北宋天台宗对《大乘起信论》与《十不二门》的诠释与论争义(龚隽)（The Northern Song Dynasty of Tiantai faith in Mahayana theory and ten Bu´ermen interpretation and debate the meaning of (Gong Jun)）

北宋天台宗对《大乘起信论》与《十不二门》的诠释与论争义(龚隽)（The Northern Song Dynasty of Tiantai faith in Mahayana theory and ten Bu´ermen interpretation and debate the meaning of (Gong Jun)） 北宋天台宗对《大乘起信论》与《十不二门》的诠释与论争义(龚隽) (The Northern Song Dynasty of Tiantai faith in Mahayana theory and ten Bu'ermen interpretation and debate the meaning of (Gong Jun)) The Northern Song Dynasty of Tiantai "faith in Mahayana theory" and "ten" Bu'ermen interpretation and debate the meaning of (Gong Jun) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- [Beijing] history of Chinese philosophy, third, 2005 83-94 page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [author introduction] Gong Jun, Professor, Department of philosophy, Zhongshan University. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- First, classical interpretation and the establishment of orthodoxy China Buddhism since the Tang Dynasty, the roof has gradually declined, and in the social trend of thought is the edge of Zen, and only three of the world China, "the three rate with Android were broadcast nine line, and it was normal for the emperor, the luxury of learning". So when the roof Zhan began trying to rebuild the orthodoxy, he faced with Zhuzong contend, "cross body enemy" situation. (Note: see Kai um, Wu Keji: "release the door" 2 "new orthodoxy, and continued canon" (hereinafter referred to as the "canon" continued) volume seventy-fifth, 275 pages; with: "pass the" mark "the roof," the temple of Tibetan Tiantai Zhan, 188th pages. In semantics, Tiantai) has been to Huayan Department of their own as a major rival, especially to the provision of Huayan as "heresy", "two scholars (Taiwan Yin), special ice carbon". (Note: the "orthodox" door release volume eight, "a prime minister involved in mind set", "continued canon" volume seventy-fifth, 358 pages. In addition, different from the roof of the situation, the teacher was Huayan are popular royal attention, such as law Tibet "weight for the emperor, said the real non virtual view is" emperor "; Cheng Dun is heavy", "frequency and etiquette". (respectively, the Song Dynasty monk biography, Volume 5, law, Guan, Guan, two Biography) Tiantai in order to establish orthodoxy, and later consciously with the power of approach. "The letter") on the history of thought is Chinese Buddhism a controversial theory of code, but in the Tang Dynasty through the efforts of the founder of Huayan (especially fazang), which has been on the classics and got authority. The Tang Dynasty Huayen the victory and legitimacy, in order to fight a forced roof orthodoxy, have to pay more attention to the "letter". Revered as the progenitor of the Tiantai nine Zhan (711-782) has "ZTE Woon", he was "difficult", (Note: see: "Zane zanning" volume sixth, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 117118th. Therefore, in order to revitalize Tiantai), he was also quoted to Huayan very respectful "letter", and made a different interpretation of the direction of the Huayan plays. As a teacher, he was able to "rebuild the tradition" in the Confucian classics, so as to establish the legitimacy of the rooftop. (Note: the "orthodox" Volume II release door said, "the letter" Zhan notes, but dissatisfied with the Xian first thinning "does not match the Buddha effect", and "the letter" said contrary. "Canon" volume seventy-fifth, 275 pages. The other Linda Penkower also believes that the Zhan and Trile etc. Tiantai scholars are interested in through the classic way to establish a new explanation of the traditional roof. See the Making and Remaking Tradition:Chan-Jan's Strategies Toward a T'ang T'ien-T'ai Agenda, "master" study of Tiantai, Heisei 9 years issued in March 1st. From the inside view of the Tiantai tradition, Zhan's thought was "particularly proud of the ten doors", so he created the "ten best gate" especially on the Tiantai's circle meaning. This theory gradually became the classic of later sect. