质量安全结合起来～切实抓好源头控制、过程管理、废弃物资源化利用～着力推进环境友好型的农村生产生活方式～促进社会主义新农村建设～为构建社会主义和谐社会提供环境安全保障。 ,二,基本原则。 统筹规划～突出重点。农村环境保护工作是一项系统工程～涉及农村生产和生活的各个方面～要统筹规划～分步实施。重点抓好农村饮用水水源地环境保护和饮用水水质卫生安全、农村改厕和粪便管理、生活污水和垃圾治理、农村环境卫生综合整治、农村地区工业污染防治、规模化畜禽养殖污染防治、土壤污染治理、农村自然生态保护。 因地制宜～分类指导。结合各地实际～按照东中西部自然生态环境条件和经济社会发展水平～采取不同的农村环境保护对策和措施。 依靠科技～创新机制。加强农村环保适用技术研究、开发和推广～充分发挥科技支撑作用～以技术创新促进农村环境问题的解决。积极创新农村环境管理政策～优化整合各类资金～建立政府、企业、社会多元化投入机制。 electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 政府主导～公众参与。发挥各级政府主导作用～落实政府保护农村环境的责任。维护农民环境权益～加强农民环境教育～建立和完善公众参与机制～鼓励和引导农民及社会力量参与、支持农村环境保护。 ,三,主要目标。 到2010年～农村环境污染加剧的趋势有所控制～农村饮用水水源地环境质量有所改善,经过2008年全国第一次污染源普查～摸清了土壤污染与农业污染源状况～农业面源污染防治取得一定进展～测土配方施肥技术覆盖率与高效、低毒、低残留农药使用率提高10%以上～农村畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆的资源化利用率以及生活垃圾和污水的处理率均提高10%以上,农村改水、改厕工作顺利推进～农村卫生厕所普及率达到65%～严重的农村环境健康危害得到有效控制,农村地区工业污染和生活污染防治取得初步成效～生态示范创建活动深入开展～农村环境监管能力得到加强～公众环保意识提高～农民生活与生产环境有所改善。 三、着力解决突出的农村环境问题 ,一,切实加强农村饮用水水源地环境保护和水质改善。把保障饮用水水质作为农村环境保护工作的首要任务。配合《全国农村饮水安全工程“十一五”规划》的实施～重点抓好农村饮用水水源的环境保护和水质监测与管理～根据农村不同的供水方式采取不同的饮用水水源保护措施。集中饮用水水源地应建立水源保护区～加强监测和监管～坚决依法取缔保护区内的排污口～禁electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 止有毒有害物质进入保护区。要把水源保护区与各级各类自然保护区和生态功能保护区建设结合起来～明确保护目标和管理责任～切实保障农村饮水安全。加强分散供水水源周边环境保护和监测～及时掌握农村饮用水水源环境状况～防止水源污染事故发生。制订饮用水水源保护区应急 预案 社区应急预案下载社区应急预案下载社区应急预案下载应急救援预案下载应急救援预案下载 ～强化水污染事故的预防和应急处理。大力加强农村地下水资源保护工作～开展地下水污染调查和监测～开展地下水水功能区划～制定保护规划～合理开发利用地下水资源。加强农村饮用水水质卫生监测、评估～掌握水质状况～采取有效措施～保障农村生活饮用水达到卫生标准。 ,二,大力推进农村生活污染治理。因地制宜开展农村污水、垃圾污染治理。逐步推进县域污水和垃圾处理设施的统一规划、统一建设、统一管理。有条件的小城镇和规模较大村庄应建设污水处理设施～城市周边村镇的污水可纳入城市污水收集管网～对居住比较分散、经济条件较差村庄的生活污水～可采取分散式、低成本、易管理的方式进行处理。逐步推广户分类、村收集、乡运输、县处理的方式～提高垃圾无害化处理水平。加强粪便的无害化处理～按照国家农村户厕卫生标准～推广无害化卫生厕所。把农村污染治理和废弃物资源化利用同发展清洁能源结合起来～大力发展农村户用沼气～综合利用作物秸秆～推广“猪-沼-果”、“四位,沼气池、畜禽舍、厕所、日光温室,一体”等能源生态模式～推行秸秆机械化还田、秸秆气化、秸秆发电等措施～逐步改善农村能源结构。 electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain ,三,严格控制农村地区工业污染。加强对农村工业企业的监督管理～严格执行企业污染物达标排放和污染物排放总量控制制度～防治农村地区工业污染。采取有效措施～防止城市污染向农村地区转移、污染严重的企业向西部和落后农村地区转移。严格执行国家产业政策和环保标准～淘汰污染严重和落后的生产项目、工艺、设备～防止“十五小”和“新五小”等企业在农村地区死灰复燃。 ,四,加强畜禽、水产养殖污染防治。大力推进健康养殖～强化养殖业污染防治。