利用转矩流变仪进行PVC混合物热融合的标准实验方法(中英对照).

利用转矩流变仪进行PVC混合物热融合的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 实验 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 (中英对照). Designation: D 2538 – 02 标准号:D 2538 – 02 Standard Practice for Fusion of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds 1Using a Torque Rheometer 1利用转矩流变仪进行PVC混合物热融合实验的标准方法 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2538; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. 本标准公布的法定编号为D 2538;紧随编号后面的数字表示本标准正式通过的年份，若经修改则表示最新修订的年份。括号中的数字 表示最近一次重新审批的年份。文字右上角标注的希腊字母(ε)表示本标准最近一次修改或重新审批以来文字修订之处。 1. Scope范围 1.1 This practice covers the relative fusion characteristics of poly(vinyl chloride) compounds. 本标准方法适用于PVC混合物热融合特性的分析。 1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order:测试程序出现在下列章节: Procedures Section 程序 章节 Fusion Test 9 熔融 测试9 Thermal Stability Test 10 热稳定性 测试10 Color-Hold Stability Test 11 颜色保持稳定性 测试11 Shear Stability Test 12 剪切稳定性 测试12 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. SI单位为本标准的规定单位。 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8. NOTE 1—There are no ISO standards covering the primary subject matter of this ASTM standard. 这个标准的主旨不是处理所有的安全问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，如果有的话也与他的使用相关。标准的使用者有责任建立相应 的安全和健康 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 ，并且应在实施前审核确定规范的适用范围。有关危险性的警告见本标准的第8章。 注1:目前尚无ISO标准覆盖本标准的基本内容。 2. Referenced Documents参考文献 2.1 ASTM Standards:ASTM 标准: 22D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics 塑料术语 22D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics 塑料术语缩写 3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 3通过在多个实验室的研究实践确定测试精度的方法 3. Terminology术语 3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Terminologies D 883 and D 1600 unless otherwise indicated. 定义--除非另有规定,本标准中的术语按D 883和D 1600标准进行定义。 4. Summary of Practice实验摘要 4.1 A sample of powder-mix compound is added to the heated roller mixer chamber and is transformed into a fused mass.powder-mix 将混合均匀的粉末样品添加到加热了的双辊密炼器混炼至熔融。 4.2 The resulting torque curve can be used to determine the relative fusion time and fusion characteristics. 在这个过程中产生的转矩曲线可以用来确定相关的熔融时间和熔融特点。 5. Significance and Use意义与用途 5.1 When PVC compounds are mixed under appropriate conditions of heat and shear, a fused mass is produced. This mass has certain melt characteristics which can be defined with a torque rheometer operated under fixed conditions of shear and temperature. The fusion characteristics of a PVC compound are manifest as fusion time, fusion torque, melt torque,melt viscosity, and heat and color stability. PVC混合料在适当的热和剪切下混合、熔融生成熔体，该熔体具有一定的熔融特点。使用转矩流变仪可在 固定的剪切和温度条件下确定这一熔融特点。PVC混合物的熔融特点可以表征为:融合时间、融合扭矩、熔体 力矩、熔融粘度、热和颜色的稳定性。 5.2 A control lot is to be used as a standard against which other test results are to be compared. Test data are to be evaluated relative to the control lot. 掌握多个标准测试结果用于比较。对评价实验数据结果进行适当的控制。 6. Apparatus实验装置 46.1 Microprocessor Torque Rheometer,equipped with a high-shear mixer with roller-style blades, bowl-jacket thermocouple, stock thermocouple, and temperature recorder. 4微处理控制控制的转矩流变仪，配备轧辊型高剪切转子、铠装热电偶、stock热电偶和温度记录仪。 NOTE 2—A torque rheometer without microprocessor capability can be used to perform the fusion, thermal stability, and color hold tests. 注2:没有微处理器能力的扭矩仪可以用来做融合、热稳定性、以及颜色稳定性的测试 6.1.1 For flexible and rigid compounds, use a Type 6 roller head with a rotor ratio of 3 Drive: 2 Driven. 