新编商务英语教案

新编商务英语教案 新编商务英语?教案 Unit 3 Part I Pre-learning I . Aims for This Unit By the end of this lesson, students should be able to A. Know the content and origination of fashion. B. Understand how to express concern, consolation and encouragement. C. Use adjectives to describe clothing D. Grasp the words or phrases related to fashion. II. Cultural Background A. Fashion () Fashions in clothing have always been more than merely a manner of dressing. Fashions are social expressions; they document the taste and values of their era just as painting, sculpture, and other art forms do. Fashions are a fact of social psychology. They reflect the way people think and live, and are therefore influenced by the same environment forces that act on any society. Every fashion seems completely appreciate to its era and reflects the spirit of an age as no other symbol of the times does. B. Fashion trends There is in the fashion industry a constant flow of information about what the customer is buying. From the manufacturer of the finished garment, information about customer preferences, as expressed in customer purchases, flows in several directions. One example is when information flows back to the retail store, via the manufacturer’s sales representative, who alerts the store to trends they may not have noticed. Sales representative are constantly analyzing the fashion trends, and a good representative can help a manufacturer with such information. Another flow is to the fabric producers, in the form of the garment manufacturer’s reorders for the most accepted materials, patterns and colors. From a records of an individual store, the retailer can discern sudden or gradual changes in the preferences of the customer and is able to spot new trends . There are , however, professional trend services that provide manufacturers with future trends in design, fabric, and trim(装饰，点缀衣着的镶边或装饰物) that will probably be in the stores in the forthcoming seasons. These trend services can be expensive, but many manufacturers feel they are worth it. C. Fashion industry The fashion industry includes the manufacture of clothes, footwear, sweater, leather goods, shoes, perfume, cosmetics and jewelry. Luxury goods are high quality items, sold to a comparatively limited, target market. They include haute couture (高级女式时装) and segments of areas such as leather goods, jewelry, eyewear, perfume, table art and watch-making. Distinguished names in the luxury industry abound in fashion. They are also industrial companies selling products to different market segments, ranging from standard goods to deluxe ready-to-wear clothes. Part II Learning Procedure 1 Reading I I . Key Language Points 1. fashion n. 1) a popular style of clothes, hair, etc. at a particular time or place (衣服，发式等的)流行款式， 时兴样式 【例句】Some style never go out of fashion. 一些款式是永远不会过时的。 Jeans are still in fashion. 牛仔裤依然很流行。 2) a popular way of behaving; doing an activity, etc. (行为，活动等的) 时尚；时兴 【例句】Fashion in art and literature come and go. 文艺的潮流总是昙花一现。 3) the business of making or selling clothes in new and different style 时装业 【例句】China’s fashion industry is developing quickly in recent years. 近几年，中国的时装工业正在快速发展。 [相关搭配] fashion design 时装设计 fashion magazines 时装杂志 fashion show 时装 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 演 the world of fashion 时装界 out of fashion 不流行 in fashion 流行 [相关词] fashionable adj. 时尚的；时髦的 【例句】a fashion woman 时尚的女人 2. speak of: to mention 谈到；提及 【例句】He didn’t speak of his father all evening. 他整个晚上都未提及父亲。 Did the teacher speak of me? 老师提到我了吗？ 3. interior: n.1) the inside part of something 内部；里面 【例句】It cost a lot of money to decorate the interior of the house. 房屋的内部装饰花去许多钱。 the interior of a building 建筑物内部 2) the inside of a country or the part of a country which is far away from the cost 内陆；内地；腹地 【例句】He was lost in the interior of Africa many years ago. 