模联立场文件范例

模联立场文件范例 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Tongji University The 4th Model United Nations Position Paper Tongji Student Union The International Communication and Cooperation Department 1 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University CATALOGUE Algeria -------------------------------------------- 3 Argentina -------------------------------------------- 4 Australia -------------------------------------------- 5 Brazil -------------------------------------------- 6 Canada -------------------------------------------- 7 China -------------------------------------------- 8 Columbia -------------------------------------------- 9 Costa Rica -------------------------------------------- 11 Egypt -------------------------------------------- 12 Ethiopia -------------------------------------------- 13 Fiji -------------------------------------------- 14 Finland -------------------------------------------- 15 France -------------------------------------------- 17 Greece -------------------------------------------- 18 India -------------------------------------------- 20 Indonesia -------------------------------------------- 21 Ireland -------------------------------------------- 22 Israel -------------------------------------------- 23 Japan -------------------------------------------- 24 Kazakhstan -------------------------------------------- 26 Madagascar -------------------------------------------- 27 Maldives -------------------------------------------- 28 Mexico -------------------------------------------- 32 Nepal -------------------------------------------- 33 Netherlands -------------------------------------------- 35 New Zealand -------------------------------------------- 37 Norway -------------------------------------------- 38 Pakistan -------------------------------------------- 38 Papua New Guinea -------------------------------------------- 40 Peru -------------------------------------------- 42 Russia -------------------------------------------- 43 Saudi Arabia -------------------------------------------- 45 South Africa -------------------------------------------- 47 Spain -------------------------------------------- 49 Thailand -------------------------------------------- 50 the Great Britain -------------------------------------------- 51 the U.S.A -------------------------------------------- 53 2 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Democratic People's Republic of Algeria Delegates:Cheng Long, Liao Xinhua "Kyoto Protocol" stipulates that by 2010, all developed countries, six kinds of greenhouse gases compared with 1990 was reduced by 5.2%.. As for Algeria, we propose the following views: First of all, Greenhouse gas emission is the mainstay of the United States and other capitalist countries, So we We demand that more of these countries join into the Kyoto action in an effort together to build a harmonious global energy system. And developed countries are to promise more efforts on Greenhouse gas emission reduction. Secondly,by 2050 8 billion of the world population will come from developing countries. So these countries must commit themselves to emission reduction obligations. Thirdly, it is recommended that developing countries and developed countries complement each other both on technology and econemy. 3 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Argentina Delegates:Li Mengxi, Yi Yin Argentina in Latin America, air pollution on governance leadership, voluntary commitment to the development of specific emission reduction targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Vulnerability to climate change caused by the long-term temperature increases, causing flooding pampas giant agricultural economy has been hit, La Plata estuary up the damage caused along the coast, the intensification of desertification, leading to soil erosion. In this regard, we have proposed a number of response measures ? "zero deforestation": Deforestation is second only to fossil fuel combustion, an important source of greenhouse gas emissions, but also to reduce land-based carbon emissions and mitigate climate change, the important measures. ? government investment necessary funds to carry out a series of "elimination of carbon dioxide and methane gases harm" as the theme of scientific research. ? the establishment of social development to adapt to the international carbon trading market position and principle Numerous economists believe: In undertaking emission reduction obligations at the same time the Government should carefully weigh to determine the economic and social prospects of the relevant priorities, as a developing country, and we strongly hope that developed countries provide technical and financial support for environmental protection, etc. emission control should be and our socio-economic development level. Meanwhile, we called on developing countries such as China, India and other "voluntary commitment" emission reduction! And also hope that developed countries will not give us unacceptable to developing countries in developing and achieving the emission reduction targets. Thank you! 4 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Australia Delegates:Li Qingyao, Liu Meng, Wei Yaoxuan We all know that climate change is the international community to address significant global problem. As a result of climate change in temperature and sea levels rise, extreme weather and climate events occurring frequently, and so on, on natural ecosystems and human environment has had severe effects, and have given rise to widespread concern among all over the world .therefore, to limit greenhouse gas emissions is, to human society,, the major issue to be solved. Our standpoints are confirmed as follows. The Australian Government believes that the developed countries have not shirk this responsibility and should therefore be to undertake more to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases At the same time, developing countries should assume a certain amount of reasonable emission reduction task In view of our coal as the main sources of energy structure and the urgent need for industrial development, national conditions, our hopes will increase displacement to 16% The Australian Government will support and obey a joint resolution, adhere to sustainable development, and actively engaged in the domestic greenhouse gas emission reduction. 5 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: the Federative Republic of Brazil Delegates: Nong Xinxin, Xu Zhile, Zhu Zhoupeng, Zhang Xinming Over the last decades, climate change, especially Global-Warming, has certainly had a great and evident influence on economy and human’s life. The UN concerned much and has had some achievement on this issue. Guided by the COP and the treaties, most of the member states have kept their promise to accomplish their parts in the treaties. Yet, there still exist some different opinions, and some objectives in the treaty, especially the commitments of the developed countries, have not been reached. Brazil's position on the issue of climate change is firm: first of all, we believe that the further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions must be turned into action without delay, the UNFCCC and the tenet of the Kyoto Protocol must be implemented constantly, and all countries must take their responsibilities in the next phase of the Kyoto Protocol. Secondly, we believe that the developed countries should take greater responsibility to fulfill the commitments in 1990, completing emissions reduction target of 40% by 2020. Furthermore, developed countries should provide their financial and technical supports to developing countries, and actively respond to global climate change. We do believe the CDM is a good mechanism that benefits both, which deserves being pushed on. Brazil does not need to undertake emission reduction task, but over the years we have been active in designing our routine to reduce greenhouse gas emission. We carried out a national plan on climate change which came out with a survey in many Brazilian. The gas emission in Brazil which takes up about 75 percent is related to forests burning, but we have taken powerful measures to prevent the forests in Brazil from reducing. And the effect is positive and obvious. Brazil has developed fairly well in the clean-drive industries, and the clean energy has taken the largest part in the energy structure. We also intend to go further in this area, with the cooperation with other countries. 6 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Canada Delegates: Zhang Shuaiqi, Yu Junfei, Lu Zhenliang Since the deadline of the Kyoto Protocol is approaching and the increasingly serious environmental problems, all the delegates should agree a new and binding international treaty on the protection of our global climate. Canada has two major views to put forward. The first measure is carbon sink.Canada would like to follow and popularize the recommendation of the kyoto protokol to offset the amount of emisstions through the forestation and afforestation. The second measure is marketization.Namely,attracting companies to become involved in this project. Meanwhile,Canada would like to countinue the carbon dioxide striff system to blow those highly energy-consuming industry,whose aim is to reduce carbon dioxide emission. Any synergic negotiations are welcome .We are expecting earnestly any fellow countries to join us! 7 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: People’s Rupublic of China Delegates: Dong Yanan, Zhao Sijia, Zhao Xinhao Today's climate change is the international community to address significant global problem.As a result of climate change in temperature and sea levels rise, sea-level rise and extreme weather and climate events occurring frequently, and so on, on natural ecosystems and human environment has had severe effects, and have given rise to widespread concern among all over the world, to human society, the major issues to be solved. All countries and territories signed the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change and the Kyoto Protocol.Of the world should adhere to the common but differentiated responsibility principle, extensive dialogue and practical cooperation. China, as a responsible country attaches great importance to climate change issues.We have to build eco-civilization confirmed to be a strategic task, the enactment of the China National Programme for climate change ", we have actively developing energy conservation as a response to the starting point of climate change, energy conservation, have been taken by optimizing energy structure, energy efficiency, conducting a series of measures such as afforestation, remarkable results. But will not accept any mandatory emission reduction targets.China attach great importance to the clean development mechanism in the promotion of their national sustainable development on the positive role that liked to participate in the clean development mechanism projects international cooperation to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Government of China believes that developed countries should make efforts to reduce and eliminate barriers to the transfer of technology, in the promotion of technology transfer role to play in the process.At the same time the clean development mechanism as a relatively efficient and successful cooperation mechanism, in 2012 should continue to be implemented, and to promote the transfer of advanced technology to developing countries. 