对于软质和硬质的混合物试样，使用6型转子按3:2的速比驱动。 NOTE 3—A Type 5 roller head can also be used, but the data generated cannot be compared with the Type 6 data. 注3:也可以使用5型转子,但所得的数据不能与使用6型转子所得的数据进行比较。 6.2 Quick-Loading Powder Chute or equivalent. 快速粉末加料槽或类似装置。 6.3 Brass Knife.铜制的刮刀 6.4 Brass Wool or Brush.铜丝刷或毛刷 6.5 Insulated Gloves.隔热手套 6.6 Balance, 500-g minimum capacity, with a 0.1-g sensitivity.天平，称量范围:500g，感量精度0.1g。 6.7 Beaker, stainless steel, 400 mL.广口不锈钢杯，容积:400ml。 6.8 Oven.电热鼓风干燥箱 6.9 Aluminum Foil. 铝箔 6.10 Timer. 计时器 6.11 Long-Nose Pliers.长头的夹钳 6.12 Hand-Press Mold.手动压片模具 1:is practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic Materials. Current edition approved August 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally published as D 2538 – 69. Last previous edition D 2538 – 95(01). 1:热塑性材料这个方面的实践是由ASTM学会的塑料委员会D20负责监管，并由该委员会的D20.15分委员会直接负责。现行的版本批准日 为2002年8月10日，2002年10月出版。原始的版本号D 2538 - 69。前一版本的版本号为D 2538 - 95(1)。 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. 2:ASTM标准年鉴，卷号08.01 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 3:ASTM标准年鉴，卷号:14.02 4 Suitable equipment may be obtained from C. W. Brabender, 50 E. Wesley St.,South Hackensack, NJ 07606, and Haake Buchler Instruments, 244 Saddle River Rd., Saddle Brook, NJ 07662. Copyright ? ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. 4:从以下地址可以得到合适的设备: C.W.Brabender流变仪，新泽西州-07606，哈肯萨克市，南韦斯利，50E号; Haake Buchler Instruments流变仪，新泽西州-07662，马鞍溪，鞍河路244号; 版权所有?ASTM国际，美国，宾夕法尼亚州19428-2959，西肖肯霍肯，巴尔港10号，邮政信箱C700。 7. Materials 材料 7.1 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Resin.聚氯乙烯树脂 7.2 Filter.样筛 7.3 Lubricants.润滑剂 7.4 Plasticizer.增塑剂 7.5 Process-Aid.加工助剂 7.6 Impact Modifier.抗冲击改性剂 7.7 Stabilizer.稳定剂 7.8 Pigments.颜料 8. Hazards危险性 8.1 Do not exceed the power capacity of the instrument, as damage to the mixer or to the torque rheometer may result. 不得超过规定的功率范围使用转矩流变仪，因为可能会造成密炼器、转矩传感器的损坏。 8.2 Do not attempt to clean or poke objects into the mixer while it is running. 流变仪在运转中，不要试图清洗运转部件或戳捣混合物试样。 8.3 Gloves with sufficient insulation to enable the operator to handle the hot equipment should be worn when conducting these tests. 操作人员应该佩戴有足够隔热能力的手套，以便从事接触仪器被加热部件的操作。 9. Fusion Test Method融合测试方法 9.1 Compound Preparation:混合物试样的制备 9.1.1 The compound may be beaker-mixed, blended in an intensive mixer or a ribbon blender, or blended and pelletized. If the compound is beaker-mixed, the total weight of the compound should equal the amount charged to the roller-head bowl. 这种混合物制备可以用杯状混合器，可以是一个强化式混合器或是螺带式混合器，或是混合与造粒。如果 这种混合物是用杯式混合器制备的，粉状混合物试样的总重量(译者注:体积)应该等于密炼室与转子头体积 之差 (译者注:密炼室的有效容积)。 9.2 Equipment Preparation:设备的准备 9.2.1 Mount the roller head on the torque rheometer.在转矩流变仪上安装密炼器组件。 9.2.2 Select a temperature/rotor speed combination that will permit the test to be completed within a reasonable time constraint. Suggested combinations for several types of PVC compound are found in Appendix X2. 选择温度/转子转速的实验参数组合，以使实验能合理的时间范围内完成。几种PVC混合料的建议性实验参 数组合见附录2。 在密炼器空运转的同时，将记录仪的笔置于记录纸的零点(译者注:该要求是对于配备长图记录仪而言)。 9.3 Procedure:程序 9.3.1 Determine the sample size to be added to the mixer,using the following formula: sample size =[(V-D)*65%]* specific gravity (1) where: V = volume of mixer bowl without rotors, and D = volume displacement or rotors. NOTE 4—The correct sample size for the mixer is when the fusion curve will duplicate itself. As the mixer wears, it will be necessary to increase the sample size to reproduce a fusion curve equivalent to previous curves. 