汽车车灯图解大全

汽车车灯图解大全 (一)示廓灯的使用及操作.............................................................................................. 1 (二)近、远光灯的使用及操作....................................................................................... 3 (三)雾灯的使用及操作 ................................................................................................. 6 (四)日间行车灯的使用及操作....................................................................................... 8 (五)双闪灯的运用及操作.............................................................................................. 9 (六)制动灯的运用及操作.............................................................................................11 (七)牌照灯的使用及操作.............................................................................................11 (八)倒车灯的使用及操作............................................................................................ 12 (九)转向灯的使用及操作............................................................................................ 13 (十) 阅读灯的使用方法 .................................................................................................. 15 (一)示廓灯的使用及操作 示廓灯 示廓灯定义:示廓灯也叫示宽灯，俗称小灯。光从字面上看，“示”是警示的意思;“廓” 有轮廓之意，所以示廓灯是一种警示标志的车灯，用来提醒其它车辆注意的示意灯。这种灯一般安装在汽车顶部的边缘处，这既能表示汽车高度又能表示宽度。安全 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 规定在车高高于三米的汽车必须安装示廓灯。 示廓灯使用:示廓灯的颜色为前白后红， 如下图所示，将灯光开关开至第一挡时，前后亮的灯就是示廓类。示廓灯用于在傍晚行驶时，让别的车辆看见。当你从后视镜看不清楚后边的时候，就该点亮小灯，特别是下雨天。但是很多司机会用示廓灯代替近光灯在黑暗中行车，这是很危险的，因为示宽灯并无法照亮前方道路。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 《交通法》相关规定:第六十条机动车在道路上发生故障或者发生交通事故，妨碍交通又难以移动的，应当按照规定开启危险报警闪光灯并在车后50米至100米处设置警告标志，夜间还应当同时开启示廓灯和后位灯。夜间发生故障或事故未开示廓灯和后位灯的罚款200。 (二)近、远光灯的使用及操作 近光灯、远光灯 近光灯定义:近光灯就是为了近距离照明，设计要求就是照射范围大(160?)，照射距离短，聚光度也无法调节。近光灯的照射距离约有30-40米左右。远光灯的照射高度比近光灯要高，因此能够照亮更高更远的物体.根据实验得知:夜间以55公里/小时速度行驶时，发现情况立即踩制动，停车距离正好30米。即当在近光灯照射范围内发现情况到立即停车，车与物体之间已无间隙。当然这是在车况、路况及驾驶员反应均良好情形下，如果高于这一车速，车况、路况较差和驾驶员疲劳反应时间长等情况下，其结果可想而知了。因此，夜间行车一定要控制车速。在平坦宽阔、视线良好的道路上使用远光灯时，车速可适当加快;而在会车又遇上路面不平或转弯或桥梁或窄路或交叉路口等复杂情况时应减速慢行，车速一般控制在40公里/小时以内。 示宽灯的下一档就是大灯，也就是远近光灯。它的主要作用是汽车行驶时照明，原车的 远近光不可以同时打开，也就是远近灯光的切换，切换手柄在方向盘左下侧，上下拨动可以 切换远近光。经改装了的灯，打开近光时近光亮，打开远光时远近光同时亮。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 如图所示远光灯的照射高度比近光灯要高，因此能够照亮更远的物体，近光灯一般在有灯光照射的公路上使用。