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the "ten best gate" was regarded by the Tiantai scholars as "the entity of rhetoric, and the view of the people to see the Buddha and the Hui Yuan", but they were struggling to explain it, but there was a great deal of disagreement among them". (ren Yue: "ten Bu'ermen Oncidium solution" canon "," continued volume fifty-sixth, 340th pages), the Tiantai Mountain mountain within the dispute, although the source of "Suvarnaprabhasa Xuan Yi" wide, slightly this dispute, and thought of creation, but associated with them to the "different understanding and interpretation theory" and "ten letter Bu'ermen theory" is very profound. Therefore, this article will discuss the so-called "orthodoxy" and "heresy" of the mountain and beyond the mountain. In order to orthodoxy itself mountain home has a very strong munekado consciousness, so the criticism on the mountain, more on the "old roof, and do not speak" principle for the call, ("Buddha Tong Ji" volume eight, "continued the" volume seventy-fifth, page 431) "is everywhere Fu", "biography of orthodox teaching concept of College" as its mission, (Note: see Trile, "ten volume book" Siming, "Da Zhengcang" volume forty-sixth, 856 pages; "respect for education Siming record" volume fifth, "four people pay the moment master book", "Taisho Tibet" volume forty-sixth, 904 pages. ) in the method, usually outside the mountain mountain home also note by the concept as "heresy" (heterodoxy), and consciously involved in thinking on this Huayan, from Pan Zhi Tong Ji "as one" Buddha wrote "like" words can see very clearly: The end of Tang Dynasty, the world sangluan, Taiwan in classics when Haidong diaspora, for the scholars to have to say and speak Huayan ornaments, and this is my song Longxing, dark....... Therefore, (EN) en, (source), Qing and industry in the former, (Qing), Zhao (chi) round after the opposition, (following) Qi, (salt) run to his party and the foreign affairs, net sleep to my son and inner bank,...... From Jingxi to nine world for two hundred years, preaching, where there are no? The body of the congregation is made up of the heretics and the orthodox, the wise and the wise (Zhi Li). Faden also said in his opinion on the concept of zte: Mountain View tutor came for a long time, the size of typical Yi is still in, only said ZTE the Siming mage, why? Although many people in the typical Japanese dissent from the almost mountain outside a taking both absurd opinion, draw a forced analogy, complex, a tutor will carry bathygenic view to. (Note: the key is the author of the citation were "Buddha Tong Ji" volume eight, "canon" volume seventy-fifth, 432 pages; "on the teaching concept of" ZTE, "canon" volume fifty-seventh, 97 pages. ) Interestingly, the narrative of the ideological differences within the Northern Song Dynasty seems more intense than the description from the outside. As with grace in Tiantai history written record is "to his party's" heresy "," Qing Yi in "heavy moment ten Siming book order", also said to be "well well and speak not deep to teach, Huayan, abuse of his case and make a big bad figure. (the "ten moment Siming book order", "Da Zhengcang" volume forty-sixth, 831 pages) but according to earlier published, the Northern Song Dynasty "Zane zanning" (988) volume seven is written with grace outside the mountain pass, the situation is completely different, after meeting with well described as Huichang calamity. Shaoxing continued important figures in Tiantai orthodox thought: First of all, Tiantai religion, after the destruction of Huichang, the text is incomplete. Talk about wonderful words, no name, no show. Always find ten wonderful grace, the research purport for five, say, 20, "mystery meditation week for solution and Ming, double foot. The "center" a generation of American Hokke, grace force. The people of the past, and no language Jingxi don't match, because of the mystery, meditation and Jin Guangming, gold on a total of thirty-five women, post, see line in the world. (Note: biography of eminent monks in Song Dynasty, Vol. seventh, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, 161162nd pages. ) It is not difficult to find, as a "mountain outside the school, after the heresy" mountain home thinkers and historians are joined in the effort to gradually shaping out, should pay attention to the mountain home in the literature of the orthodox will and sectarian ideology rhetoric. In order to establish the legitimacy of their own family, the mountain school not only criticizes the inside and outside of the mountain, but also the criticism of the outside world. It is also particularly related to the issues related to orthodoxy. As they absorb the