确定添加到密炼器试样的数量，数量按照下面的公式(1)确定: 试样数量=[(V-D)*65%]* 试样相对密度(1) 其中: V=密炼室的体积 D=转子头的体积 注4:样品数量正确时混合融合曲线将可以重复。因为密炼器的磨损，必须增加样品的数量以使融合曲线与以前的同类样品的保持相当。 9.3.2 Weigh a sample of the test compound in accordance with 9.3.1. With the mixer running, position the quick-loading chute on the roller-head mixer and pour in the sample compound Place the ram into the chute and add the weight. When the torque curve indicates maximum torque has been reached, remove the loading chute and weight. 依照9.3.1称量测混合物料。密炼器的运转后(译者注:按照9.2.2选择的温度进行预热保温后启动密炼器)， 将快速加料槽安装在密炼器上，加入混合料。然后将上顶栓装入加料槽内，并在其上施加载荷。当扭矩曲线达 到最大值时，去除加料槽和载荷。 9.3.3 Continue mixing until the melt torque achieves a steady state. 继续混炼直到熔体转矩呈现稳定的状态(译者注:平衡转矩) 9.3.4 Stop the mixer and open the bowl. Clean the compound from the bowl and blades using the brass knife or wool, or both. 停止密炼器的运转打开密炼室。使用铜刮刀、铜丝刷或羊毛刷将密炼器组件上(译者注:密炼室内腔及板面 的结合面、转子)的残留混合物清理干净。 9.3.5 Reassemble the mixing bowl and repeat 9.3.2-9.3.4 for additional tests. Since some cooling takes place when cleaning the bowl, allow sufficient time to confirm that the mixing bowl has reached equilibrium at the test temperature before using again. 重新装配密炼器并重复9.3.2-9.3.4做其它实验。由于在清理密炼器组件的过程中组件的冷却降温，所以在再 次使用前应该有足够的时间加热并确定其已经平衡达到了设定的测试温度。 NOTE 5—The quick-loading chute should be at the same temperature at the start of each test. Heat or cool as required. 注5: 每次实验开始时应保证快速加料槽在同一温度。按要求进行加热或冷却。 9.4 Interpretation of Torque Rheometer Curve (Fig. 1):对转矩流变曲线的解释(图1): 9.4.1 Fusion Torque—The point of maximum torque.融合转矩-最大转矩点(译者注:塑化转矩，忽略装载峰转矩)。 9.4.2 Fusion Time—The time from the point of loading to the point of maximum torque. 融合时间-自装载峰转矩至融合转矩的时间。 9.4.3 Melt Torque—The fusion where the torque curve is relatively flat. 熔化转矩-融化转矩曲线相对平坦时对应的转矩值(译者注:平衡转矩)。 9.5 Report—Report the following information:报告—报告提供以下资料: 9.5.1 The fusion torque to the nearest 100 m?g.融合转矩精确到到100米?克。 9.5.1.1 Report to the nearest 25 m?g when using a 0 to 1000 scale.当使用一个0到1000范围时，报告精确到25米?克。 9.5.2 The fusion time to the nearest 1⁄2 min.融合时间精确到1⁄2分钟。 9.5.3 The melt torque to the nearest 100 m?g.熔体转矩精确到到100米?克。 9.5.3.1 Report to the nearest 25 m?g when using a 0 to 1000 scale.当使用一个0到1000范围时，报告精确到25米?克。 NOTE 6—If the melt torque is not steady, approximate the value and note whether the torque is increasing or decreasing. 注6:如果熔体扭矩是不稳定的， 可近似估计值并注明扭矩是增加还是降低。 9.5.4 Temperature of test, rotor revolutions per minute, and sample size used. 温度的测量值、转子每分钟转数、使用样品的数量。 10. Thermal Stability Test Method热稳定性试验方法 10.1 Prepare the test compound in accordance with 9.1.按照9.1的规定准备实验物料。 10.2 Prepare the test equipment in accordance with 9.2.按照9.2规定准备测试设备。 10.3 Procedure:程序 10.3.1 Weigh a sample of the test compound in accordance with 9.3.1. With the mixer running, position the quick-loading chute on the roller-head mixer and pour in the sample compound.Place the ram into the chute and add the weight. When the torque curve indicates fusion, remove the loading chute and weight. 依照9.3.1称量样品进行测试。密炼器的运转后(译者注:按照9.2.2选择的温度进行预热保温后启动密炼器)，。 将快速加料槽安装在密炼器上，加入混合料。然后将上顶栓装入加料槽内，并在其上施加载荷。当扭矩曲线表 明物料已经熔融时，去除加料槽和载荷。 10.3.2 Continue running until there is a sudden rise in the torque curve, indicating decomposition of the PVC compound. 