远光灯则在没有灯光照明的公路上使用，也会经常被用于照亮远处公路上方的路牌。 近光灯的使用:在以下几种情况下必须打开近光灯:在天黑没有路灯的地段开车以及在傍晚天色较暗或黎明曙光初现时开车，都必须打开近光灯;如果赶上大雾、下雪或大雨天气，视线受阻，那么即使在白天也必须打开近光灯;在一些路段虽然有照明设备，但亮度不够，这时也应该打开近光灯。 要注意的是，在傍晚判断自己是否应该打开近光灯时，可以看看自己的后视镜。如果你从后视镜中看后车已经开始模糊，那么就意味着应该及时打开近光灯了。 远光灯的使用:只有在路上没有其它照明设备，而且对面没有车辆行驶的情况下，才能使用远光灯。否则会严重干扰对方视线，甚至造成交通事故。一定要小心不要误将远光灯当近光灯用。碰到以下几种情况必须立即将远光灯换成近光灯:一是对面有车开来，二是离前面同方向的车距离较近，三是当路上已经有足够的照明度，还有就是在过铁路交叉道口和回到交通繁忙的街道上的时候。一些司机朋友也许遇到过这种情况:对面车的司机很不友好地开了远光灯，这种情况下应该怎么做呢?别急，专家教你两招:一是不看它的大灯，将视线移到车的右侧;二是放慢车速，适当鸣笛，实在不行就停车。 《交通法》相关规定: 《道路交通安全法》第四十八条规定: (一)在没有中心隔离设施或者没有中心线的道路会车时，距相对方向来车150米内不能使用远光灯。 (二)在没有中心隔离设施或者没有中心线的窄桥、窄路与非机动车会车时不能使用远光灯。 (三)通过有交通信号控制的交叉路口，转弯时不能使用远光灯。 (四)夜间没有路灯、照明不良或者遇有雾、雨、雪、沙尘等低能见度的情况下行驶时，同方向行驶的后车与前车近距离行驶时，不能使用远光灯。 (五)夜间超车时，应远近光灯交替使用，提醒前方车辆。 (六)在照明较好的城区不宜使用远光灯。 (三)雾灯的使用及操作 雾灯 雾灯定义:从名称上就很容易理解，雾灯是在大雾天气里使用的灯光信号，雾灯在雾中的穿透力更强，因此更容易让车辆或行人及早注意到。雾灯分前雾灯和后雾灯，前雾灯一般为明亮的白色，后雾灯则为红色。后雾灯的标志和前雾灯有一点区别，前雾灯标志的灯光线条是向下的，后雾灯的是平行的， 一般位于车内的仪表控制台上。由于防雾灯亮度高、穿透性强，不会因雾气而产生漫反射，所以正确使用能够有效预防事故的发生。在有雾的天气，前后雾灯通常是 一起使用的。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 雾灯使用:如下图所示，遇到雾、雨、雪天气，视线不清的时候，就必须打开前雾灯，白天也不能例外。许多车型都将雾灯设计成跟位置灯或近光灯共同使用。有的司机在大雾天气只使用远光灯，这是很危险的。因为远光灯的设计是大面积照射，容易在雾里造成散射，在驾驶人眼前造成散射光团、一片雪白，看不清前方。相反地，有的司机认为夜晚视线不好，会将雾灯和大灯一并打开，还有些司机将后雾灯当位置灯用，这样也是不正确的。实际上如果不是在有雾或者风沙天气，是不应该开雾灯的，而只有当可视距离小于50米时才能使用后雾灯。因为无论是对于对面车辆还是后车的司机，雾灯看着都很刺眼。 《交通法》相关规定: 第八十一条机动车在高速公路上行驶，遇有雾、雨、雪、沙尘、冰雹等低能见度气象条件时，应当遵守下列规定: (一)能见度小于200米时，开启雾灯、近光灯、示廓灯和前后位灯，车速不得超过每小时60公里，与同车道前车保持100米以上的距离; (二)能见度小于100米时，开启雾灯、近光灯、示廓灯、前后位灯和危险报警闪光灯，车速不得超过每小时40公里，与同车道前车保持50米以上的距离; (三)能见度小于50米时，开启雾灯、近光灯、示廓灯、前后位灯和危险报警闪光灯，车速不得超过每小时20公里，并从最近的出口尽快驶离高速公路。 不按规定使用防眩目近光灯、远光灯、示宽灯、尾灯、雾灯的，一次记2分 (四)日间行车灯的使用及操作 日间行车灯 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 日间行车灯定义:日间行车灯是指使车辆在白天行驶时更容易被识别的灯具，装在车身前部。也就是说这个灯具不是照明灯，不是为了使驾驶员能看清路面，而是为了让别人知道有一辆车开过来了，是属于信号灯的范畴。 日间行车灯使用:当汽车发动机一启动，日间行车灯则自动开启，并不断增加亮度以引起路上其他机动车、非机动车以及行人的注意。当夜晚降临，驾驶者手动打开近光灯后，日间行车灯则自动熄灭。 相关链接:欧盟规定从2011年2月7日起，欧盟境内所有新的乘用车和小型货车都必须安装日间行车灯;从2012年8月7日起，欧盟境内所有新的各类货车和公共汽车都必须安装日间行车灯。在国外，很多国家规定:白天不开灯将被罚款。如在奥地利将被处以最少15欧元最多5000欧元的罚款，意大利罚33欧元、斯洛文尼亚和匈牙利罚40欧元，北欧国家罚得最厉害，丹麦罚款 70欧元、芬兰罚50欧元、冰岛罚60欧元、挪威罚180欧元。