他于许多年前在非洲腹地失踪了。 [相关搭配] interior land 内地 an interior river 内河 Minister of the Interior 内政部长 adj. connected with the inside part of something 内部的；里面的 【例句】She specialized in interior design. 她专门从事室内设计。 She is an interior decorator (designer). 她是一名室内设计师。 4. hand down: (usually passive voice) hand sth. down to sb., to give or leave sth. to sb. who is younger than you. 把某物传下去；传给后代 【例句】These skills were handed down to his son. 这些技术传给了他的儿子。 This custom has been handed down since the 18 th century. 这风俗从18世纪流传下来。 5. fad: n. a style, activity or interest which is very popular for a short period of time 一时的流行； 一时的风尚 【例句】the latest fad 最新的时尚 A fashion that comes and goes quickly is called a fad. 2 昙花一现的风尚就是一时的流行。 6. compete: v. 1) ~ (with/against sb) (for sth) 和…竞争 【例句】Several companies are competing for the contract. 好几个公司在竞争 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 。 We can’t compete with them on price. 我们无法与他们在价格上竞争。 2) ~ (in sth) (against sb) 【例句】I hope to compete in the London Marathon. [相关词] competent adj. having the ability or skill to do sth. 有能力的，胜任的，称职的 【例句】my secretary is perfectly competent, but she does not have much initiative. competence n. ability to do what is needed skill 能力；技能 【例句】I am only worried about his attitude to the job; his competence is not in question. competition 1) n. a test of strength, skill, ability, etc. 比赛；竞赛 【例句】a crossword competition 填字比赛 2) n. (with; between; for) rivalry 竞赛 【例句】The two products are in direct competition. They believe that competition in business benefits the consumer. 3) n. the competitors 竞赛者；比赛者 【例句】Anyone waiting to enter the computer business faces tough competition. competitor n. 竞争者；对手；比赛者 7. imitate: v. 1) to copy sb./sth. 模仿；仿效 【例句】Arts imitates nature. 艺术是对大自然的模仿。 2) to copy a way a person speaks or behaves, in order to amuse people 模仿（某人讲话，举 止）；作滑稽模仿 Synonym: mimic 【例句】you should imitate her way of doing things [相关词] imitation n. 模仿；仿效；赝品 8. trickle: v. to flow ,or to make sth flow slowly in a thin stream (使)滴；淌；小股流淌 【例句】The engine was trickling oil. 引擎漏油。 [相关搭配] trickle down 滴下；细流 【例句】Tears were trickling down her cheeks. 眼泪顺着她的面颊流了下来。 Rain trickled down the windows. 雨水从窗户上流淌下来。 9. celebrity: n. a famous person 【例句】to interview celebrities on television 10. identify: n. 1) who/what sb./sth. is 身份；本身；本体 【例句】Their identities kept secret. 他们的身份保密。 2) he characteristics, feelings or beliefs that distinguish people from others 特征；特有的感觉 和信仰 【例句】a sense of national/cultural/person/group identity 民族/文化/个人/群体的认同感 11. mature: adj 1) 明白事理；成熟；像成人似的 3 【例句】His very mature for his age. 他年纪不大却很成熟。 2) (of a person, a tree, a bird or animal) fully grown and developed (人，树木，鸟或动物)成 熟的；发育完全的 【例句】This is the most mature of his plays. 这是他最成熟的一部剧作。 immature adj. 幼稚的；不够成熟的 12. appeal: v 1) ~ (to sb./sth.) (against sth.) 上诉；申诉 【例句】He appealed against the five-year sentence he had been given. 他对被判五年徒刑提出上诉。 2) ~ (to sb.) to attract or interest sb. 有吸引力；有感染力；引起兴趣 【例句】The design has to appeal to all ages and social groups. 设计得要雅俗共赏；老幼皆宜。 1) ~ (to sb.) (for sth.) to make a serious and urgent request 呼吁；恳求 【例句】He appealed to me for help. 他向我求援。 13. adopt: 1) vt. To begin to have (a quality or appearance) 采取 【例句】to adopt a conciliatory attitude/a tough approach to the terrorists 2) vt. To take and use as one’s own 采纳，采用 【例句】We adopted their production methods 3) vi / vt. to take into one’s family forever and to take on the full responsibilities in law of parent 收养，过继 [相关词] adoption n. the act of adopting 收养；采取 【例句】If you can’t have children of your own, why not consider adoption. adoptive adj. having adopted a child 收养的 【例句】her adoptive parents 14. mod: adj. up-to-date and smart 时髦的 15. fitness: n.. the state of being physical healthy and strong 健壮；健康 【例句】physical fitness 体质 a fitness instructor 健美教练 16. function as sb./sth.: 起…得作用；具有…功能 【例句】The sofa also function as a bed. 