当扭矩曲线上扭矩突然升高时，停止混炼。这表明PVC混合料发生了降解。10.3.3 Stop the mixer and open the bowl. Clean the compound from the bowl and blades using the brass knife or wool, or both. 停止密炼器的运转打开密炼室。使用铜刮刀、铜丝刷或羊毛刷将密炼器组件上(译者注:密炼室内腔及板面 的结合面、转子)的残留混合物清理干净。 10.3.4 Reassemble the mixing bowl and repeat 10.3.1-10.3.3 for additional tests. Confirm that the bowl has reached the test temperature before starting. 重新装配密炼器并重复10.3.1-10.3.3做其它实验。由于在清理密炼器组件的过程中组件的冷却降温，所以在 再次使用前应该有足够的时间加热并确定其已经平衡达到了设定的测试温度。 10.4 Interpretation of Torque Rheometer Curve (Fig. 1):对转矩流变曲线的解释(图1): FIG. 1 Torque Rheometer Curve转矩流变曲线 10.4.1 Compound Heat Stability—The time from the point of maximum torque (fusion torque) to the point of sudden torque increase.混合粉试样的热稳定性--自最大转矩(塑化转矩)至平衡段转矩突然升高的时间 。 10.5 Report—Report the following information: 报告—报告提供以下资料: 10.5.1 The compound heat stability to the nearest 1⁄2 min,and复合热稳定性精确到1⁄2分钟。 10.5.2 The temperature of test, rotor revolutions per minute,and the sample size used. 温度的测试值、转子每分钟转数、使用样品的数量。 11. Color-Hold Stability Test Method颜色保持稳定性的试验方法 11.1 Prepare the test compound in accordance with 9.1. 按照9.1的规定准备测试用物料。 11.2 Prepare the test equipment in accordance with 9.2.按照9.2规定准备测试设备。 11.3 Procedure:程序 11.3.1 Weigh a sample of the test compound in accordance with 9.3.1. With the mixer running, position the quick-loading chute on the roller-head mixer and pour in the sample compound.Place the ram into the chute and add the weight. When the torque curve indicates fusion, remove the loading chute and the weight. 依照9.3.1称量样品进行测试。密炼器的运转后(译者注:按照9.2.2选择的温度进行预热保温后启动密炼器)， 将快速加料槽安装在密炼器上，加入混合料。然后将上顶栓装入加料槽内，并在其上施加载荷。当扭矩曲线表 明物料已经熔融时，去除加料槽和载荷。 11.3.2 Using the point of maximum torque (fusion torque) as zero time, remove a sample of the compound at regular time intervals of 2, 3, or 5 min. Stop the rotors and use a pair of long-nose pliers to remove a sample from the bowl. Restart the rotors. Place the compound into a hand press to shape the sample. Trim the sample and return the excess to the mixing bowl. 当达到最大转矩(塑化转矩)时，时间记为0，抽取样品的时间间隔可以是2、3或是5分钟。抽样时应该 在密炼转子停转后(译者注:还需要卸掉密炼室上的喂料和加载装置)进行，用长头的夹钳在密炼室里夹取一 块试样料。重新启动密炼转子。将试样置于手动压片模具中成型。清理试样并把多余的试样料投入密炼室。 11.3.3 Mount the samples in a sequential time order.将片状试样按抽样时间顺序排列。 11.3.4 Continue sampling until the desired color change has been observed. 继续按确定的时间间隔抽样直到发现预期的颜色变化时为止。 NOTE 7—Depleting the sample from the bowl can affect the amount of working the compound receives. Select a time sequence that does not remove more than half the sample. 注7:样品的消耗会影响到密炼器中混合物的量。选择合适的抽样数量和抽样时间间隔，以保证测试结束时密炼室内保留有一半以上的混合 物样品。 11.3.5 Stop the mixer and open the bowl. Clean the compound from the bowl and blades, using the brass knife or wool, or both. 停止密炼器的运转打开密炼室。使用铜刮刀、铜丝刷或羊毛刷将密炼器组件上(译者注:密炼室内腔及板面 的结合面、转子)的残留混合物清理干净。 11.3.6 Reassemble the mixing bowl and repeat 11.3.1-11.3.5 for additional tests. Confirm that the bowl has reached the test temperature before starting. 重新装配密炼器并按重复11.3.1-10.3.5做其它实验。由于在清理密炼器组件的过程中组件的冷却降温，所以 在再次使用前应该有足够的时间加热并确定其已经平衡达到了设定的测试温度。 11.4 Report—Report the following information: 报告—报告提供以下资料: 11.4.1 The time to equivalent color change and与时间对应的试样的颜色改变。 11.4.2 The temperature of test, rotor revolutions per minute,and the sample size used. 实验温度、转子每分钟转数、使用样品的数量。 