Zen in the ancestral system Rikkyo way, at the same time, the problems in the ancestral system, and special service and the Zen instead ", while criticizing the Zen home ancestral system said. (Note: the song Taichan two cases of dispute, see Chen Yuan, "Introduction" China Buddhism history, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962 edition, page 122-125; see also the Kaohsiung Yi Jian, "the Song Dynasty Buddhist history research", 100 Huayuan, Showa 50 edition, pp. 80-87. In addition to the criticism of Huayan), draw the line in thought, It is especially used in the way of teaching, because the teaching of sentence is directly related to the status of "sectarian politics" and "orthodoxy". (Note: Chi-Wah Chan, Chih-1i (960-1028) and the Crisis of T'ien-t'ai Buddhism in the Early Sung, Peter N.Gregory, Daniel A.Getz Ed., Buddhism in the Sung Honolulu:University of Hawai's Press.) according to the "orthodox" record release door, Taiwan cases of Huayan Zhu Shi judging teaching has strong dissatisfaction, such as the determination of Zhanjiang but the first five Xian criticism is "teaching concept, solution for Hu Yue", (Note: the "orthodox" volume eight "release door Xian Prime Minister involved in mind set", "canon" volume seventy-fifth, 259 pages. From the meaning of home) mountain Zen and huayansect dense ancestral system were widely Panjiao simple materials. (see "canon" Vol. seventy-fifth, pp. 324-325) Northern Song Dynasty "mountain home" and "mountain outside" argument, mostly by the way of annotation. It is important to note that they are nominally in the annotation, and differences are generally described as differences in understanding or ideological philosophy. In fact, we can not simply apply the principles of general hermeneutics to analyze their ideological arguments, that is, they can not simply find the connection between the classical texts and their interpretations. There is also an important aspect of their activities of classical interpretation, that is, to borrow classics to do things, to explain the existence of more complex power relations behind the activities, and to be analyzed by genealogy (genealogy). If they pay attention to the "letter", in addition to the above thoughts, a very important point, is the "home" letter Huayan to establish a round of teaching status. Such as huayansect fazang had passed "letter" as the origin of the annotation to Panjiao thought. "Qi Xin" volume "" remember "meaning to interpreting China all through the theory, according to the teachings of the order from low to high four sentenced to teach, which reflects the Ministry of Hinayana" with phase zhizong "praj by the theory of" vacuum phase cases "by Yogacara theory" the only law in "the letter", "including" Tathagata in origin". ("faith in Mahayana theory" meaning "continue" Tripitaka volume, volume forty-fifth, page 243) although there is not a standard according to the judgment of teaching, rather than a unique Huayan Panjiao, but as fazang explained, "the letter" the origin of the "Yili uprising", to provide the thought foundation of the Director Finance harmless "for huayan. "Panjiao" is directly related to the legitimacy of the decision, so the roof had to "re interpretation of the letter". One of the mountain home integrated "letter" is obviously for orthodox meaning, its purpose is to take the criticism of Huayan and mountains, so he consciously put on the "letter" interpretation, the distinction between China and the letter "Shu Yan Zong", focus on the criticism of the in fazang sparse, rather than "letter". Having a "letter" for the roof round face extending direction of the teaching, teaching methods and clear judgment, the "letter" of Huayan interpretation found don't teach revel, rather than round teach. As he said "the letter" to round the door and don't, "on one case, but the total intake of the world, cloud born law, this is a round gate"; and "the letter" "order nine", is "not a". A reservoir dredging, he thought not fusion "rationale" to talk about the origin, so the "standing on the rooftop of Yiwang is, don't teach a way of saying," only is: "don't talk about science with the sparse or hidden method, is a physical change in the law is going on, not for. If nothing can be done, what will be the same as this round?" (Note: see one, "he taught for Siming record" volume second, third, "teaching and" Qi Xin "mix