科学划定畜禽饲养区域～改变人畜混居现象～改善农民生活环境。鼓励建设生态养殖场和养殖小区～通过发展沼气、生产有机肥和无害化畜禽粪便还田等综合利用方式～重点治理规模化畜禽养殖污染～实现养殖废弃物的减量化、资源化、无害化。对不能达标排放的规模化畜禽养殖场实行限期治理等措施。开展水产养殖污染调查～根据水体承载能力～确定水产养殖方式～控制水库、湖泊网箱养殖规模。加强水产养殖污染的监管～禁止在一级饮用水水源保护区内从事网箱、围栏养殖,禁止向库区及其支流水体投放化肥和动物性饲料。 ,五,控制农业面源污染。综合采取技术、工程措施～控制农业面源污染。在做好农业污染源普查工作的基础上～着力提高农业面源污染的监测能力。大力推广测土配方施肥技术～积极引导农民科学施肥～在粮食主产区和重点流域要尽快普及。积极引导和鼓励农民使用生物农药或高效、低毒、低残留农药～推广病electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 虫草害综合防治、生物防治和精准施药等技术。进行种植业结构调整与布局优化～在高污染风险区优先种植需肥量低、环境效益突出的农作物。推行田间合理灌排～发展节水农业。 ,六,积极防治农村土壤污染。做好全国土壤污染状况调查～查清土壤污染现状～开展污染土壤修复试点～研究建立适合我国国情的土壤环境质量监管体系。加强对主要农产品产地、污灌区、工矿废弃地等区域的土壤污染监测和修复示范。积极发展生态农业、有机农业～严格控制主要粮食产地和蔬菜基地的污水灌溉～确保农产品质量安全。 ,七,加强农村自然生态保护。以保护和恢复生态系统功能为重点～营造人与自然和谐的农村生态环境。坚持生态保护与治理并重～加强对矿产、水力、旅游等资源开发活动的监管～努力遏制新的人为生态破坏。重视自然恢复～保护天然植被～加强村庄绿化、庭院绿化、通道绿化、农田防护林建设和林业重点工程建设。加快水土保持生态建设～严格控制土地退化和沙化。加强海洋和内陆水域生态系统的保护～逐步恢复农村地区水体的生态功能。采取有效措施～加强对外来有害入侵物种、转基因生物和病原微生物的环境 安全管理 企业安全管理考核细则加油站安全管理机构环境和安全管理程序安全管理考核细则外来器械及植入物管理 ～严格控制外来物种在农村的引进与推广～保护农村地区生物多样性。 四、 强化农村环境保护问题的工作措施 要加强农村环境保护工作～进一步改善农村环境质量～还应做好以下几个方面的工作: electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain ,一,完善农村环境保护的政策、法规、标准体系。抓紧研究、完善有关土壤污染防治、畜禽养殖污染防治等农村环境保护方面的法律制度。按照地域特点～研究制定村镇污水、垃圾处理及设施建设的政策、标准和规范～逐步建立农村生活污水和垃圾处理的投入和运行机制。对北方农业高度集约化地区、重要饮用水水源地、南水北调东中线沿线、重要湖泊水域和南方河网地区等水环境敏感地区～制定并颁布污染物排放及治理技术标准。加快制定农村环境质量、人体健康危害和突发污染事故相关监测、评价标准和方法。 ,二,建立健全农村环境保护 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 。各级政府要把农村环境保护工作纳入重要日程～研究部署农村环境保护工作～组织编制和实施农村环境保护相关规划～制订工作 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ～检查落实情况～及时解决问题。各级环保、发展改革、农业、建设、卫生、水利、国土、林业等部门要加强协调配合～进一步增强服务意识～提高管理效率～形成工作合力。加强农村环境保护能力建设～加大农村环境监管力度～逐步实现城乡环境保护一体化。建立村规民约～积极探索加强农村环境保护工作的自我管理方式～组织村民参与农村环境保护～深入开展农村爱国卫生工作。 ,三,加大农村环境保护投入。逐步建立政府、企业、社会多元化投入机制。中央集中的排污费等专项资金应安排一定比例用于农村环境保护。地方各级政府应在本级预算中安排一定资金用于农村环境保护～重点支持饮用水水源地保护、水质改善和卫electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 生监测、农村改厕和粪便管理、生活污水和垃圾处理、畜禽和水产养殖污染治理、土壤污染治理、有机食品基地建设、农村环境健康危害控制、外来有害入侵物种防控及生态示范创建的开展。加大对重要流域和水源地的区域污染治理的投入力度。加强投入资金的制度安排～研究制定乡镇和村庄两级投入制度。引导和鼓励社会资金参与农村环境保护。 ,四,增强科技支撑作用。在充分整合和利用现有科技资源的基础上～尽快建立和完善农村环保科技支撑体系。