11.5 Alternative Procedure:交替使用的程序: 11.5.1 Weigh a sample of the test compound in accordance with 9.3.1. With the mixer running, position the quick-loading chute on the roller-head mixer and pour in the sample compound.Place the ram into the chute and add the weight. When the torque curve indicates fusion, remove the loading chute and the weight. 依照9.3.1称量样品进行测试。随着密炼器的运转(译者注:按照9.2.2选择的温度进行预热保温后启动密炼 器)，将快速加料槽安装在密炼器上，加入混合料。然后将上顶栓装入加料槽内，并在其上施加载荷。当扭矩 曲线表明物料已经熔融时，去除加料槽和载荷。 11.5.2 Using the point of maximum torque (fusion torque) as zero time, run the mixer until the compound starts to discolor. Stop the mixer, remove the contents, and press into a plaque. 当达到最大转矩(塑化转矩)时，时间记为0，按确定的时间间隔抽样。停转密炼转子、夹取试样料、用手 动压片模具制成片状试样。 11.5.3 Clean the bowl and blades and reassemble the mixer.清理密炼器组件和重新装配密炼器。 11.5.4 Run additional tests, stopping at the same point in time as 11.5.2. 进行其他测试的程序同11.5.2。 11.5.5 Measure the color of the plaque in a Hunter Colorimeter (or equivalent). 使用亨特色度计(或等同的其他仪器)测量试样的颜色。 11.6 Report—Report the following information: 报告—报告提供以下资料: 11.6.1 The color number measured on the pressed plaque and测量的试样的颜色值。 11.6.2 The temperature of the test, rotor revolutions per minute, the sample size, and the time as determined in 11.5.2. 实验温度、转子每分钟转数、使用样品的数量和按照11.5.2确定的取样间隔时间。 12. Shear Stability Test Method剪切稳定性试验方法 12.1 Prepare the test compound in accordance with 9.1.按照9.1的规定准备测试物料。 12.2 Prepare the test equipment in accordance with 9.2.按照9.2规定准备测试设备。 NOTE 8—Use the microprocessor torque rheometer for this test. 注8:用微处理器控制的转矩流变仪做该测试。 12.3 Procedure:程序 12.3.1 Set the microprocessor for the desired temperature and program the revolutions per minute as follows: 按照下面的规定在转矩流变仪的微处理器上设置温度、程序和密炼转子的转速: 12.3.1.1 Run at preselected revolutions per minute for ten min.按照预定的转速运转10分钟。(译者注 :或是达到塑 化平衡状态) 12.3.1.2 Return to 0 r/min.设定停止密炼转子运转。 12.3.1.3 Program the speed control to run from 0 to 100 r/min in 1 min and stop. 设定在1分钟内将密炼转子的转速由0转/分钟提高到100转/分钟后停转。 12.3.2 When the bowl temperature has stabilized, weigh out a sample of the test compound. Position the quick-loading chute on the roller-head mixer, turn on the torque rheometer, and pour in the sample compound. Place the ram into the chute and add the weight. When the ram bottoms, remove the loading chute. 当密炼器的加热温度稳定时，启动密炼器将待测试的混合物样品经位于密炼器上方的喂料装置加入密炼器 后塞入加载活塞。当加载活塞到底时卸除喂料加载装置。 12.3.3 When the sample run is finished, use the microprocessor to plot the torque versus revolutions per minute. Use the plotted curve for analysis. 当样品测试运行完成了的时候,使用微处理器来绘制转矩和转子转速关系图。应用绘制的曲线进行分析。 12.3.4 When the mixer has stopped, open the bowl. Clean the compound from the bowl and blades, using the brass knife or wool, or both. 当密炼器停止运转后，打开密炼室，使用铜刮刀、铜丝刷或羊毛刷将密炼器组件上(译者注:密炼室内腔及 板面的结合面、转子)的残留混合物清理干净。 12.3.5 Reassemble the mixing bowl and repeat 12.3.1-12.3.5 for additional tests. 重新装配密炼器，然后再重复按照12.3.1-12.3.5做有关的检查。 13. Interpretation of Torque Rheometer Results。有关转矩流变结果的解释 13.1 Visual Analysis:视觉分析: 13.1.1 The first 10 min of the graph represents a standard fusion curve which can be used to determine the fusion time, fusion torque and melt, or stabilized torque. 图的前10分钟表示了一个标准熔融曲线,可以用来确定融合时间、融合转矩和融化或稳定转矩(译者注:平衡转 矩)。 13.1.2 The torque versus revolutions per minute plot can be used as a relative comparison of shear sensitivity. 转矩和转子转速关系图可以用来作为剪切敏感性的一种相对比较。 