又有部分国家在部分时间段内也实行该规定，如立陶宛是每年11月1日至3月1日;波兰是每年1月1日至2月底;斯洛伐克是每年10月15日至3月15日;捷克是10月31日至3月底。而国内暂时没有相关的规定 (五)双闪灯的运用及操作 双闪灯 双闪灯界说:别名伤害报警闪光灯，作为一种旌旗灯号，默示其他车辆与行人注重本车 发作毛病或有了特别环境，提示过信车辆和行人注重。 双闪灯利用:以下图所示，在车辆的仪表盘上有一个带有赤色三角形的按钮，按下去便 可开启双闪。双闪灯的感化是当车辆发作不测环境后，惹起其他车辆警戒，避免发作追尾灯 变乱。除在车辆发作毛病、暂时泊车等环境下，当碰到雾、雨、雪、沙尘等能见度小于100 米的景象形象前提时，异样该当利用。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 《交通法》相干划定:契合法令划定利用双闪有五种景象:一是雾天行车;二是车辆在路途发作毛病或交通变乱;三是牵引毛病灵活车，牵引车和被牵引车应同时开启伤害报警闪光灯;四是高速公路遇雾、雨、雪、沙尘、冰雹等低能见度气候，能见度小于100米时;五是路途暂时泊车时。滥用双闪灯属交通守法，按划定应对守法者处200元以下罚款。 (六)制动灯的运用及操作 制动灯 制动灯寄义:制动灯寄义也很好了解，便是刹车时间亮起的灯。制动灯统共有三处，划分是尾部刹车灯和阁下侧和高位制动灯。 制动灯利用:制动灯是和制动踏板相干联，当驾车人踩下制动踏板时，制动灯即亮起，并收回赤色光，提示背面的车辆注重，不要追尾。当驾车人松开制动踏板时制动灯即熄灭。 《交通法》相干划定:《路途交通平安法》第九十条划定 灵活车驾驶人违背路途交通平安法令、律例关于路途通畅划定的，处告诫或许二十元以上二百元以下罚款。普通环境下制动灯不亮将处以200元的罚款 (七)牌照灯的使用及操作 牌照灯 牌照灯的定义:何为照牌灯?每辆汽车前后的明显位置都装有号码牌照，每块牌照的旁边装的就是照牌灯。其作用是为了夜间能够清楚地看到牌照号码，通过号码就可查出车辆的所有数据资料。一旦汽车发生交通事故，交警可以从汽车的前后方看到车辆的牌号，并通过车牌号查找出车辆的责任人。 牌照灯的使用:.汽车牌照灯是夜间或者天色比较暗的时候和行车位置灯(位置灯，即一般所说的小灯，它主要是表明车辆存在和宽度的灯)一起打开的灯，一般用于配合警方在夜间跟踪和监视工作。如图所示，牌照灯没有独立的开关，它和小灯是同一个开关控制。 《交通法》相关规定:所有车辆夜间行驶时，都必须打开车后的牌照灯。后牌照灯的亮度，夜间正常视力在20米之内，必须能看清牌照号码，且要求牌照灯必须与小灯同一个开关控制。如果夜间行车，牌照灯不亮则视为车主故意遮挡号牌，按规定应对违法者处200元罚款。 (八)倒车灯的使用及操作 倒车灯 倒车灯的定义:倒车灯装于汽车尾部，用于照亮车后路面，并警告车后的车辆和行人，表示该车正在倒车，倒车灯全部是白色的。 倒车灯的使用:如下图所示倒车灯同样没有独立的开关，倒车灯都是与倒档相关联的，不用单独操作。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 流氓倒车灯:“流氓倒车灯”的一种，使用了一个大功率的LED作为光源，装在后牌照附近，后面看起来非常刺眼，所以称为“流氓倒车灯”。 作用:这种倒车灯一般用于倒车，因为可以更清楚地观察后方。可有人把角度一变，直接照射到号牌上，避开电子探头的曝光。一般的汽车装潢店都能进行此类改装，不过大多是用于倒车，真正用于遮挡号牌的很少。 危害:强烈的灯光会对后车正常行驶带来一定的影响。 安装于牌照将处罚 如果发现有车辆在牌照周围安装了此类射灯，根据交通法的规定，机动车不能安装妨碍交通安全的声、光、电设备，可以责令现场拆除，并罚款200元。 (九)转向灯的使用及操作 转向灯 转向灯定义:转向灯是在机动车辆转向时开启以提示前后左右车辆及行人注意的重要指示灯。转向灯灯管采用氙气灯管，单片机控制电路，左右轮换频闪不间断工作。转向灯采用闪光器，实现灯光闪烁。主要可分为阻丝式、电容式和电子式三种。 转向灯使用: 转向灯是表示汽车动态信息的最主要装置，安装在车身前后，在汽车转弯时开启，它为行车安全提供了保障，为了您和他人的安全，请按规定使用转向灯，使人们提前知道汽车的动向，做出正确的判断。 ?汽车行至一般平面交叉路口，应根据路面宽度、交通流量的大小以及当时的行驶速 转向灯度，在距离路口30—10米的地方，按转弯方向开启转向灯，如向右转弯和向右变更车道须开启右转向灯，如向左转弯或向左变更车道须开启左转向灯。转入设有导向车道的路口，应在进入导向车道?前开启转向灯。开得过早会给后车“忘关转向灯”的错觉，开得过晚则造成后车或行人因反应不及而发生事故。 ?汽车驶入或驶出环形交叉路口时，应根据行驶方向，开启相应的转向灯。 ?在车辆行驶中，当本车道交通不畅，需要变更车道时，应通过后视镜，观察相邻车道是否空闲，在不妨碍其他车道车辆正常行驶的情况下，应事先开启相应的转向灯，然后再变更车道。 ?汽车掉头时，应开启左转向灯，并注意观察汽车前、后有无来车，然后再行掉头。