这沙发还可以当床。 17. disapprove: 1) vi. (of) to have a bad opinion (of sth.) for moral reasons 不赞成，不同意 【例句】I disapprove of his taking the job as a bartender. 2)vt. to refuse to officially agree to 不准许；不认可 【例句】Congress disapproved the legislation. 国会不同意这个法规。 [相关词] Disapproval: n. the state of disapproving. 不赞成；反对；责难 【例句】She gave up her job, greatly to my disapproval. 我很反对她放弃自己的工作。 18. dye: 1) n. 染料；染色 2) v. to change the colour of sth. 给…染色；染 【例句】She dyed her hair blonde. 她把头发染成了金黄色。 19. artificial: 4 1) adj. man-made; not natural 人造的；人工的；假的 【例句】This drink contains no artificial flavoring or coloring. 这种饮料含有自然的香料和着色剂。 2) adj. lacking true feelings; insincere 虚假的，矫揉造作的 【例句】She welcomed with an artificial smile [相关搭配] artificial fertilizer 化肥 artificial rain 人工降雨 artificial intelligence 人工智能 20. affordable: adj. being able to buy 【例句】rents affordable to students [相关词] afford 1）vt. to be able to buy or pay for 买得起 【例句】Thanks to the success of the business, we can afford a holiday this year. 2）vt. to be able to spend, give, do, etc, without serious loss or damage 承担的起 【例句】We can’t afford to lose such an important chance. 3) vt. to provide; give 提供；给予 【例句】The window affords a magnificent view of the whole city. II．Difficult Sentences 1) Fashion, in its broadest sense, is a particular style that is popular for a few months or years. ：in its broadest sense ,in its most general meaning. Here sense refers to the meaning of a word, sentence, phrase, etc. 在广义上。 ：时尚，在广义上指流行几个月或几年的特别款式。 2) Fashion, however, causes styles to change rapidly for a variety of historical, psychological, and sociological reasons. : “for” means “because of” , a variety of 各种各样的， historical 历史的；有关历史的 Psychological 心理的；心理学家的 sociological 社会的；社会学的 ：然而，时尚引起款式的快速变化有着各种各样的历史的，心理的以及社会的原因。 3) A clothing style may be introduced as a fashion, but the style becomes a custom if it is handed down from generation to generation. 该句为并列复合句。两个并列分句 a clothing style may be…和 the style becomes a … 由并列连词连接，而后一个分句中，又包含有一个条件状语从句 if it is handed down… 一种衣服款式可能被作为一种时尚而引进，不过一旦这种款式被一代一代传下去， 它就成了一种风俗。 4) At this time, the people of Europe began to classify one another into groups based on such factors as wealth, ancestry, and occupation. : classify :v. classify sb./sth. according to sth. (根据)分类；归类；base…on 以…为根据 “At this time” refers to “when a system of social classes developed in the late Middle Ages ”。 在这一时期，欧洲人开始以财富，祖先，和职业为根据把彼此归类于不同群体。 5) In a way, this still happens. : This sentence should be “In a way, this still happens today.” In a way: to a certain extent在 某种程度上 5 ：在某种程度上，这种情况在今天依然存在。 6）It is a form of nonverbal communication that provides a way for people to express their identities and values. 本句中it 指的是fashion，that引起的是同位语从句，在从句中作主语，指的是fashion。 Nonverbal communication意思是：非语言交流。 时尚是非语言交流的一种形式，这种形式给人们提供了一种表明他们身份和价值的方 式。 III． Structure of Reading I Part I (Paragraph 1) Introduction: What is fashion? Part II (Paragraph 2-3) The appearance of fashion 1) Fashion doesn’t mean the same thing as clothing. 2) True fashion appears in the Middle Ages. Part III (Paragraph 4-6) Why do people follow fashion? 1) The first reason is to copy the style of a person or group with whom they identify. 2) The second reason is that fashion provides a nonverbal communication way for people to express their identity and values. 3) The third reason is to make them more attractive. Part IV (Paragraph 7-8) The development of fashion 1) A clothing style may become fashionable over time with many different groups. 2) The Industry Revolution caused rapid changes in the development of fashion. Reading II I. Notes 1. attire: n. the clothes that one wears on a particular occasion, especially when dressed formally or smartly 服装；衣着 【例句】He obviously felt it was the correct attire for a Prime Minister. 他明显觉得这是首相的正确着装。 