13.1.3 Bearing in mind that a straight inclined line would denote a Newtonian material, the shear sensitivity can be estimated by the degree of arc. A large arc or loop denotes more shear-sensitive material than does a smaller arc or loop. A visual observation can be made to determine the relative shear sensitivity between sample materials. 牢记那条倾斜的直线是针对牛顿流体材料，弧度可以预计其剪切敏感性。一个大的弧度表征的材料剪切敏感损 伤可能要超过一个比较小的弧度的。通过对图形可以直观地确定样品材料的之间的相对剪切敏感性。 译者注:聚合物熔体的粘度不随剪切速率的变化而变化，称为牛顿流体。具有牛顿流动特性的熔体材料称为牛顿流体材料 13.2 Technical Analysis:技术分析: 13.2.1 The torque versus revolutions per minute plotted graph can be used in conjunction with the microprocessor software to provide a shear-sensitivity index number. The software is programmed to give such a number. A higher index number denotes a more shear-sensitive material. 使用微处理器来绘制转矩和转子转速关系图时，软件提供一个剪切敏感性指数。该软件可以提供许多这方 面的数据。指数越高表明材料的剪切敏感性越大。 13.2.2 The calculation programmed into the software is shown in the Appendix X1. 计算编程软件显示在附录X1 14. Precision and Bias精度和偏差 14.1 Table 1 is based on a round robin5 conducted in 2001 in accordance with Practice E 691, involving five rigid PVC dry blend compounds tested by ten laboratories. All laboratories used a computerized torque rheometer and a single zone electrically heated mixer/measuring head (3:2 gear ratio) to process the samples. For each material, all the samples were prepared at one source, but the individual specimens were prepared at the laboratories that tested them. Each sample was tested three times on two separate days yielding six points per data value. 表1是基于按照规范E 691在2001年进行的系列测试，它涉及十个实验室测试的五种硬聚氯乙烯的干燥混合 物样品。所有实验室都用电子计算机控制的转矩流变仪和一个(转子按3:2的速比驱动的)电加热密炼器来测试 样品。所有的样品都来自同一原料，但每个样品都在实验室分别制备。每个样品在单独的两天各测试三次，得 到六组评估数据。 NOTE 9—Caution: The explanation of r and R (14.2-14.2.3) is only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table 1 should not be applied to acceptance or rejection of materials, as these data apply only to the materials tested in the round robin and are unlikely to be rigorously representative of other lots, formulations, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this method should apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691 to generate data specific to their materials and laboratory (or between specific laboratories). The principles of 14.2-14.2.3 would then be valid for such data. 5 Supporting data giving results of the round robin have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters. Request RR: D20–XXXX. 注9:注意:关于r和R的解释(14.2-14.2.3)在目前仅考虑一种有意义的近似精度的测试方法。表1中的数据不应当用于接受或拒绝材料，因为这 些数据只适用于系列材料测试，并不太可能有更多的严格代表意义，因为涉及到 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 、环境条件、材料及实验室等方面的差异。具体到在 实践中产生的数据、材料和实验室(或在具体实验室)，使用者采用的方法应符合规范E 691的基本原则。14.2-14.2.3的原则、有关资料、有效 结果及系列支持数据已经提交给ASTM国际总部。申请RR:D20-XXXX。 TABLE 1 Round Robin Test Results 表1 系列测试结果 Parameter 1– Fusion Torque, Point X (Newton-meters), Mean Level in Ascending Order 参数1:融合扭矩，X点(N*m)，按升序排列的平均水平 Within Laboratories Between Laboratories 实验室 实验室之间 Material Mean Level Sr r (r) SR R (R) 材料 平均水平值 Sr r (r) SR R (R) Material C 29.5 0.58 1.62 5.5 % 2.40 6.72 22.8 % Material B 30.3 0.78 2.18 7.2 % 2.47 6.92 22.8 % Material E 31.4 0.39 1.08 3.4 % 2.00 5.59 17.8 % Material A 35.2 1.15 3.21 9.1 % 2.57 7.19 20.4 % Material D 39.1 1.05 2.94 7.5 % 3.20 8.97 23.0 % Pooled Values 33.1 0.79 2.21 6.6 % 2.53 7.08 21.4 % 算术平均值 Parameter 2– Fusion Torque Temperature, (degrees Celsius), Mean Level in Ascending Order 