推动农村环境保护科技创新～大力研究、开发和推广农村生活污水和垃圾处理、农业面源污染防治、农业废弃物综合利用以及农村健康危害评价等方面的环保实用技术。建立农村环保适用技术发布制度～加快科研成果转化～通过试点示范、教育培训等方式～促进农村环保适用技术的应用。 ,五,加强农村环境监测和监管。建立和完善农村环境监测体系～定期公布全国和区域农村环境状况。加强农村饮用水水源地、自然保护区和基本农田等重点区域的环境监测。严格建设项目环境管理～依法执行环境影响评价和“三同时”等环境管理制度。禁止不符合区域功能定位和发展方向、不符合国家产业政策的项目在农村地区立项。加大环境监督执法力度～严肃查处违法行为。研究建立农村环境健康危害监测网络～开展污染物与健康危害风险评价工作～提高污染事故鉴定和处臵能力。 ,六,加大宣传、教育与培训力度。开展多层次、多形式的electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain 农村环境保护知识宣传教育～树立生态文明理念～提高农民的环境意识～调动农民参与农村环境保护的积极性和主动性～推广健康文明的生产、生活和消费方式。开展环境保护知识和技能培训活动～培养农民参与农村环境保护的能力。广泛听取农民对涉及自身环境权益的发展规划和建设项目的意见～尊重农民的环境知情权、参与权和监督权～维护农民的环境权益。 参考文献: [1]钱易～唐孝炎.《环境保护与可持续发展》 [M].北京:高等教育出版社～2000 [2]《中国环境污染控制对策》[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社～1998 [3]《环境保护》 [M].北京:煤炭工业出版社～2007.1 [4]《环境保护365》 [M].北京:北京市环境保护宣传教育中心～2007.1 electrophysiology basics, pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing, and dynamic electrocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill exercise testing and other techniques. Understand the basics of coronary angiography and interventional therapy. 2. basic requirements number of studying disease and ask the kinds of diseases in heart failure ... Science is a broad, high integrity of clinical medicine, it is closely associated with the clinical section and is the Foundation of clinical subjects. Within the scope of scientific research including respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, blood, endocrine, nervous system disease, nutrition, and metabolism of connective tissue, joints, physical and chemical factors, and mental diseases. Training objectives of the phase II basic training, training during residency are not professional. Training in internal medicine on which to enable the resident working basis. Requires accurate inquiry, writing a history, a comprehensive physical examination, General familiar with the Rotary section diagnosis and treatment (including diagnostic and treatment technologies), the basic master the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of internal medicine, has a certain