8 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The Republic of Colombia Delegates: Wei Rui, Wu Xin, Fang Guoxin Bureau and various delegations: Increase in global temperature change makes the pests and diseases, rising sea levels, climate anomalies, ocean storms increased, the land of drought, desertification area increased. Thus, in countries seeking to develop at the same time, global warming has become a new era of the United Nations discussion, response and major issues to be resolved. Facing the Pacific Ocean in northwest our country if the sea-level rise will inevitably damage the ecological environment in Our country. In recent years, Our country's two major export industries: oil and coffee, uncertainty, if the environment has been destroyed, the other pillar of Our country's tourism industry would certainly suffer heavy losses, will seriously affect people's standard of living. Therefore, in strengthening the development of Our country's economic construction will also strengthen the protection of the environment, concerned about the "post-Kyoto agreement" development, the pursuit of long-term sustainable development. Greenhouse gas emissions of industrialized countries, accounting for 80% of the world, developing countries relative to developed countries fewer greenhouse gas emissions, but the damage of climate change is the greatest. Thus, developed countries are the primary responsibility for global climate change, who should make more commitments to reduce emissions. In environmental protection, Our country has also access to capital and advanced energy-saving emission reduction technologies to further promote their own sustainable development. Therefore, we support the signing of "post-Kyoto Protocol." Although countries in the capital reserve, technical level, stage of development and consumer concepts such as the gaps in the global negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions can not smooth sailing, but my country is ready to make every effort to properly handle the relations among the countries with the United Nations issue, so as to enable a smooth implementation. At the same time, Our country hopes that all countries to Our country's government development plans put forward good suggestions and close trade cooperation between Our country and countries in the construction and 9 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University environmental protection between the exchange of information, slow down the speed of deterioration of the environment work together to create a scientific co-ordination of environmental protection and sustainable development economic order. These are the speeches of our country, thank you! 10 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Costa Rica Delegates: Li Yuelu, Wang Menghong During the Industrial Revolution, the world economy developed rapidly, however, at the cost of the drastic damage of environment. In the past, even today, human always pursue the rapid development of the economy without considering the responsibility of protecting the environment, which makes our living conditions go worse and worse day by day. As a result, many environmental problems come together, such as, Climate change. The international treaty UNFCCC and the linked agreement Kyoto Protocol shows the universal concern about the climate change, and the latter provides more powerful measures to reduce global warming, which sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing GHG emissions. Not recognizing that developing countries are also responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of the rapidly present development, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”. Costa Rica holds clear-cut principles that the developing nations’ shouldering relevant responsibilities is urgently needed in the war against global warming. For decades, Costa Rica has been engaged in reducing GHG emissions. The item of processing waste wooden materials into green sources of energy explores more avenues and prospects for the wood industry in developing countries. The actualization of the item contributes to sustainable development of the human society. Post-Kyoto framework we approve should stress on the duty that developing countries must do something to reduce GHG emission.Meanwhile; the agreement should strengthen the positive effect of CDM, which will let developing nations have more abilities to make a contribution to the cooperation for reducing GHG of the whole world. 11 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Eygpt Delegates: Gu Yiqi, Fan Haotian, Wang Xiaozheng, Hu Xiaolan As we know, climate change greatly impacts the whole world .Extreme weather, such as heavy snow and sandstorm, show up frequently and brings a many losses in agriculture and industry. What’s more, the world temperature is rising step by step, and it causes sea level rising which may cause some island countries such as Tuvalu and Nauru drowned. And greenhouse gas is mainly to blame. So, the whole world must combine to reduce greenhouse gas. However, the amount of greenhouse gas reduction should not be divided equally. We must follow the “Common But Different Responsibility” principle. Specific development requirement of developing countries must be considered first. If people’s basic needs couldn’t be satisfied , Greenhouse gas reduction will be hollow words. The world is a whole. It needs all countries make efforts to reduce greenhouse gas. But on the condition that we whole reach the target, we should carry out the protocol flexibly. Development comes first, so we can’t sacrifice development to reduce greenhouse gas, so, CDM must be allowed. 12 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Delegates: Zhang Qian The deadline of the Kyoto Protocol is approaching. These years, the climate doesn’t get better to some extend. At the same time, the economy situation in our country doesn’t seem quite good. After the meeting held in Kyoto, we had hoped that we could get some economic benefits through the CDM, but in fact, the problem of development in our country is still serious. Nowadays, many countries on the Pacific Ocean such as Nauru will disappear. We do hope that the developed countries can take their responsibility to do something helpful to decrease the climate change, that our good friend, China, can continue helping us in developing. It’s high time that we had another Kyoto Protocol to protect our unique earth and the islands. We also need help from developed countries so that we can also take part in the campaign to make earth a better place. 13 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: the Republic of Fiji Delegates: Geng Yuqing The earth has never seen such a rapid change on the issue of climate change. The temperature of the world is increasing steadily and we are all affected by it. The issue should be discussed and the Kyoto Protocol should be reassigned. The Republic of Fiji is largely effected by the rise of temperature. The growth of it melts ice of the polar space, which arouses the rise of sea level. According to prediction, the whole Fiji will be submerged and Faijian have to totally move to Australia. The Republic of Fiji remains the proposal that the General Assembly should discuss the problem of climate change and make a conclusion to protect the environment and prevent the change of climate. And Kyoto Protocol should be passed again to protect nations endangered. 14 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Finland Delegates: Han hemin, Yu chao, Han Heyu Since the Kyoto Protocol’s 2010 deadline is drawing near and the problems brought by climate change is on the rise, all the delegates should reach consensus on an effective international treaty in facing with our changing climate. Finland has 2 major views to put forward. The first measure is buying the carbon credits. Finland will invest three million euros into the NEFCO Carbon Fund (NeCF). Finland's investment will be earmarked for the acquisition of carbon credits that are generated after the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period. Body: With this investment, we want to signal our confidence in the continuation of global climate policy and carbon markets also beyond the year 2012. Finland's investment will also promote emission-free energy production and transfer of environmental technologies in Asia where the NeCF is actively looking for new investment opportunities. Finland is already an investor in NEFCO's Baltic Sea Region Testing Ground Facility (TGF) which was launched in 2003 to acquire carbon credits from Joint Implementation projects in Russia, Ukraine and the Baltic States. As Copenhagen's climate conference approaches, it is extremely important that industrialised countries signal their confidence in the continuation of global climate policy. An investment in NeCF gives such a signal since the Fund also invests in projects that generate carbon credits after Kyoto's first commitment period. The Fund enables the implementation of these projects even if a new global climate deal is not agreed. The NeCF buys both Kyoto and post-Kyoto carbon credits worldwide. The Fund has already contracted wind and hydro projects in China and is currently evaluating numerous projects in Africa, Southeast Asia, India and Ukraine. 