chapter", "ignore you twenty", "Da Zhengcang" volume forty-sixth, 871875 pages. This "letter") Yang censures Tibet sparse approach actually implies that the roof is more than the Huayan orthodox position. (Note: Ando Toshio believed that the interpretation of "the letter" ceremony and law "in Tibetan Kegon philosophy for sparse don't teach the meaning of". Ando Toshio, Pei speech translation, "with thought of" Tiantai, Taipei Tianhua publishing Limited by Share Ltd, The 1989 edition, page 241st); at the same time, the roof internal factions also through different interpretations of the "ten best gate" solutions, said he inherited the Zhan dao. From the rooftop of the letter "," internal "ten" on the two Bu'ermen different interpretations and arguments to analyze their ideological differences, not as they suggest, in order to establish the legitimacy of sectarian strategy, must consciously create "heresy" community "as a scapegoat". By carefully reading their arguments about philosophical and religious issues, it can be found that many so-called ideological oppositions are invented. (Note: Chen Yingshan in the comments on the mountain outside the mountain home criticism when it found that one of the many mountains outside the ideological critique is "invalid", "it is a partial solution and the deduction caused by excessive". Although she did not know that the thought behind sectarian power consciousness, but she found repeatedly misunderstanding of the mountains outside the ceremony, "said a plot by". Tiantai thought, Dong Da book company, 1997 edition, 111112nd pages. Therefore, the annotation is not only a kind of "fusion of Horizons" in the sense of hermeneutics, but "meaning" no longer refers to what exists in the text, but more refers to what happens in the experience of reading. Explain as a "rhetorical strategy" (a rhetorical device), is no longer on the meaning of the text objectively reveal, rather related to the annotation of "community" (interpretive community) according to their own interests and purport of "meaning" and "re creation" (reproduce). (Note: Kevin J.Vanhoozer, Is There a Meaning in This Text? Zondervan Publishing House, 1998, P158167-169.) this point, the Southern Song Dynasty in the "ten best understood" hinge "Narration" is very clear that the home of "ten" Bu'ermen explanation, not by solution righteousness, it is "an the paper, on sense, Wu Italy not equal, the random variable". ("canon" volume fifty-sixth, 364 pages) De Bary proposed four different types of "orthodoxy" when discussing the concept of "orthodoxy" in China and even in East asia. (Note: Kwang-Ching Liu, Ed. Orthodoxy, in Late Imperial China Berkely:University of California Press, 1990, P3-5.) to analysis the mountains outside the mountain home, arguing, you can say their differences, on the surface, revolves around the philosophical classics, there are "orthodox philosophy of caring" (Philosophical orthodoxy) debate. But in fact, the thought of "legitimacy" is not completely pure independent, be free from things of the world, behind the idea of legitimacy argument implies "super philosophy concerns" (extra-philosophical concern) and the power relations and political power. (Note: Linda Penkower in its forthcoming paper On Hermeneutics and Polemics:the Debate over Stone and Vegetal Buddhas, pointed out that Zhan "behind the ruthless sexual" thoughts are concerned, is actually the Buddhist ideology and the relationship between sects in the social power of. As Bernard Faure) found in the analysis that the traditional Zen patriarch, orthodoxy who are usually part of the marginalized community in order to become the "orthodox" and created. (Note: Bernard Faure, The Will to Orthodoxy:A critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism, Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1997, P9180.) Zhan so keen to establish mountain home "orthodox", to "bending the 100, more than the talk" ("on the teaching concept of ZTE: laws". "Canon" volume fifty-seventh, 97 pages) is precisely what its "marginal anxiety" (boundary anxiety) has a profound relationship. The activities outside the mountain were mainly concentrated in Qian Tang (Hangzhou), which was the largest part of Southeast China at that time. It was the central region of southeast politics, culture and commerce, The state of Wyoming (Ningbo) is far more remote. Moreover, even from the