2. swipe: v. to try to hit with a stick or some other objects, making a swinging movement with the arm 猛击，重击 例句】She swiped at his head, but he got out of the way. 她挥手打他的头，但他逃走了。 3. cashier: n. the person who customers pay money to or who is in charge of money and payments in a shop, bank, or hotel, etc. 出纳员 4. groceries: various household goods or food such as flour, sugar, and tinned foods, sold by a shopkeeper or a supermarket 食品杂货 5. code: n. a system of words, letters, numbers or symbols, etc. used instead of ordinary writing to keep message or information secret 代码 【例句】He sent a message in code. 他用密码发送了一份讯息。 6. sophisticated: adj. produced or developed with a high level of skill and knowledge; advanced and complex 非常复杂精密的 6 【例句】sophisticated weapons 尖端武器 7. millennium: n. a thousand years 一千年 8. take on: to acquire; to assume; to begin to have/ 披上；呈现；具有 【例句】With the summer flowers in bloom, the valley took on every shade of color. 9. fiber optics: the techniques of transmitting information by means of light signals along a thin, glass fiber 纤维光学技术 10. routine: n. regular and habitual way of working or doing things 常规；惯例 11. garment: n. a piece of clothing such as a shirt, dress , coat, skirt, or pair of trousers 外衣 12. shrink: v. to become smaller in size, usually as a result of being washed 收缩，缩小 【例句】You should dry-clean these curtains as they are likely to shrink. 你应该干洗 这些窗帘因为它们可能会缩水。 13. instantaneously: adv. at once; quickly and immediately 瞬间地；即时地 【例句】We recognized the whole g world instantaneously. 我们突然认识了整个世界。 14. dose: n. a measured amount of medicine to be taken at one tome 剂量 【例句】Take one dose of this cough syrup three times a day. 这种感冒糖浆每天服用三次，每次一剂。 15. cling to: to continue to believe in its value or importance, even though it may be out of use or out of date; to refuse to let go; to stick firmly 坚持 【例句】They cling to all the old, inefficient methods of doing things. 他们坚持用所有陈旧的，低效的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 做事情。 II．Difficult Sentences 1) Much of the fabric from which clothes are cut will contain microscopic computers, fiber optics and wires woven into the threads, making them interactive with daily routines and body chemistry, fashion and textile experts say. 此句为间接引语。 该间接引语是一个主从复合句。主句为much of the fabric…will contain…, 其中包含一个限定性定语从句from which clothes are cut 修饰先行词fabric. Making them interactive with…是现在分词结构做结果状语。 时装和纺织品专家说，大多数做衣服的料子里将含有被织成线的微型计算机，纤维光 学技术和电线，使得它们与人们的日常生活和身体的化学成分相互作用。 2) The time will come when computers will be tiny enough to be woven into fabric, enabling clothes not only to cover the body but to be a personal assistant as well, scientists say. 此句为间接引语。该间接引语是一个主从复合句。主语为The time will come, when 引 导一个时间状语从句。Enabling clothes not only… 是现在分词作结果状语。 科学家说，计算机发展到足够小，能被织进做衣服的料子，使得衣服不仅仅遮盖身体， 同时又能成为个人助手。 Word Study 1. originate 基本用法 1）vi. to have as an established starting point 开始，起源；发源 【例句】All theories originate in practice and in turn serve practice. 所有理论来自于实践并且服务于实践。 2) vt. to be the first person to establish 为…的创始人/发起人 【例句】She originated a discussion group. 她牵头组织了一个讨论小组。 7 相关词 originator n. 发起人；创始人 original n. the beginning or cause of something 起源；由来；起因 original adj. original is used to describe something which existed from the beginning of a process or which is the first or earliest form of something 最初的；原始的；独创的 【例句】Her original plan was to stay for a month, but she had to leave after two weeks. 她原本打算呆一个月，但是两周后就不得不离开了。 2. reject 基本用法 1) vt. to refuse (to accept) 拒绝（接受） 【例句】He was rejected for the army because of his poor eyesight. 由于视力差，部队拒绝接受他。 2）vt. to throw away as useless or imperfect. 因无用或不好而丢弃 【例句】Choose the good apples and reject the bad ones. 选好的苹果，把坏的扔掉。 相关词 rejection n. rejecting or being rejected 拒绝（接受） 【例句】I’ve had so many rejections. I’ve stopped offering to help her. 3. identify 基本用法 1) vt. (as) to prove or show the identity of 证明；认出；确认；辨认；鉴定 【例句】She identified herself to the police as the driver of the car. 