参数2:融合扭矩的温度，(摄氏度)，按升序排列的平均水平 Within Laboratories Between Laboratories 实验室 实验室之间 Material Mean Level Sr r (r) SR R (R) 材料 平均水平值 Sr r (r) SR R (R) Material B 171.0 0.97 2.71 1.6 % 1.52 4.25 2.5 % Material D 174.0 1.62 4.53 2.6 % 3.72 10.41 6.0 % Material E 181.6 1.38 3.85 2.1 % 4.97 13.92 7.7 % Material A 183.2 2.09 5.86 3.2 % 4.73 13.24 7.2 % Material C 188.6 0.82 2.30 1.2 % 2.23 6.25 3.3 % Pooled Values 179.7 1.38 3.85 2.1 % 3.43 9.61 5.3 % 算术平均值 Parameter 3– End Torque, Point E (Newton-meters), Mean Level in Ascending Order 参数3:结束时的扭矩，(N*m)，按升序排列的平均水平 Within Laboratories Between Laboratories 实验室 实验室之间 Material Mean Level Sr r (r) SR R (R) 材料 平均水平值 Sr r (r) SR R (R) Material B 17.9 0.30 0.85 4.8 % 0.79 2.21 12.3 % Material E 22.5 0.26 0.73 3.3 % 0.90 2.53 11.3 % Material C 23.6 0.48 1.33 5.6 % 0.91 2.55 10.8 % Material A 25.5 0.35 0.98 3.8 % 0.95 2.65 10.4 % Material D 27.9 0.64 1.78 6.4 % 1.06 2.98 10.7 % Pooled Values 23.5 0.41 1.14 4.8 % 0.92 2.58 11.1 % 算术平均值 Parameter 4– Fusion Time (s), Time at Fusion Minus Time at Load Torque, Mean Level in Ascending Order 参数4:融合时间(秒)，减去在融合在负载转矩，按升序排列的平均水平 Within Laboratories Between Laboratories 实验室 实验室之间 Material Mean Level Sr r (r) SR R (R) 材料 平均水平值 Sr r (r) SR R (R) Material D 40.7 4.78 13.39 32.9 % 7.45 20.86 51.2 % Material B 47.3 2.65 7.41 15.7 % 9.58 26.82 56.7 % Material E 56.8 3.91 10.94 19.2 % 13.21 36.99 65.1 % Material A 70.6 7.61 21.31 30.2 % 13.36 37.40 52.9 % Material C 85.6 8.15 22.83 26.7 % 20.38 57.05 66.6 % Pooled Values 60.2 5.42 15.17 24.9 % 12.79 35.82 58.5 % 算术平均值 NOTE 10—Symbols are defined as follows:注10:字母符号定义如下: Sr= within laboratory standard deviationSr =实验室标准偏差 r = within laboratory repeatability, measurement unitsr =在实验室重复性，(相应的计量单位) (r) = within laboratory repeatability, %(r)=在实验室的重复性，% SR= between laboratory standard deviationSR =在实验室之间的标准偏差 R = between laboratory reproducibility, measurement unitsR =在实验室之间的重复性，(相应的计量单位) (R) = between laboratory reproducibility, %R =在实验室之间的重复性，% 14.2 Concept of r and R in Table 1—If Sr and SR have been calculated from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were averages from testing one point for each test result,then: 关于表1中r和R的概念—如果Sr和S由来自于足够多的测试结果数据计算得出，同时实验结果又是所有测试结果R 的平均值，则: 14.2.1 Repeatability (r)—Two results obtained within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the r-value, where r = 2.8Sr. r is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material, obtained by the same operator using the same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory. 重复性(r)—如果同一实验室得到的两个实验结果的差别大于r的值(r=2.8Sr)，则判定它们是不相等的。其中r 是一偏差，代表着同一材料两个测试结果间的临界差，可通过同一操作者在同一天、同一设备、同一实验室所 做实验获得。 14.2.2 Reproducibility (R)—Two results obtained between two laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R-value, where R = 2.8SR. R is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the same material, obtained by a different operators using different equipment on different days. 重复性(R)--如果两个实验室得到的两个实验结果的差别大于R的值(R=2.8SR)，则判定它们是不相等的。其中 R是一偏差，代表着同一材料两个测试结果间的临界差，可通过不同一操作者不在同一天、不在同一设备所做实 验获得。 14.2.3 Any judgment in accordance with 14.2.1 or 14.2.2would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being correct. 所有的依据14.2.1或14.2.2作出的判断会有约95%的正确性。 15. Keywords关键词 15.1 color stability; fusion of PVC compound; heat stability;PVC compounds; rheometry 颜色稳定性，PVC混合物的熔融，热稳定性，PVC混合物，流变仪。 APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)附录(非强制性信息 ) X1. CALCULATION OF SHEAR SENSITIVITY 剪切敏感性计算 X1.1 The torque versus revolutions per minute curve at test temperature can be obtained by using speed programming. Use the first half of the torque versus revolutions per minute curve (0 to 50 r/min) in order to avoid melt temperature rise due to frictional heat (Fig. X1.1). 使用速度程序模式可得到测试温度下的转矩-转子转速曲线。为了避免由于摩擦热造成的熔体温度过度上 升，使用转矩-转数曲线的前半段(0到50转/分钟) (图.X1.1)。 M1 转矩 Revolutions per minute每分钟转数 FIG. X1.1 Torque Versus Revolutions Per Minute Curve 转矩与每分钟转数 .2 Draw a reference line from the origin to the intercept between the reference revolutions per minute and the torque curve at 50 r/min as shown in Fig. X1.2. 在转矩与转数曲线上选取50转/分钟对应的截点，然后通过该截点与坐标原点间画一条参考线,如图X1.2。 M1 转矩 参考线 50rpm Revolutions per minute每分钟转数 FIG. X1.2 Reference Curve参考曲线 X1.3 Calculation—Calculate the shear sensitivity of pseudoplastics, S, as shown in Fig. X1.3. 计算—假塑性体的剪切敏感性S的计算,如图X1.3所示(译者注:S=A/B)。 M1 转矩 A B Revolutions per minute每分钟转数 where:点 A = area of arc,弧形面积 B = area of triangle, and三角形面积 M = torque (m?g).转矩(克*米) FIG. X1.3 Shear Sensitivity of Pseudoplastic Materials假塑性体材料的剪切敏感性 译者注:聚合物熔体的粘度随着剪切速率的增大而变小，称为假塑性。是一种非牛顿流体。具有假塑性的熔体称为假塑性体。 X1.4 Data Interpretation (see Fig. X1.3):数据解释(见图.X1.3) X1.4.1 If the shear-sensitivity index approaches one (powerlaw index n approaches zero), it is more shear sensitive. 如果剪切敏感指数接近于1(幂律指数n接近0)，愈加呈剪切敏感。 X1.4.2 If the shear-sensitivity approaches zero (n approaches one), it is less shear sensitive. 如果剪切敏感指数接近零(幂律指数n接近1)，剪切敏感性越小。 X2. SUGGESTED TEMPERATURE/ROTOR SPEED COMBINATIONS FOR PVC COMPOUNDS 建议的PVC混合物温度/转速组合 X2.1 Suggested temperature/rotor speed combinations for 建议的温度/转速的组合如下 PVC compounds are as follows:PVC混合物如下 Compound Type Suggested Set Temperature/Rotor Speed 混合物类型 建议的温度/转速的组合 Flexible Compound 140?C (284?F) @ 31 r/min 软制品混合物 Semirigid Compound 180?C (356?F) @ 50 r/min 半硬制品混合物 Rigid Compound 197?C (387?F) @ 60 r/min 硬制品混合物 ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. ASTM在本标准中所提到的项目在国际间应用时没有考虑任何专利权的有效性。明确告知本标准的使用者确定任何专利权的有效性及侵权风险,完全是其自身的责任。 This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. 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Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org). 本标准的版权属于ASTM(美国材料试验协会)，美国，宾夕法尼亚州19428-2959，西肖肯霍肯，巴尔港10号，邮政信箱C700。个人需要时(单页或多页的副本)，到上述地址联系ASTM(美国材料试验协会)或610-832-9585(电话)，610-832-9555(传真)，或service@astm.org(电子邮件)，或者通过ASTM的网站(www.astm.org)就可以获得该标准。 聚合物熔体的粘度随着剪切速率的增大而变小，称为假塑性。是一种非牛顿流体。具有假塑性的熔体称为假塑性体。 聚合物熔体的粘度不随剪切速率的变化而变化，称为牛顿流体。具有牛顿流动特性的熔体材料称为牛顿流体材料 对于聚合物熔体需要用一条剪切粘度对剪切速率的曲线，表征其流动特性。 古今名言 敏而好学，不耻下问——孔子 业精于勤，荒于嬉;行成于思，毁于随——韩愈 兴于《诗》，立于礼，成于乐——孔子 己所不欲，勿施于人——孔子 读书破万卷，下笔如有神——杜甫 读书有三到，谓心到，眼到，口到——朱熹 立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本——欧阳修 读万卷书，行万里路——刘彝 黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟——颜真卿 书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲——于谦 书犹药也，善读之可以医愚——刘向 莫等闲，白了少年头，空悲切——岳飞 发奋识遍天下字，立志读尽人间书——苏轼 鸟欲高飞先振翅，人求上进先读书——李苦禅 立志宜思真品格，读书须尽苦功夫——阮元 非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远——诸葛亮 熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟——孙洙《唐诗三百首序》 书到用时方恨少，事非经过不知难——陆游 问渠那得清如许，为有源头活水来——朱熹 旧书不厌百回读，熟读精思子自知——苏轼 书痴者文必工，艺痴者技必良——蒲松龄 声明 访问者可将本资料提供的内容用于个人学习、研究或欣赏，以及其他非商业性或非盈利性用途，但同时应遵守著作权法 及其他相关法律的规定，不得侵犯本文档及相关权利人的合法权利。谢谢合作～