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。 ?在没有标记道路中心实线的路段，需要超车时，应开启左转向灯并鸣喇叭(在禁鸣路段除外?)。如果是被超车，应靠右让行。 ?当行驶中需要靠边停车时，应事先开启右转向灯，并注意观察汽车右后方交通动态，再行靠边。 ?当驶离停车地点时，应事先开启左转向灯，并注意观察汽车左后方的交通动态，再驶向行车道。 《交通法》相关规定:机动车起步，驶离停车场，向左变换车道、左转弯时开左转向灯;向右转弯向右变更车道、靠路边停车时，须开右转向灯。而且新旧法规都明确转弯时车辆要提前减速，注意观望，在有快、慢分道线的公路上左转弯车辆提前进入快车道，右转弯车辆进入慢车道，而且要求距转弯路口100,30米开转向灯，给后车发出信号。 (十) 阅读灯的使用方法 阅读灯: 阅读灯的定义:阅读灯是在车内光线不足时，其能提供给乘坐人员足够亮度，便于车内阅读之用，同时又不会影响驾驶员的正常驾驶。 阅读灯的使用:一般阅读灯都有一个三位置开关。 A:OFF B:DOOR C:ON 当开关处于“DOOR”位置B时，如果打开车门，则灯亮起。 装有车内灯定时器，当出现下列情况时，车内灯持续点亮约15秒: .在驾驶员侧车门关闭的情况下，从点火开关中拔出钥匙; .在机械钥匙未插入点火开关时，点火开关转至“LOCK”位置; .钥匙不在点火开关中时，打开驾驶员侧车门锁; .点火开关中无钥匙时关闭最后一个车门。 在下列情况下，车内灯定时器将取消: .驾驶员侧车门上锁; .点火开关转至"ON"位置。当后阅读灯开关处于“ON”位置C时，无论处于何种状态，后阅读灯都将点亮。当开关处于“OFF”位置A时，无论处于何种状态，后阅读灯不点亮。 相关内容阅读: 阅读灯的种类:车内阅读灯现有普通阅读灯(一个灯泡)和LED阅读灯(多颗LED灯)。 LED车内阅读灯的显著优势: 一是寿命长，一般可达几万乃至十万小时。有人认为如果未来的汽车照使用LED，整个汽车使用期限不用更换灯具。 二是节能，比同等亮度的白炽灯起码节电一半以上。 三是光线质量高，基本上无辐射，属于“绿色”光源。 四是LED的结构简单，内部支架结构，四周用透明的环氧树脂密封，抗震性能好。 五是无须热启动时间，亮灯响应速度快(纳秒级)，适用于移动速度快的物体使用。 六是适用电压在6―12伏特之间，完全可以应用在汽车上。 七是LED占用体积小，设计者可以随意变换灯具模式，令汽车造型多样化。 所以说，目前汽车厂商青睐LED，完全是LED本身的优点所决定的。 solution should properly save, avoid for water evaporation and makes solution concentration occurred changes; some enough stable, as see light easy decomposition of AgNO3 and KMnO4, standard solution should storage Yu Brown bottle in the, and placed dark save; can absorption air in the carbon dioxide and on glass has corrosion role of alkali solution, best loaded in plastic bottle in the, and in bottle at loaded a alkali lime tube, to absorption air in the of carbon dioxide and water. Standard solution for unstable, long back, also recalibrated their concentration before use. Chapter III microbiological base (intermediate) first aseptic sampling techniques the unit about the aseptic sampling operation, before discussing the cause of aseptic sampling and collection methods, it is necessary to understand the "sterile" of the term, "sterile" is generally used in sampling, means that the sampling process, avoid the pollution caused by the operation. A sterile sample collection should be adopted in such a way, that is: in the process of collecting, should avoid