她向警察证明她是这辆车的司机。 2) vt. to discover or recognize 发现；确定 【例句】They have now identified the main cause of the problem. 他们已经发现了问题的原因。 相关词 identity n. who or what a particular person or thing is 身份；本身 【例句】The identity of the murdered woman has not yet been established. 被谋杀的女人的身份还没有确定。 identification n. 识别；确认；鉴别；认同 相关搭配： identify with: to feel one shares (the ideas, feelings, problems, etc.) of (someone, esp, a person in a story) 与某人在思想感情上认同（共鸣） 【例句】Reading this book, we can identify with the main character. 4. concern 基本用法 1) vt. to worry or interest 使担心；使关心；使牵挂 【例句】The management is as much concerned with marketing as product development 2) vt. to be about 与…有关系；涉及 【例句】This article concerns a man who was wrongly imprisoned. 3) vt. to be of importance or interest to; have an effect on 对…有重要性；影响到 【例句】The regulation doesn’t concern you, so don’t worry about it. 这个法规没有影响到你，因此不用担心。 4) n. 所关切的事情；担心；忧虑 8 【例句】How much money I earn is none of your concern/ is no concern of yours. 我挣多少钱不管你的事。 相关搭配： to whom it may concern… 敬启者 as far as… is concerned 就…而言 【例句】As far as we’re concerned you can go wherever you want. 就我们而言，你可以去你想去的任何地方。 be concerned with 与….有关系 【例句】This story is concerned with a Russian family in the 19th century. 这个故事是关于19世纪俄国家庭的。 where sth. is concerned 就某事而言 【例句】Where money is concerned, I always try to be careful. 就钱而言，我一直很小心。 Grammar Focus Adjectives Used to Describe Clothing 服饰，即人物的衣着穿戴。英语中有许多词都可以用来描述人物的衣着穿戴。这些词可以分 为不同的类型。 1、根据不同的结构分类 修饰服饰的词可以有一个词组成，称为单个形容词；也可由复合词组成，成为复合形容 词。例如： 单个词：large, loose, soft, modern, fashionable, new, traditional, white, pink, cheap, stripy. 复合词：short-sleeved, second-hand, full- length, milk-white, ready-made, fur-lined. 2、根据不同的意义分类 1）大小尺寸： Small, medium, large, extra large, slender, thin, long, short, tight, loose, slack, baggy 2) 设计风格和理念： Classic, modern, trendy, fashionable, sporty, dressy, graceful, elegant, flowery, simple, plain, decorative, traditional, peculiar, special feminine, masculine, sophisticated, casual, chic, romantic, cute, cool, urban, horrible, beautiful, smart, tailored. 3) 服装款式和花样 Polo-neck, round-neck, V-neck, collarless, checked, stripy, bikini, brocade, backless, suit, waistcoat, vest, shirt, blouse, T-shirt, pullover, sweater, cardigan, coat, jumper, jacket, dress, gown, robe, nightdress, pajamas/pajamas, bathrobe, jersey, anorak, overcoat, raincoat, overall, tights, skirt, kilt, mini-skirt, jeans, trousers, slacks, pants, shorts, cloak, shawl, bonnet, hat, cap, scarf, headscarf, tie, bow tie, veil, braces, collar, stocking sock 4) 颜色 White, yellow, red, pink, gray, black, beige, purple, blue, green, brown, light, dark 5) 材料 Silk, cotton, nylon, polyester, woolen, cashmere, leather, imitation, artificial leather, rubber, fur, worsted, chemical fiber, man-made fiber. 6) 其他 Carefully washed, rumpled, creased, dirty, clean, cheap, expensive, warm, suitable 3、不同的象征意义和内涵 9 在使用这些描写服饰的词语时，我们要注意使用这些词与人物的体型、年龄等外貌特征 相匹配，并恰当的反映人物的职业、性格、特点，以及所处的特定场合、社会阶层等。 例如，身材肥胖的人适合穿深色和直线条的衣服，而身材高瘦的人适合穿横线条的衣服。 又如，large体现出身材的魁梧；small 体现出身材的娇小；elegant, graceful 体现出朴素， cute, chic 体现出可爱；sophisticated 体现出成熟；cool 体现出成熟；cool 体现出朝气； red 体现出奔放和热情，dark 体现出沉稳和庄重。所以，在描写服饰的时候，我们一定 要注意这些词的内涵。例如： 1）a graceful, tallish man in very light gray suit and gray fedora hat(一种浅软呢帽)， with a full square beard at least as white as his suit (突出人物的绅士风度) 2）he wore a tailored gray tunic (收腰外衣)，simple and elegant. (突出人物的儒雅风度) 3）his dirty clothes and tired look were clearly signs of a long travel. His clothes were made of cheap cloth. The coat was too short and the trousers too loose. And he wore a pair of rubber shoes, which were very unfashionable. He did not look like a smart freshman at all.(dirty 突 出人物风尘仆仆，疲劳憔悴；cheap, rubber和 不得体的穿着突出人物家境贫寒，生活困 苦。这样描写他身处逆境，与下文的刻苦勤奋形成鲜明的对比。) 人物服饰的描写，虽然看似平常，实际上远不只是单纯的谁穿了什么衣服或戴了什么首 饰，而是有着很深的涵义。