15 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University The second measure is building a future based on renewable energy. From the perspective of the sustainable development and use of natural resources, it is important that we build a future based on renewable energy. We can end unsustainable production and consumption patterns only by promoting the transfer to new forms of energy in practice. Finland's participation in this field sets a good example for all industrialised countries: the reduction of emissions is a global challenge that we all must address together. United we stand, divided we fall, for we live on the same planet.We are expecting earnestly any fellow countries to join us in making our planate Earth a better place. 16 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: France Delegates:Chen Geng, Fu Taoran, Isabelle Rucart Here is the position of France concerning the climate change issue. True enough, the Kyoto protocol was a beautiful promise for the future. But there is no denying that it failed to succeed. That is why new realistic measures should be implemented. In December 2009 the Copenhagen conference will take place, that is why France is putting the following proposals forward: Concerning companies gaz emissions: - Companies should sign a chart promising to do their best to cut their gaz emissions. Governments cannot only make laws if companies do not go ahead indeed. - Companies should be able to deliver exact information concerning their gaz emissions at any moment - Therefore, a unique agency should be created worldwide to estate these emissions. - Companies which do not use their Gaz Emission Quotas should be allocated subventions, but they should not be allowed to sell them to other companies. This would indeed make blue chips able to pollute as much as they want. Concerning energy: - France recommend that nuclear energy would be developed. Sure enough that is a key issue, especially in the framework of the European Union, but to France nuclear energy is one of the best way to avoid gases coming from thermal energy. - Worldwide agencies should share their skills and technologies to develop renewable energies. - Companies should be obliged to use at least 5% of renewable energy. - Subventions on non-polluting cars should be raised for citizens buying these cars. France has a strong will to implement these measures. But climate change is a worldwide problem, and no change is possible if the United States do not give any proof of their effort. Moreover, France really hope that EU’s country can speak from one voice. France also think that developed countries should be regarded as models by developing countries, and should help them to achieve their goals by financial and technological means. 17 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: the Hellenic Republic Delegates: Xie Qing , Chen Jiahao, Bo Le, He Xiaohua The Kyoto Protocol will expire in 2012, the issue of global climate change remains extremely urgent. In recent years, forest fires and occurrences frequently in Greece, Green winters and drought have seriously affected the Greek industry, agriculture and citizens’ quality of life. Greece acceded to the Convention in the seventh Conference of the Parties in 2002 and we have been committed to the contribution of the reduction of greenhouse gases .Greece will abide by the promise to the emission abatement for the 2008-2012 to 8% compared to 1990. The Greek Government has made a series of plans to govern the environment, especially carbon dioxide and the control of other harmful emissions which includes Athens SOS program and Attica SOS program. The plan has been made to meet the EU's obligations on the 1997 Kyoto Conference, which states by 2000, the emissions of carbon dioxide must be maintained at 1990 levels. In Athens there are 11 air quality monitoring stations, to Surveillance the nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen compounds and dust on the air. Through the integrated governance, the regional air pollution in Athens gets a marked decline in recent years. Greece believes that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emission reduction can be achieved through the following measures: Energy-saving measures shall be taken in the residence, business, service, industries and transportation. We should arrange rational energy consumptions without affecting people's life. And we increase investments in the new energy and new power generation methods, at this stage, using natural gas is still necessary, but in the long term, we expect a replacement of conventional fuels by renewable energy sources. Therefore, Greece pledged to continue the implementations of the relevant terms of "the Convention" strictly and the relevant provisions made by the European Union Environment Programme to complete the target. 18 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Greece considers that the Parties should take responsible attitudes to complete the emission reduction targets. Moreover, developed and developing countries should work together to face the climate change. Developed countries must fulfill their obligations, while developing countries should take on the quantitative emission reduction obligations as well, especially the BRICs with high emissions. Greece hopes to amend the relevant clauses of "the Convention" to stipulate specifically the upper limit of the emission each year and set emissions reduction targets to those countries that go beyond the limit. In aiding the developing countries, the developed countries should provide persistent support and take the technical cooperation with developing countries. Greece calls for the establishment of a specialized international regulator to supervise the rational use of international financial resources. Greece hoped that those countries who have not signed the Protocol, such as the United States, carry out their obligations as power countries and make substantial contributions to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by acceding "The Convention." Greece will pay close attention to the climate issues, and make our efforts in problem-solving with the "Convention" 19 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: the Republic of India Delegates: Dilip Kumar Sharma, Zhang Hongyi, Ma Yizhao, Lan Haidan New ways of thinking on climate change are needed if the world is to create a workable Post-Kyoto Protocol framework to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Solutions to climate change must be ecologically sustainable and economically viable,stressing that the participation of all major emitters is crucial to building an effective tool against the rapidly expanding concentrations of Co2 in the atmosphere. India has been campaigning against proposals to fix emission-cut targets for developing countries like itself and China in a post-Kyoto framework. It has been arguing that a future global arrangement needed to be based on per-capita emissions rather than total emissions by the country. As of now, only selected developed countries, referred to as Annex-I countries in the Kyoto Protocol, are obliged to undertake targeted emission cuts of greenhouse gases. With the Kyoto Protocol set to expire in 2012 we are aiming to negotiate & agree on successor framework in December 2009 UN. Climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark We are among the leading countries in the vanguard of efforts directed at environmental protection. We are an active participant in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol, and estimated to offset almost 10% of it’s total emissions per year by 2012. A key area where India is showing leadership is technology transfer, which will need to be a critical element of any global climate change agreement. India is working, and will continue to work, closely with our partners in the G77 and China... {As have signed an agreement (21st October 2009) to enhance cooperation on climate change between the two countries.} for protecting climate change. 20 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Indonesia Delegates:Chen Xinjie, Zha Wangdong As we all know, climate change has become increasingly serious issue. Global warming constitutes a major global problem. It has affected human life. Thus, It is urgent that we reverse the trend of global warming. to continue to extend the Kyoto Protocol limiting carbon-dioxide emissions, when the agreement is very necessary. In order to save humanity from the threat of global warming, in December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, at the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" the third meeting of the Parties adopted The Kyoto Protocol, which is aimed at of limitting greenhouse gas emissions of the developed countries to curb global warming. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol. The most notable non-member of the Protocol is the United States, which is a signatory of UNFCCC and was responsible for 36.1% of the 1990 emission levels. In recent years, many industrialized countries have taken positive and effective action to achieve the Kyoto emission reduction targets under the protocol efforts. Indonesia is an archipelagic state which is vulnerable to sea-level rise dueing to climate warming effects. Therefore, we support the United Nations Security Council on the subject of restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions. We are also trying to promote the agreement. As a developing country, we believe that developed countries should make greater efforts to this goal. Developing countries should also take responsibility for climate change, and we also support the "net emissions" and the " emissions per capita" to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions. We believe that this is the fairest approach. 21 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Ireland Delegates: Vincent Tyrrell, Ding Zhouyang, Yang Yingtian, Gao Qingyong Climate change is a global problem. A tonne of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere in any part of the world can only have a postive effect. The response to climate change must therefore be on a global scale. The flexible means in which the Kyoto Protocol provides are integral to our global response. Ireland is a small country in which has apopulation of 4 million.However,we try our best to do our duty.Ireland's commitment for 2020 will not be known until the completion of international negotiations on a new agreement and the EU's internal discussions on burden-sharing among the Member States.In each case,Ireland's new commitment is assumed to be pro-rata cut required by the EU as a whole. 22 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Israel Delegates:Ou Zhixing, Li Gen Kyoto Protocol has been signed for 12 years,all of us have realized the importance of limiting greenhouse-gas emissions.we have the responsibility to make our earth better.but Kyoto Protocol can be improved,because of some small mistakes and shortcomings. According to Kyoto Protocol, United Nations supervision most of developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. our country successed in making our best to reduce Emissions of greenhouse-gas. During this 12 years, every country tried their best to slow down the global warming except some selfish ones.most of the developed countries undertake the most heavy burden,other countries do not need to assume. However,some of these countries have largest number of carbon dioxide emissions.because of the learge population，they illegitimately escaped from this kind of burden.so it`s time to let these to take this burden,especially those who release greenhouse gases in quantity 23 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Japan Delegates:Peng Xuefeng, Wang Guan, Mao Lili, Yang Anyi Since the Kyoto Protocol been set, due to the consensus reached by the majority of countries all across the world on the common concerning on climate change, we Japan invariably assert the approving viewpoint to this agreement and adopt every efficacious effort to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere, we take up the burden, hence, such steps like optimizing the use of renewable sources of energy, migrating the natural gas, increasing nuclear power and emphasizing the exploit of technological innovation are being gradually carrying out to pursue a stable lessen of the jeopardizing impact to our living condition. For the sake of consolidating accomplishment, Japan call on the whole colony that follow closely to pay attentions to the hazardous of climate change to participate in Post-Kyoto Framework. Although its difficult to meet a universal agreement on the obligation of every particular party, for specific national and regional development circumstances exists, declining the emission of greenhouse gas should be implemented by all means. Japan believes that since the planet earth is shared by everyone in the world, all the nations and regions in the world should share the duty of coping with the climate changing in common. However, the situation still needs to be improved. First, as the largest carbon dioxide emission nation, USA no doubt plays the most important role. Since USA didn't adopt the Kyoto Protocol in retrospect, we expect the breakthrough of USA in this convention. Secondly, though obligation should be differentiated considering the specific circumstances in certain region, not setting emission limitation for developing countries is unreasonable, which obstructs the improvement of environment and causes developed countries' transferring emission by establishing overseas factories in developing countries. Accordingly, Japan believes that it's necessary to set an appropriate and relatively strict limitation for every nation according to its development circumstances, in which GDP and current emission quantity should be taken into account. As is known to all,Japan is a leading provider in technical area in the world. For example recently we Japan began a large-scale underground storage of carbon dioxide to the experiment in the thermal power plant carbon dioxide recovery and treatment technologies. So in order to promote the 24 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, we are able to sell our technology to other countries. Even though the emission limitation is possible to make impact to the economy and industry in some regions, it is not wise for any nations to achieve economic advancement at the cost of environmental retrogress anyway. Therefore, Japan strongly anticipates that every nation in this convention could reach a highly effective progress. 25 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Kazakhstan Delegates: Liu Shilong, Dong Xingjia In the recent years , the globe warming is more and more serious , mostly caused by the increasing emission of greenhouse gasses .As a result , the sea level has risen , the extreme weather take place more fluently, the ecosystem has been badly broken , the economy has been limited too. Facing such phenomenon, the United Nation proclaimed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Framework , which claimed all nations be on the work of the emission reduction of greenhouse gasses. As a member of the United Nation , Kazakhstan supports the work of the united nation , and signed Kyoto Framework .Recently , on February 26th 2009, the president of Kazakhstan approved the conduct of Kyoto Framework . However, as a developing country still depending on nature resources ,Kazakhstan doesn’t take the responsibility of emission reduction of greenhouse gasses . But Kazakhstan is active in corresponding the Clean Development Mechanism, and welcomes developed countries to provide fund and technology to accomplish the emission reduction of greenhouse gasses , on the other hand , Kazakhstan encourages companies to look for new technologies , to increase the using rate of nature resources and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses. In a word , Kazakhstan supports the Kyoto Framework firmly and welcomes developed countries to invest in Kazakhstan , both money and technologies 26 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The Republic of Madagascar Delegates: Zhang Yuebo, Ma Anyun, Ding Hongdou With all the greenhouse effect has been linked to the survival and development of the world, how to make complete common but differentiated responsibilities to be not delay. Our thought Clean Development Mechanism is a win-win policy, is worthy to be popularized in Madagascar, the abundant labor resources and cheap, mineral rich, encourage foreign investment development. In addition, China is not enough that simple reduction, we should actively develop renewable clean energy. Madagascar is rich in renewable energy sources, including hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar and wind biomass, etc., but the actual utilization ratio. Madagascar government will formulates preferential policies to encourage investors will be more funds for the development of renewable energy. 27 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The Republic of Maldives Delegates: Liu Zhuolin, Zhou Lang, Charles Sirot, Arnaud Dumont Saint Priest • ID Capital : Malé Government : Presidential Republic President : Mohammed Nasheed elected in October 2008 Population : 385,000 Density : 1,036.9 hab/km? GDP : 1.713 billion Tourism: 500,000 each year • Geography of Maldives The Maldives is composed of 1,190 islands on 90,000 km?. The Maldives is also considered as the lowest country in the world with a maximum natural ground level of only 2.3 metres with an average height of only 1,5 metres above sea level. • Climate of Maldives The Maldives temperature ranges between 23 and 31?C throughout the year but the Maldives benefits from a very cool climate thanks to the sea. Two seasons dominate Maldives’ weather: _the wet season between April and the end of October. It brings strong wind and storms. _ the dry season between December and the end of March. The Maldives do not undergo the monsoon with the similar patterns as in South of Asia. • Climate change in the Republic of Maldives “U.N. scientists have warned global warming caused by high atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) will lead to rising seas, big storms, mass heat waves and droughts” 28 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Emerging scientific evidence shows that the effects of human-induced climate change are worse than previously projected and that the impacts of climate change which we are already experiencing including: _ sea level rise, _ more frequent and extreme weather events, _ocean acidification, coral bleaching, coastal erosion, _ and changing precipitation patterns, Will further intensify. A preview of what will happen within 2100 in Maldives: In 2004, a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake wreaked much havoc throughout the lowest country of the world. The figures show the Maldives’ weakness against the ocean; 6 islands were entirely decimated, 14 totally evacuated, 57 islands reported critical damage, only 9 islands had nothing to report. The destructive impact of the waves on the low-lying islands was mitigated by the fact there was no continental shelf or land mass upon which the waves could gain height. The tallest waves were reported 14 feet (4.3 m) high. In