初中英语主语从句讲解

初中 初中体育教案免费下载初中各年级劳动技术教案初中阶段各学科核心素养一览表初中二次函数知识点汇总初中化学新课程标准 英语主语从句讲解 篇一:高中英语语法主语从句讲解及练习 主语从句 一、概述:在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性 从句。根据它们在句中的语法作用，这类从句又可分为主语 从句、同位语从句、 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语从句和宾语从句。 二.主语从句主要有四类: (1) 由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义/ 在句中不做成分/不可以省。 例如:That you will win the medal seems unlikely. That you are so indifferent bothers me. That she survived the accident is a miracle. (2) 用连词 whether 引导的主语从句: whether有含 义(是否)/在句中不做成分/不可以省。 注意:引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。 例如:Whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather. Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much. (3) 用连接代词引导的主语从句 1 在由连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从句中， 其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分. 例如:What you need is more practice. What I want to know is this. Whatever we do is to serve the people. 注:whatever / whoever的功用 whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主 语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等。 whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。要注意 和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。 如: Whoever breaks the law should be punished. (主语从句) ( ,Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. ) Whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. (让步状 语从句) ( ,No matter who breaks the law, he should be punished. ) (4)用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性 从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作 状语。) 例如:Where we should leave it is a problem. 2 When they will come hasn’t been made pubic. 三.注意点: it构成的主语从句 (1)由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放 到句子的后面，而用代词it作形 式主语。 例如:That light travels in straight lines is known to all. =It is known to all that light travels in straight lines. When the plane is to take off has not been announced . = It has not been announced when the plane is to take off. (但当what引导的主语从句表示“?的东西”时，一般不用 it作形式主语。) 错:It is a book what he wants. 对:What he wants is a book. 另外，需要注意的是，it作形式主语代替主语从句时，要 注意和as引导的定语从句的区别。试比较: It was reported that the US was under the terrorist attack. As was reported, the US was under the terrorist attack. (2)常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构 <a It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that? 事实是?? It is good news that ? ??是好消息 It is a question that ? ??是个问题 3 It is common knowledge that ? ??是常识 类似的名词还有:a pity;a wonder;a good thing; no wonder; surprise等。 例如:It is a mystery to me how it all happened. It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish. It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game. It’s a pity that you missed the film. <b It is +形容词+从句 It is necessary that ? 有必要?? It is clear that ? 很清楚?? It is likely that ? 很可能?? It is important that ? 重要的是?? 类似的形容词还有:strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc. 例如:It is doubtful whether she will be able to come. It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you. It is essential that he should be here by the weekend. It seems obvious that we can not go on like this. It is necessary that you (should)master the computer. It is important that a student learn English well. 4 It is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon. 需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为 “(should)，动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。 <c It is +过去分词+从句 It is said that ? 据说?? It is reported that ? 据报道?? It has been proved that ? 已证明?? It must be proved that? 必须指出?? 类似的过去分词还有:known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc. 例如:It is thought that he is the best player. It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old. It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic. It is said that he was killed in the earthquake. <d It seems (happened / appears / doesn’t matter / makes no difference / occurred ?)that ? 如: 5 It seems that they will win the game. It makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not.It does not matter if I missed my train. It happened that I saw him yesterday. 主从练习 1. _____ as much as one-fifth of all timber harvested is not used. A. The estimate B. The estimated C. They are estimated D. It is estimated that 2. _____ some mammals came to live in the sea is not known. A. Which B. Since C. AlthoughD. How 3. _____ we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our parents. A. Whoever B. Whatever C. HoweverD. That 4. _____ wealthy does not necessarily mean that a man is greedy. A. For the reason that he isB. Just because he is C. The reason of being D. That he is 5. Although ___ happened in this developed country sounds like science fiction,it could occur elsewhere in the world. 6 A. which B. what C. how D. it 6. _____ she had forgotten to take her notebook. A. That occurred to her B. She occurred that C. To her that occurred D. It occurred to her that 7. I am sure that _____ she said is wrong. A. which B. allC. thisD. what 8. We lost our way in the forest, and ____ made matters worse was that it was getting dark. A. that B. whichC. it D. What 9. _____ or not is still uncertain. A. He’s coming B. If he is coming C. That coming D. Whether he’s coming 10. It’s _____ he’ll be able to come. A. doubt whether B. doubtful C. doubt itD. doubtful whether 11. ______ he is at work in the heart of the big city or at home in the quiet suburb, Dick’s life is tied to machines. A. Whether B. Till C. IfD. Unless 12. _____ he saw both surprised and frightened him. A. That B. WhenC. WhatD. Which 13. _____ is warm sunshine. A. What do we all need. B. What all we need 7 C. What we need D. What we all need 14. _____ is a pity that he should feel so upset. A. WhatB. That C. He D. It 15. _____ a spoonful of soil can tell us so much about the structure and early history of the moon. A. RemarkableB. Quite remarkably C. It is remarkable thatD. It is remarkable fact that 16. _____ you nominate will be elected. A. WhoB. Whom C. Whomever D. That’s 17. _____ book you borrow must be returned within a week. A. What B. Which C. Whichever D. That’s 18. _____ of us gets home first starts cooking. A. Who B. Which C. Whichever D. Anyone 1.________ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever 2. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 3.When and why he came here ________ yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known 4. ________ is no reason for dismissing her. 8 A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes late C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late 5. ________ Tom liked to eat was different from ________. A. That?that you had expected B. What ?that you had expected C. That?what you had expected D. What?what you had expected 6.________ we go swimming every day ________ us a lot of good. A. If...do B. That...do C. If...does D. That...does 7.It ________ Bob drives badly. A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that 8.It's uncertain ________ the experiment is worth doing. A. if B. that C. whether D. how 9.