经过仔细的研读，我们会发现那些看似乎平常的服饰，实则 蕴含了笔者的用意。在平时的语言实践中，我们需要仔细推敲，认真领会。 Function and Structure 1. Concern, consolation and encouragement Everyone has time when they could get support from others. Concern, consolation and encouragement are something indispensable in life because they reveal that you are not alone, and that family, relatives, friends, colleagues, classmates are always on your side. Concern is a feeling of wanting someone to be happy and healthy. Parents’ loving concern for their children is the treasure that can be cherished for one’s life. Consolation is something that makes you feel better when you are sad or disappointed. It tells you that every coin has two sides and out of the depth of misfortune comes bliss. Encouragement is words to give someone the courage or confidence to do something. There is nothing better than the encouragement of a good friend. We should seize every opportunity to give encouragement. It is oxygen to the soul. Everyone needs encouragement and there is no better way than to be told by someone that you were a help to them. 2. Who needs your encouragement Look for someone you know that has been disappointed or is going through a tough moment in their life. Showing an interest in them can be very encouraging even if there may not be anything you can do to improve or fix their situation. Look for someone that is putting in a great effort or doing a great job at something. It does not have to be something you are benefiting from. You just have to take notice and show an interest. Your encouragement will reinforce the actions of that individual and may give them the strength to do even greater things in the future. 3. How to give your encouragement In addition to encouraging someone through a personal conversation, handwriting notes are also a great way to encourage someone. In fact, notes allow the person to keep and read your thoughts anytime they feel it is needed. Here are a couple of tips to keep in mind when writing 10 an encouraging note: keep the note extremely positive and don’t criticize in any way. Write the note the way you would say it in person. It needs to be real. If you try to sound like a poet or a preacher and you aren’t one, it will not seem as genuine to the reader. Write it as soon as you can after thinking about it. If God put it in your head to write it then now is when that person needs it the most. Also，if you don’t do it soon, then you may forget about it or start convincing yourself it is too late. 4. How to give consolation Consolation is indeed an art. It is the art of active love. First, it is important to listen. There is consolation in finding someone to talk to. The listener does not have to offer advice or cite similar experiences he or she may have suffered. The one who grieves needs to talk; he or she is frustrated if the listener seeks to avoid discussing the cause of the grief. Some comforters seem to want to talk about everything except death. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross has said: “When we lose someone…we are enraged, angry, in despair; we should be allowed to express these feelings”. Then there is the importance of touching. Suffering the death of a loved one is a lonely experience. If one cannot speak the right words to the one who is hurting, one can at least touch him. Again, weeping has its role in the healing process. It is helpful to weep with another. Even if the other does not weep, it is healing to be able to weep unashamedly in the presence of another. Practical Reading 1. 本题要求读者看懂条形图。条形图亦称水平直方图（bar graph），这种图用的是长条的长 度来直观地表示一个数目或百分比，长度越大，数目或百分比的值就越大。它用来显示数据 的值，和柱形图相似，仅是柱形图的90度旋转。它描述了不同类别之间的差别情况，突出数值的比较，而淡化时间的变化。阅读条形图的要点是：1）首先要看清各条形所代表的意义；2）找出最大和最小的数据； 3）运用寻读（scan）寻找要找的信息。本题是比较、计算、判断和简单的推题，读者只要注意区分条形所代表的国家和相应的数字或百分比，答案 比较容易获得。 2. CIS : Commonwealth of Independent 独联体 11