the fact, what issues Maldives is facing today? Coastal erosion: At least 50 of the 200 inhabited islands already suffer from the problem of coastal erosion. "But it's getting worse and worse all the time." By the year 2100, the Maldives as he knows it may no longer exist. "We might have some land above water. Lack of freshwater: With over 50,000 residents on one square kilometer of land, the annual recharge into the aquifer is much less than annual withdrawals for consumption. As a result, fresh water is only available in the center of the island, and even there, the freshwater lens is narrowing. Because the groundwater table will be largely "mined" in the next decade, one might view saltwater intrusion do to sea level rise as irrelevant. Salty water prevents from producing fruits: The effects of rising sea levels itself is going to cause salinisation of groundwater, which will affect vegetation on land, the livelihood of the people. The water is already too salty for fruit trees or watering crops. For example, Male has already lost its mango trees due to saltwater penetration. Although 29 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University bananas and papayas have shorter roots, they could eventually be vulnerable, and less water would be available for irrigation. On another island, it is said that storms have carried enough saltwater onto the island to disrupt agriculture in the past, and a higher sea level would make such incidences even more frequent. • Maldives’ reaction to climate change A national envy to tackle global warming Mohammed Nasheed, the current president of the Republic of Maldives, said that he wants his country to become the first national carbon-neutrality nation. Like Norway which is aiming to be zero-carbon by 2030, but in a more radical way, the Republic of Maldives has set up a 10-year timetable and wants to completely decarbonize its local economy . Thus, it would become the world first eco-friendly economy. Otherwise, the Republic of Maldives could be the first country of refugees due to climate change issue. The inalienable right to a land that each citizen can claim could be taken away from Maldives inhabitants. Mohammed Nasheed has already thought about buying a land in Sri Lanka, India or Australia in case the Maldives disappeared with the annual billion dollar brought by tourism. Other suggested solutions were the building of higher buildings, the elevation of ground level for most of the islands. 2) An incentive for other countries to follow suit according to the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility” Since the Republic of Maldives is a tiny country, its plan however efficient it is, will not be efficient enough to protect Mohammed Nasheed’s country from disappearing. Despite the mitigation commitments made by Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol, especially those of the developed countries, global emissions continue to increase, leading to rapidly accelerating impacts, accompanied by costs and burdens that are beyond the ability of many, but, especially the small island developing states (SIDS) and other particularly vulnerable countries, to control. Unfortunately, most of the developed countries which are not directly threatened by the consequences of rising sea level, are showing a lack of 30 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University ambition. 3) The Republic of Maldives’ project for the Copenhagen Summit The Republic of Maldives asserts thus that the outcome to be concluded at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen in 2009 should inter alia: a. Use the avoidance of adverse climate change impacts on SIDS as one of the key benchmarks for assessing its appropriateness, consistent with the precautionary principle and the principle of prevention; b. Adopt a package of mitigation activities, now, up to and beyond 2012 that provides for: i. long-term stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at well below 350ppm CO2-equivalent levels; ii. global average surface temperature increases to be limited to well below 1.5? C above pre-industrial levels; iii. global greenhouse gas emissions to peak by 2015 and decline thereafter; iv. reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions by more than 85% below 1990 levels by 2050 4) Why the Republic of Maldives should not be looked down upon by the international community? The Republic of Maldives has recently turned to a democratic regime since Mohammed Nasheed is the first president to be elected after a multi-party campaign ( it used to be an autocratic regime before). But, it is also facing an unemployment rate of 20%, a yawning gap between the rich and the poor and crime is rising. The social situation could drastically worsen if the island was to face a tsunami or an accelerated rising of sea level. Hence, the stability of this 100% Muslim country which has recently become a democracy is at stake now depends on an emergency bail out backed by the international community. ANNEXE List of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) 31 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Mexico Delegates:Cao Shicong, Huang Ningchao, Huang Ge, Yu Kequan The world is fully alarmed by effects of climate crisis. It is a great threat to the life and livelihood of human-beings, especially in developing countries. Although most countries have put their signatures to the Kyoto protocol, various problems still exist. Noting with regret, some industrialized countries have not take the obligation, the financial and technical help is not in place, without which developing countries are unable to overcome such various difficulties. Industrialized countries must propose ambitious mid-term emission-reduction targets, otherwise developing countries might not have any confidence in taking the obligation in emission-reduction. Industrialized countries should play a role as leader in "Emission-reduction Activity", since "Climate Crisis" is mainly coursed by industrialized countries. Industrialized countries should take more obligation in "Emission Reduction" than developing countries, as they have sent off emission for more than one century. Industrializied countries must make a guarantee of significate financial and technical resourses. With the resourses, the developing contries can not only limit the growth of emission but adapt to the effects of climate change mainly coursed by industrialized countries as well. United Nations should establish an efficient institutional mechanism for CDM i.e. CDM-Fund Commitee, which manage and supervise the financial and technical resourses provided by industrialized countries. At the same time, all developing countries, that receive the resourses from industrialized countries, must yearly send a detailed report, in order to clarify how all the resourses offered by industrialized countries are utilized. What is more, as is known to all, Mexico hosted World Environment Day (WED) 2009. Mexico is also a leading partner in UNEP's Billion Tree Campaign. Mexico was seizing the opportunities of the carbon markets and had, in just four short years, become second only to Brazil in terms of wind, solar, biogas and other Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects in the region. Mexico is bringing much needed leadership to the need for a new, comprehensive and decisive climate treaty. 32 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Delegates: Prabesh Paudyal, Jiang Wenxi, Li Jia, Xie Pengfei Nepal is a developing country. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Most of the topography is mountainous. Nepal became the party of Kyoto Protocol by submitting its instrument of Accession on September 16, 2005. Nepal is among the Annex II countries in Kyoto Protocol. Annual GHG (Green House Gas) emission of Nepal is about 0.025% with less than 0.4% of the world population which is negligibly small. But the impact of climate change is severe on a least developed country like Nepal because of its geographical and climatic conditions, high dependence on natural resources and lack of resources to cope with the changing climate. Areas as glaciers and snow fields will retreat and may even disappear. This has strong impact on irrigation, biodiversity and drinking water supply as well as reliability of hydroelectricity. Glaciers’ melting has resulted in higher incidence of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). GLOFs have cost lives in downstream riparian communities, devastation for hydropower stations and other infrastructure in Nepal and other counties. Nepal is trying hard in action to help to reduce the GHG emission. Projects like Biogas, Improved Cook Stoves, Electric Transportation (EVs, Trolley Bus, and Electric Train), Micro-Hydro, Solar Energy and Wind Energy are given utmost priority. It is said that the climate change is inevitable so Nepal needs more adaptation strategy. One important concern that is to be raised is the freshwater issue in Nepal. The major emphasis to the developing country now is to develop clean energy, but what about the future need of clean water to drink? Less than 60% of Nepal’s rural population has access to safe water, and 20% has access to basic sanitation facilities. The major impact of climate change is reducing the freshwater availability, increasing extreme events and increasing doughtiness. The increase in temperature has led to accelerate the glaciers melting. The glaciers are the prime sources which contribute to several Himalayan rivers in dry season (approximately 1.3 billion live on these rivers), a reduction in the river flows can be expected especially in dry season. Drinking water supply will be less reliable. 