mountain home after the "Buddha Ji Ji" and other historical records also admitted that in the mountain home before the orthodox position, the mountains outside the influence is much greater than the mountain. Later, in order to seek development and to coordinate the relationship with the secular political forces, the mountain families expressed their high enthusiasm and participation in the secular society. (Note: compared to the mountains outside the "miscellaneous do not like friends, not good words," no more mundane world "(referring to the adult Haozu)" ("zanning" volume seventh, "Wu en biography") tendency, mountain home shows positive interaction between social power and. In this sense can see Pan Guiming, Wu Zhongwei, "Chinese Tiantai history", Jiangsu ancient books publishing house, 2001, pp. 396-399. In the analysis of the argument between the mountain and the mountain, we must combine the philosophical analysis of their thoughts with the critical method of genealogy. At present, most of the scholars study on the roof, while ignoring the ideological critique of genealogy, therefore, intentionally or unintentionally, the Song Dynasty in Taiwan history formed by the "orthodox" concept, as its research history of Tiantai scale. Such as Japan Ando Toshio to know a way to judge the whole roof teaching characteristics, and the mountain as the orthodox "different ideas of broken roof". (Note: Daniel since Yuanyi cases highlight the toxicity of evil, is an important concept, such as one song after the Ando Jun Hills home is used to determine the tendency of traditional male roof. See "Tiantai sexual theory", page 83,84. And Ando in his book "of the basic thought of the Tiantai school" (heirakuji Showa, 43 Edition), the mountain described as "heresy". See the fourteenth chapter of the book, verse 1. The controversy over the Tiantai Mountain family and outside the mountain in Song Dynasty was also basically described as ideological struggle in different ways in our study. Therefore, while discussing the differences between the mountains and the mountains, we pay special attention to their rhetoric and strategies in building their legitimacy in the process of interpretation. Then, as the structure of the two director of the world and you This is not a comprehensive discussion of the Northern Song Dynasty in the debate Tiantai Mountain Home with mountains on both sides, and they mainly choose the way of thinking about the world structure, and associated practices (view heart) two issues were analyzed, in order to critically examine how they explain in different context interpretation activities "new manufacturing" the traditional thought. The roof is not pay attention to "letter", to the Zhan, in order to revive the Pope door, compete with the Huayan phase, then reference to Huayan based "letter", especially the "true unchanged" thought. (Note: Ando Toshio believes that an important contribution to the roof above the Zhan history do is on the rooftop of the teaching system used as the origin of "faith in Mahayana theory" said. See the class, "Tiantai thought history", law library, Showa 34 edition, twenty-eighth pages. ) but he is not simply the "theory of teaching system used to move the roof" as the origin of the letter, but consciously made a play different and hidden. This has become a consensus among scholars. (Note: see Lu Zheng, "China Buddhist Origin talk", 167202265th pages; Ando Toshio, "out of the roof on the thought", 148149th pages; Li Shijie, "the history of the development of the Tang Dynasty Tai Zong", Zhang Mantao, "modern Buddhist academic series", 56, "the judgment of Buddhism and Tiantai development", Mahayana Culture Press, 1979 edition, 159th pages; Chen Yingshan, "out of Tiantai thought", pp. 10,12. "The letter") as the origin of the argument is not too clear, so give the explanation in a large space. In the method of reservoir dredging, the origin is a combination of "plays"; Zhan did not want to make this understanding, but to the roof "with" the idea to start with the letter "performance", so the ideological problems are complicated as you. As to the origin of the thought to the roof inside, one is to enrich the doctrine of Tiantai itself; but the other side, holding the letter "theory" of thought and language, And it is impossible to get rid of the "predestined relationship" and "sincere thought" completely. Taiwan