contamination, then placed into a sterile container. Sterile sample collection is intended to support, against the plant sanitation status of the inspection findings. First, getting ready for a test: 1. packaging aseptic sampling of tools: having the right product or process of aseptic sampling device tools is essential. Unless you use the acquisition tools, otherwise the integrity of samples was suspected, samples even meaningless. In order to avoid without a proper sampling tools, recommended the establishment of a sterile sample analysis list to collect sampling tool. Container holdingin chemical experiments, standard solution mol • L-1 and its concentration. Preparation of standard solution of two major direct method and indirect method. 1. direct method weigh accurately reference material, dissolution constant volume after it becomes an accurate concentration of the standard solution. For example, required the preparation of 500mL concentration of 0.01000 mol • L-1 K2Cr2O7 solution, should weigh accurately on an analytical balance reference material K2Cr2O7 1.4709g, plus a small amount of water to make it dissolve quantitatively transferred to a 500mL bottle, diluted with water to scale. Dilute standard solution by dilution of concentrated standard solution. For example, spectrophotometric analysis needs 1.79x10-3mol • L-1 standard solution. Calculations that must weigh accurately 10mg pure iron, but not on the General analytical balance accurate weighing, weighing errors due to its too small and large. Reserves so often used to prepare standard solutions and Diluted to the required concentration of the standard solution. On the analytical balance accurate weighing of high purity (99.99%) iron 1.0000g, then joined in a small beaker approximately 30mL in concentrated hydrochloric acid to dissolve quantitatively transferred to one liter volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale. This standard solution containing iron 1.79x10-2mol • L-1。 Standard solution 10.00mL 100mL remove this volumetric flask with 1mol • L-1 hydrochloric acid diluted to scale, shake the 1.79x10-3mol standard solution containing iron • L-1。