33 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University The Kyoto Protocol is most focused more on reducing the carbon level which is very important but the major emphasis even to the developing country is to develop clean energy for carbon reduction. IPCC has already predicted that the drought and water availability will decrease. Even though Nepal didn’t contribute to the global warming it is one of the most vulnerable countries because of its steep topography. Kyoto less emphasizes on the adaptation strategies, the approach and fund should be increased towards developing nations like Nepal. There is no real instrument for compliance/enforcing the Kyoto Protocol. Many countries are increasing the GHGs but Kyoto is not binding those nations. There should be a strong mechanism to decrease the GHGs and everybody must be bind to it. 34 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Netherlands Delegates: Li Xin, Qin Lili, Sun Tong, Chen Yi In the wake of the devastating global climate change, the resolution to the problem was put on UN agenda in 1980.In 1997,the adoption of Kyoto Protocol urged developed countries to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. However, while the commitment period of five years is set to expire in 2012, no agreement on the mid-term emissions reduction goal has been declared. The European Union has been making consistent efforts to observe rules of the protocol, providing developing countries with funds and technical aids.So is it with the Netherlands, a member of the EU. At the critical moment, we, representing the Netherlands, call for the whole world to assume the responsibility whether developed or developing. Our standpoints are confirmed as follows. We promise to complete most of carbon emissions reduction commitment and fulfill the rest through carbon trade. Aside from joint programs on clean energy with developing countries, the Netherlands are seeking more cooperation with industrialized nations. According to the 20-20-20 targets, there should be a decline in greenhouse gases by 2020, compared with 1990 levels , as well as an increase in the share of renewable energy in the energy mix. Therefore, energy policies are set to be implemented in the combined efforts from both the government and enterprises, which include energy-saving ,renewable energy and innovation projects. A 5-billion-Euro financial aid is available for new energy research in developing countries. Expecting the turning point of the current situation, an amendment to the protocol needs to get carried out,. We appeal to all nations, including the U.S.A., for active roles in the negotiation and condemn the irresponsible powers. On the hand, a specific reduction goal is essential for industrialized countries. On the other hand, developing countries should adopt measures to control greenhouse gases in harmony with economic growth. The developed countries should provide funds and essential technical 35 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University support,like technology exchange , in order to cope with climate change. That`s to ensure all nations are able to join us in the battle. Besides ,positive incentives are involved the encourage the countries to retain sustainable development. The international community should establish an effective financial system to guarantee the assistance, so that the developing countries an reach the goal more easily. In addition, a strict efficiency standards on products are required. We suggest to work out a document to limit the carbon emissions of ships.We also advise a large-scale concentration on clean energy, as a result, costs going down and more environmental-friendly innovations emerging worldwide. Last but not the least, we have to confirm that all nations aided must commit themselves to the majority of the assignments and only turning to carbon trade as resort when necessary. In other words, the basic cornerstone in the reduction is the nations` own capacity. The Natherlands are looking forward to the day when all the global villagers stand hand in hand in environment protection, assume their due responsibilities and ultimately make great contributions. 36 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: New Zealand Delegates:Luo Haili, Shen Zhejun, Zhao Xin Nowadays,the most vital yet heated discussion may probably be the globle warming and the climate changing.The earth is a gift that God endows us and thus everyone is definetely responsible for the world which is polluted real steady.So speed is needed for us to hold our hands and use the joint effort to make the environment better,make the world better. As a little island and a southern country,the climate changing affected our country New Zealand seriously on every aspects,both in farming and economy. Seeing the prospect that the sea-leval will rise by 65cm and the temperature will be 3’C higher,we get extremely panic and therefore we urged all the countrise,both developed and developing ones, to join hands to lower down the rapid climate change. With the deadline of the Kyoto Potocol drawing near,it’s important for all of us to sit together discussing our obligation on global warming. As an island country with a low emission of carbon dioxide,we are in favor of the proposal that a country’s total emission load should be in accordance with its development level as well as the green coverage. We firmly believe that a greener and more harmonious world is what we all long for,and yet we could gain a better world for our offspring through our constant effort. 37 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The Kingdom of Norway Delegates: Xu Pengliang, Kuang Ye, Wei Xiaoxiao Since established in 1945, the UN has always played an important part in the international problems.Norway wishes that the UN can also play its positive role in global warming. Recently many countries have been deeply concerned about the severity of greenhouse effect,so Norway reckons that it is extremely urgent to control the levels of greenhouse gases from now on.In order to make our conference a success,Norway declares that by 2020,we will reduce greenhouse gases by 40% based on 1990. Norway proposals that the developed countries can completed their tasks by providing related technologies which are advanced but cheap.That is to say, we should carry out the Kyoto Protocol fiexibly .What is more,Norway persists that the developing countries should also reduce the greenhouse gases,and the tasks of the developing and developed countries should be within a reasonable proportion . In a nutshell,Norway would like to stress again that every country ,not only the developde countries,should undertake its responsibility to reduce the greenhouse gases.Norway wants to make efforts with the other countries for the future of the earth! 38 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Delegates:Kazmi syed Azfar Hussain, Gao Yuting, Jiang Yiyang, Hu Mengwei The Islamic Republic of Pakistan supports the new Commission’s themes of diplomacy, international inclusion and market-orientated polices to gather support for a long-term international policy approach to tackle global climate change and to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Bearing in mind and noting with deep concern, the situations and circumstances of the developing countries, the developed world has to shake hands with the developing world to win the battle against Global Climate Change, emphasizing the issues of adaptation, mitigation, clean technologies, deforestation and resource mobilization. Though the Kyoto Protocol uses a top-down mechanism to negotiate economy-wide emissions caps, there is a need to find room for the developing countries based on a sectoral approach which will help the countries to balance their sustainable development keeping in view the environmental issues. Overall, we welcome the Commission’s pragmatic emphasis on diplomacy and building international support for tackling climate change, rather than dogmatic appeals based on inflexible targets that are ill-adapted for a long-term international policy approach. 39 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Papua New Guinea Delegates: Xu Jiaqi, Fu Yuguang, Li Xutian As the climate around the global significantly deteriorated, most countries adopted measures to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. UNFCCC has held 14 conferences to discuss the co-operation and measures to cope with the problem. The Kyoto Protocol is generally seen as an important first step towards a global emission reduction regime. However, its first commitment period will end in 2012. Thus a new international framework needs to have been negotiated and ratified that can deliver the stringent emission reductions needed. Papua New Guinea is a typical island country in the Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. Our ecology has its own unique features that made it hard enough for us to only maintain it. The country is mostly mountainous and covered with tropical rainforest and large wetland areas, which are well-known venerable ecosystems hard to revive ones damaged; most of our islands are surrounded by coral reefs which need to be placed under close watch to preserve them; and most of our land exists as islands, and as we are all aware of, islands will be submerged if sea levels kept rising, and some Pacific Islands are already being seriously affected. Each second for us is equivalent with each acre of the land and each life. We cannot allow the rise of the sea-level to swallow another island. It is obvious that climate change has a severe impact on our nation, and that we would certainly do all that we can to stop it. Papua New Guinea support that the Kyoto Protocol is a suitable pattern to follow with and we believe that it is an obligation for every country to make contributions. Contemplating the defects of the Kyoto Protocol, we have transmitted to the secretariat the text of a proposal for amendments during the last meeting, and is paying great attention to the fulfilling of the Kyoto Protocol. However, Papua New Guinea is still a developing country facing significant challenges. The majority of the population lives in traditional societies and practise subsistence-based agriculture. Though PNG is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by various problems. Thus, agriculture still provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population.The GDP of PNG estimated in 2008 showed $2,108 per capita 40 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University compare with an average of $8,000 among developed countries. In March 2006, the United Nations Committee for Development Policy called for Papua New Guinea's designation of developing country to be downgraded to least-developed country. Thus, the Independent State of Papua New Guinea expect countries, especially the developed countries to take more responsibilities in intensifying and accelerating the steps repeatedly toward GHG emission reductions and to offer assistance to less developed countries to face the threat of diseases and the damage of the forests aroused by the change of climate. 