cases inside the mountain mountain outside the home of the debate, "the solid is complex in different theory, complex between pure purpose" (Chu Qian: "the ten Xuan Ji Bu'ermen was wonderful", "continued canon" volume fifty-sixth, 356 pages) is directly related to this. As Ando Toshio said, the thoughts of the mountains and the mountains and the mountains of the later generations can be fundamentally explained by the duality of the thought of "Zhan". (Tiantai theory of ideas, 158th pages) Lu Zheng found "to the Song Dynasty, Yin Taiwan two relationship is concentrated in the" letter ", since the case within the differences are concentrated in the" letter "," this is a profound insight. ("China Buddhist Origin talk", page 266th) and generally, Zhan is in the writing of "King Kong" Pi only used "letter" as the origin of the argument to support the "Buddha nature" thought, and criticism of "the letter" Huayan explained. In fact, he is also in an important play to the wise master "mystery" thinking of the "Ten China best gate", also from "with" position, the "letter" the origin of the concept. As referred to in the "center door Fuji", his "heart Ming, variable named, made for the body" way to explain the origin of everything but mind "concept;" with net Bu'ermen "interpretation, especially with the" letter "in analogy to the waves" often the origin of science. (Note: Zhan: "ten door Fuji", building strong Shi Jun et al, "China Buddhism materials", volume second, Volume 1, Zhonghua Book Company, 1983, pp. 263-265. So, at the same time as later), mountain mountain home "letter" external discussion questions, have re interpreted the Zhan thought, especially his "ten best gate", this is why. Since the case was explained directly on the surface of the works, rather than the "letter" Kegon, this along the "orthodox" convenient, is understandable. So, the Northern Song Dynasty mountain mountain home argument form is around of Zhan thought, especially the different understanding and interpretation by his "ten Bu'ermen theory", and the actual application of thought, but with the "letter" is associated with profound. "Release" the biography of Zhi Li II orthodox door said he "symbol" letter "sect", "Buddha Tong Ji" volume eight also said "teacher (Zhi Li) in" Qi Xin "is realized, it usually works more than aid according to". (see "canon" volume seventy-fifth, 281432 pages) Discussion on the Song Dynasty Tiantai ideological controversy, much affected by the establishment of a department of the mountain home "orthodox" concepts, such as academia still exist in the mountains outside the tendency of "simple" letter, "of" Hua Yan, Zong Zhengmai; mountain home place, "nature" and the concept of judge line. (Note: carefully study abroad, mountain home mountain edge uprising said, although they are different, but the master of the house of the so-called mountain, mountain of the said can not be established, this is the hill home in order to fight the orthodox consciousness to "create" a struggle, see below. On. Is such as Lv Zheng and Ando Toshio argue that outside the mountains "," thought close to the letter from the first Xian, Tiantai has said. See respectively "the origin of Chinese Buddhism briefly", 267th pages, "Tiantai sexual thought theory", 186th pages. The newly published book "Tiantai studies" by Dong Pingzhi also discusses the debates about mountains and mountains in this framework. (see the book, page 289290th, Shanghai Ancient Books Press, 2002 edition. The related research of the English speaking world) have yet to get rid of the influence, like Chi-Wah Chan Chih-li (960-1028) and the Crisis of T'ien-t'ai Buddhism in the Early Sung, or simply to "the letter" of up to see the mountains outside the school. This aspect is due to the fact that many of the information outside the mountains has been lost, and we have been looking at the mountains, mountains and the mountains from the unilateral records of the mountains. Including the Southern Song Dynasty, the mountain system established by the Tiantai history of information (such as "orthodox door" and "Buddha Ji Ji"), Is a mountain home concept to govern the doctrine of tiantai. Therefore, we should make a genealogical analysis of the application of these materials. On the other hand, even if we read the existing works outside the mountain, we are mostly influenced by the traditional rooftop orthodox