41 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Peru Delegates: Han Congcong，Liu Yufan Peru is seriously affected by the green-house effect while the ablation of the snow-capped mountain is only one of the terrible consequences. Considering the fundamental living interest of the people throughout the world, Peru strongly supports the Kyoto Framework. Meanwhile, we recommend two more amendments to the Post-Kyoto Framework. First, the developed countries should play a leading role to reduce the green gases emission, especially the USA, the most advanced, also the largest green gases emission country at the present time. It should be responsible for its action as well as the people suffered by its action. Second, some developing countries should abide by the rule of emission reductions. As we all see, some typical developing countries, namely People’s Republic of China, Brazil, India and Russia, have a great impact on the world climate. Say, China’s vulgar development makes it the second largest green gases emission country. Due to what they have done to the world climate, it stands to reason to make them take up their responsibilities to reduce the green gases emission. No just excuse could make up for the exception. Peru believes that if the Post-Kyoto Framework could be carried out with the two new amendments mentioned above, people in the world would live a better life with better developing future. 42 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The State of the Russian Federation Delegates:Zhang Juanyi, Bian Yiyun, Liu Xiao, Wang Qiren Geography: 17.0754 million square kilometers land area (accounting for 76% of Soviet territory size), ranking first in the world. Is located in Eastern Europe and northern Asia, the bulk of its European territory of the Eastern European plain. North the Arctic Ocean, east Pacific, west Atlantic Ocean. Something for up to 9,000 kilometers from north to south the width of 4,000 kilometers. Neighboring land northwest of Norway, Finland, west of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, southwest Ukraine, the south Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, south-east of China, Mongolia and North Korea. The east across the sea with Japan and the United States. A coastline of 33,807 kilometers. Cimate: Most of the land is in the northern temperate regions, climate varied, consisting mainly of continental climate. Temperature generally larger, in January the average temperature of -1? to -37?, 7 monthly average temperature of 11? to 27?. The average annual rainfall of 150-1000 mm. Population: Russia's total population of more than 130 people. Russia accounts for 82.95% of them. The main ethnic minorities are Germany, Ukraine, Bashkir, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and so on. Social Survey 2001, Russia's authoritative body sample survey showed that 55% of Russian citizens to practice their religion, of which 91% Orthodox, 5% Muslim. The Russian people have been considered among the most religious character of a nation, in real life and literary works, the Orthodox Church by the propaganda of ideas of love and forgiveness can be seen everywhere. Politics: Russian Federation, the political organ of state power by the Federal President, the Federal Assembly, the federal government the federal government and the judiciary and law enforcement agencies posed. As the Russian Federation is still in the transition period of economic and political system, therefore, the Russian Federation with the existing constitutional system has the characteristics of a transitional nature. The largest party in the Russian parliament for the United Russia party-cum-ruling party, the second largest party in the Communist Party. Capital, Moscow. 43 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Economic: large proportion of heavy industry, dependent on energy and raw materials exports, this year's economy is facing a 7% shrinkage in a deficit for the first time in 10 years. Foreign trade is not rich natural resources. GDP totaled 41.668 trillion rubles, the per capita GDP of 7000 U.S. dollars. Military power: the world's second military Treaty: Russia has been signed the "Kyoto Protocol", "Geneva Conventions" and the "Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" Position: 1.Resolutely implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol obligations, called on countries to implement the Kyoto Protocol, jointly cope with global warming. 2.Completely opposed to the use of post-Kyoto framework or full use of the total GDP per capita GDP as a measure of greenhouse gases, it is recommended to negotiate the use of weighted. 3.The existence of global warming, uncertainty, need to confirmed by IPCC’s further studies. Policy: 1.Adhere to four principles 2.Greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol must not exceed the quota 3.Countries in need due to the sale of surplus emission credits Measures: 1.Participate in CDM Program 2. Changes in energy structure, improving energy efficiency 3.Afforestation 4.To strengthen international co-operation 44 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Saudi Arabia Delegates: Xing Xue, Li Yiqing, Bi Li, Wu chengzhou The effects of global warming and climate change are of concern both for the environment and human life. Evidence of observed climate change includes the instrumental temperature record, rising sea levels, and decreased snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. And all of the above is due to the emission of greenhouse gases. Reliable scientific data show that the whole world continues to see an unprecedented increase in the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. With the Kyoto pact set to expire in 2012, countries are aiming to agree on a successor framework at a December 2009 U.N. climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) talks have been disrupted by a divide between advanced and advancing countries. Developing nations are asking their industrialized counterparts to commit to sizeable CO2 reductions and to offer financial aid to help poor nations with their efforts. But developed countries have not made any firm commitments on funding, and only the EU has taken on a firm CO2 reduction target, which nevertheless fails to meet the developing world's demands. Saudi Arabia accedes to the Post-Kyoto framework of placing heavy yet feasible burden of halting climate change on industrial nations (Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol). In terms of the rates of gas emission of major emitters in the framework and how to build up an efficient mechanism measuring and supervising the gas emission of each country signing it, especially during this critical global economic crisis, the UNFCCC should have a talk with those major countries and the other parts of the world. It may be a good idea that the framework offers a flexible emission rates particular for the time period, which is hard for every country. When the global economy comes 45 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University back, the emission limit will return to the original one. In addition, Saudi Arabia believes that developing countries should be assisted in coping with the inevitable effects of a rise in world temperature because they are vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to lack of technical and financial capability to design and implement coping strategies. As a result, Saudi Arabia needs technical and economic aids from the advanced countries and calls on the rise of oil price due to the emission, which is also helpful to limit the over-emitting of some countries. Further more, Saudi Arabia looks forward to technical assistance from the world to build up a solar energy system producing electronics which is a key step for sustainable development of the whole world. 46 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: South Africa Delegates: Lu Wei, Li Mengyun, Lu Huiyu Part one: Backgrounder (1) the primary history: Republic of South Africa, as a result of Lake Erie, is so named in southern Africa, known as "a “ rainbow nation ” and “ the land of gold jewel ” is stretched, gold list of countries.South Africa was once a British autonomous territory.In 1961, South Africa from 31 May to exit the Commonwealth, the establishment of the Republic of South Africa.After the struggle of the people of South Africa has been overturned, apartheid, South Africa in April 1994, at its first, participate in the election race. (2) the trend: economic South Africa belongs to the middle-income developing countries, which is both African economic most developed country.Natural resources, is one of the five major mineral kingdoms of the world.Financial, legal systems, communications, transportation, energy infrastructure such as well.Mining, manufacturing and agriculture is the three pillars of the economy.Political new South Africa has always pursued the full range of foreign policy of independence and autonomy, advocating respect for sovereignty, equality and mutual benefit and non-interference in the internal affairs of a country with all on the basis of maintaining and developing bilateral friendly relations.As a non-National Assembly as the main body of the national unity Government reconciliation, stability, development policies, proper handling and racial conflicts, try to improve the black political, economic and social status, political power by white people realize the multi-ethnic combined with the change of a smooth transition. Part two: past action (1) 2002 South African National Assembly formally approved on March 13, aimed at controlling global warming of the Kyoto Protocol. This indicates that South Africa will seriously and with other countries in the world, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, jointly protect agains damage to the ozone layer. (2), December 2007 in Bali Climate Conference, South Africa and other countries require you to expressly set forth in General Assembly resolution in 47 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University the developed countries by 2020 greenhouse gas emissions than 1990 reduced by 25% to 40%, majority of the developing countries in support of this position.South Africa put forward constructive proposals, subject to the General Assembly. Part three: their national circumstances (1) position: stick to the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol on the prevention of global warming on matters relating to the terms and conditions, ordered the establishment of a positive and effective institutional framework after Kyoto.However, the Government of South Africa will not be at the expense of economic development at the expense of, reducing carbon dioxide emissions.First of all developed countries to fulfil the emission reduction commitments, the emission reduction to the development of China can help economic development. (2) policy: stick to countries in accordance with Protocol commitments on greenhouse gas reduction, restriction discharge obligations; in the framework of sustainable development for coping with climate change issues. (3) to be implemented: 1. appropriately to ensure participation; 2. commitment to low-carbon emission, steer clear of the target; 3. the global carbon taxes, state management; 4. activate the Kyoto system, implementing long-term goal; 4. intensity target, beneficial participation.5. the developed countries and enable developing countries to energy saving. Reasons: (1) the powers participate in emission reduction is faced with challenges and difficulties:the world's political causes, multilateral agreements advantageous implementation. (2) common but the difference between the principle of responsibility. Cases: 20 leaders to discuss climate change conference post-Kyoto institutional framework strategy design; Copenhagen agreement to discuss matters relating to the non-renewal of the Kyoto Protocol. 48 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: The Kingdom of Spanish Delegates: Jin Xiaoting, Zou Yuanyang, Shen Zhitao Since all parties have made great efforts to accomplish the target listed on the UNFCCC and WMO has announced the importance of uniting all countries in the world to solve the problems caused by climate changes. Spain firmly believes that only if human beings take the responsibility to cope with the climate change can we create a better circumstance to develop economy. Spain is the firm supporter of the Kyoto-Protocol. Spain has taken a deep concern of problems about the water shortage in the most part of the world and the threaten of some island countries caused by rising temperature. We believe that we should affirm as well as modify some treaties to approach a better result. , We must carry out what have been listed on the Kyoto Protocol strictly .It is necessary for countries all over the world to focus on domestic reducing emissions instead of making use of the flexible operational principle all the time. ,Improve our patterns of development and consume. It is objectively clear that the change will be definitely beneficial to the improvement of the air conditions, as well as prevention of temperature increasing. ,We will spare no efforts to be helpful to solving the problem, such as the best financial and technology supports according to the reality. Since the earth is our only home and let us join together, and take our responsibility. The world will be a better place for everyone. Only of this cooperation can all of us go hand in hand and make substantive progress in human history. 49 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: Thailand Delegates: Pan yupei, Hu Xiaohua, Li Lianyang, Huang Encheng Climate change has become a real challenge for all countries throughout the world. whith the temperature increasing the food production is projected to decline. More than 250 million people are directly affected by land degradation, and some 1 billion people in more than 100 countries are at risk. It will also lead to Sea-level rising. In the final analysis all the situations are Caused by Greenhouse gas emissions. As the barn and the Mishi of world, Thailand have had a Huge effect on account of Climate change.so we Support the kyoto protokol uncompromising. Although Thailand is a Middle-income countries, Poverty is a Serious Social problem that have Troubled our country for a long time.What’s more. The world economic crisis injured Thailand badly. Developing Economic and eliminating Poverty are the Urgentest in Thailand. So we can’t give a promise of a Specific mission reduction targets. We think the developed country have a greater duty to mission reduction targets.The advanced nations also ought to help the least developed nations by Technology and funds. 50 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: the United Kingdom of Great Britain Delegates: Jiang Tianyi, He Xiao, Lv Zhengyang Since 20-th century ,global warming has been scientifically observed and arose worldwide concerns. The average increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and ocean, as well as its projected continuation has brought about series of problems. Heat waves and the unusual warm weather cause sea-level rising, coastal fooding and glaciers melting , environmentally, giving rise to the inevitably exacerbation of eqidemics, droughts and starvation. Presently political and pubic debate continues regarding climate change and what actions(if any)to take in response. Scientists predict warming problems will increase if emissions of heat-trapping gases are not brought under control.Poor regions appear at greatest risk from the projected effects of global warming, while their emissions have been small compared to the developed world. Thus governments signed Kyoto Protocol to clearify the responsibility and obligation among nations. Since the protocol is about to due, there ought to be a perspective and sustainable draft resolution presented to promote the vital process We, the Great Britain, has long been enhancing the energy efficiency of in relevant sectors of the national economy, including manufactory, agriculture and all that. We have made efforts to promote progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in greenhouse gasemitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the convention and application of market instruments. Responding to the national advocates some hospitals have taken up the cause to help combat climate change, which in some extents reinforce the concept of protection among the public. On 13 March 2007, a draft Climate Change Bill was published after cross-party pressure over several years, led by environmental groups. Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.[55] On 26 November 2008, the Climate Change Act became law with a target of 80% reduction over 1990. The U.K. is the first country to ratify a law with such a long-range and significant carbon reduction target.By June 24, Scotland has pass a resolution indicating a 42 per cent reduction in CO2 emission by the year 2020. 51 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Britain shall focus most on the Convention and the items of Kyoto Protocol. Try to form a constructive, cooperation and two-to-win situation. We can give advice or attempt to share experience and necessary technique with some developing counties .However, we affirm that developing countries ought to take the responsibility of the process, since there is a significant space which can be taken to help achieve the international goal. As for the CDM process, we hope parties included concentrate more on the obligation, not concerning too much on the commercial perspective, but the human’s future. Any synergic negotiation are welcome. We are expecting earnestly any fellow countries to join us! 52 th The 4 Model United Nations of Tongji University Topic: Climate Change and Post-Kyoto Framework Committee: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Country: the United States of America Delegates:Shen Mengjie,Huang Gezhi, Zhang Shutong, Sun Yueling Climate change is arguably one of the most important global issues facing the world today.It is not just a distant future threat, it is the main driver behind rising humanitarian needs and we are seeing its impact now. There is on doubt taking positive action to reduce the impact of climate change.And the United States is always ready to take actions to give hope. Climate change will increase hunger and Malnutrition as Agriculture contributes to climate change.More and more countries will suffer from natural disasters.Developing countries will face more challenges while focusing on their economic development.Therefore, developed countries like USA should take responsibility to lead all citizens in the Earth Village to win the fight for global warming. In terms of the sustainable development, USA calls for measures taken instantly as below: Calls on certain developing countries who have given out as much greenhouse gas fluid as developed countries have to take responsibility and join in the line that promise to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas fluid to be given out the next 10 years; Urges that a fairer standard in calculating the amount of greenhouse gas fluid that should be reduced in certain years, concerning all situations. 53