________ the boy didn't take medicine made his mother angry. A. That B. What C. How D. Which 10.____ we can't get seems better than ____ we have. 9 A. What, what B. What, that C. That, that D. That, what 11.____ you don't like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 12..____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. 篇二:初中英语三大从句详解 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句(包括主语 从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、形容词性从句 (即定语从句)、副词性从句(即状语从句,包括时间、条件、 结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。 以下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句(attributive clause)，顾名思义，就是一个句子 作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从 句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系 副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所 修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请 看示例: The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词 定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有 定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰 10 名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示: 格 先行词 主格 宾格 所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — (一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如: An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。 Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。 11 whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英 语常可省略。例如: Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先 生你认识吗, This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。 The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名 叫玛丽。(在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom， 亦可省略) whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语 从句作定语。例如: The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 师的那个女学生过去在 国外留学。 Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名 字，你知道吗,(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式 用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which， 意思是:the window of the hotel。) (二)关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可 12 省略。例如: I do not like stories which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that) Tom works for a factory which makes watches. 汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that) (三)关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语 从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如: Is she the girl that sells newspapers? 她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗,(that可以换成who) Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge? 放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了,(that可以换成which) Is this the book that you want to buy? 这是你要买的那本书吗, (that可以换成which，在定 语从句作宾语，还可以省略) 三、关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why，在定语从 句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住 一个 口诀 小学生乘法口诀表下载关于乘法口诀表的题目党史口诀下载一建市政口诀下载健身气功八段锦功法口诀下载 : the time when the place where the reason why 13 (一)关系副词when的用法 关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定 语从句作时间状语。例如: In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often. 北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行词是 months) Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace? 你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗,(when先行 词是day， 当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代 词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词) I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo. 自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。(when 先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替) (二)关系副词where的用法 关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定 语从句作地点状语。例如: During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up. 春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词 是town) 14 This is the place where Li Bai once lived. 这是李白曾经生活过的地方。(where先行词是place) 上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能 作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句: This is the place that Li Bai once visited. 这是李白曾经游览过的地方。(that的先行词同样是 place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可 以省略，还可以用which替换) (三)关系副词why的用法 关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语 从句作原因状语。例如: The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. 我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮 件。(why先行词是reason， 当代英语里why可以用that 替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还 可以将why省略) This is the reason why he came late to school. 这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。(why先行词是reason， why可以用that替代，还可以省略) 注意:如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子 就变成了(This is why he came late to school. )表语从句， 15 句子意思丝毫未变。 四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句 as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里， 二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。 (一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as 中，as引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want. 你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词，修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从 句中作宾语) I have got such a computer as yours. 我有一台你这样的电脑。(as是关系代词，代替先行词 computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is ) I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin. 我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词，代 替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略 了is ) (二)独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕 太阳旋转。 As is known to us, 16 (As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分 别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。) Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指 代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。) 五、关系代词who, which与that的区别 (一)关系代词who与that的区别 1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。例如: He who loses hope loses all. 失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who) I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语 从句中，用who) 2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用 that。例如: The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. 我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介 词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格 who) 注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在 17 句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that， 还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下 四种说法: (1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。 3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如: He is a man that is never afraid of failure. 他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人) 4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。 例如: Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁,(避免重复使用 who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清) (二)关系代词which与that的区别 1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, 18 something, everything等时，关系代词多用that。例如: All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。例如: This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。 He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。 3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如: Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆,(这里使用that很明显是为了避免重复which) 4. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。例如: Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。 5. 介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。例如: 19 She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票，其中60,是德国邮票。 六、定语从句的位置 如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如: There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. 楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。(定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被upstairs所隔开) A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。(定语从句置于句末以示强调) B、宾语从句 宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫 做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下: 一，引导词 20 A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动 词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分， 也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是 以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。 例:I told him that he was wrong. l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句 中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。 例:I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对) l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经 常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。 例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒 谎是错误的) B,由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。 Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。 例:I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow. The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导 例:Everything depends on whether we have enough 21 money。 l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导. 例:I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not. l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导. 例:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided. C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾 语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句 子的成分。 例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语) I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语) 二，宾语从句的语序， 宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+ 谓语+其他成分 例:I believe that they will come soon. He asked me whether I was a teacher. They wanted to know what they can do for us. 二，宾语从句的时态。 宾语从句的时态受主句的限制， 既:主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。 主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从 22 句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 例: 1)She says that she is a student. She said that she was a student. 2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already. 4)She says that she can sing a song in English. She said that she could sing a song in English. 篇三:初中英语必会三大从句汇总讲解 初中英语必会三大从句汇总讲解 从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而 不能单独作一个句子。在英语中主要有三大从句，即: 1. 名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同 位语从句) 2. 定语从句 3. 状语从句(包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、 地点、方式等)。 1)主语从句用作主语，如: That the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的是真实的。 2)宾语从句用作宾语。如: 23 Do you know where he lives? 3)表语从句用作表语，如: My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。 4)同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如: The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。(that从句用于解释说明the fact) 5)定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如: The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John. 6)状语从句相当于一个副词，如: When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。(时间状语) If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。(if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为:if +状语从句，+主句)。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。 He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚了。(结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于learn(得知)，find(发现)，see，hear，to be told(被告知)，make(使得)等具有界限含义的动词。) You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be 24 heard by all. 你必须大声说话，才能让所有人听到你说话。 (目的状语，可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。) Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。 (原因状语从句，常用 because, since, as, for fear (恐怕), seeing that (既然) ，now that (=since), considering that (考虑到) 等引导。) Though/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。(让步 状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词，疑问 词-ever.) Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方树很多。 (地点状语从句，通常由where, wherever 引导。) As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如 鱼儿离不开水。(方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。) 主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词 处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接 宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语， 若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如: I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是 25 表语。 He likes playing football very much. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。 复合句的概念:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。 宾语从句 一(概念:在句中起到宾语的作用。 二(宾语从句在句中的位置: (1)作动词的宾语: 例:I heard that he joined the army. She did not know what had happened. (2) 作形容词的宾语 例:I am afraid that I have made a mistake. (3) 作介词的宾语 例:Our success depends on how well we can cooperate with one another. 三(常见考点分析: (一)(连接词:1.引导陈述句用that(在口语或非正式文体中常常省略)。 2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether。 注意:下列几种情况通常使用whether: (1)(在具有选择意义又有or或or not时，尤其是直接 26 与or not连用时，往往用whether; 例:I don’t know whether he will come back or not. (2)(在介词之后用whether; 例:They are talking about whether he will win the game. Evereything depends on whether you agree with us. 3.引导特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词。 (二). 语序:尤其要注意，宾语从句的语序必须是陈述 语序:即主语一定在谓语前面。 尤其要注意whether,if以及wh-(what,why…)疑问词引导 的宾语从句的语序。 例:She wants to know whether I like the film. Do you know why winter is colder than summer? (三). 时态:1.主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时， 从句中主语不受主句位于时态的影响。例:She says that she will leave a message on his desk. She says that sh has never been to Beijing. 2.当主句谓语动词是过去时态时，从句中的时态一般为表 示过去的某种时态(如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成 时，过去将来时) 例:He said there were no classes yestoday afternoon. He said he was going to take care of the baby. 3.主句谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句叙述某一客观真理 27 时，宾语从句用一般现在时。例:She said that her father is twenty-eight years older than her. The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. (四). 否定转移:当宾语从句表示否定的意义时，若主 句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时，应在主句上加以否定。 例:I don’t think you a re right. I don’t believe that he has finished his work. (五). 注意if或when引导的宾语从句和状语从句的不 同。if / when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”， 此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从 句时，意思分别为“如果”和“当…… 的时候”，此时如果主句是一般将来时，从句部分则用一般 现在时。 例:We are not sure if it will snow tomorrow.If it snows,we won’t climb the South Hill. 状语从句 一(概念和分类:用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词 的从句叫状语从句。分类:时间状语从句，地点状语从句， 原因状语从句,目的状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句， 28 方式状语从句，让步状语从句和比较状语从句。 (一). 时间状语从句: 引导时间状语从句的词有: when,as,while,after,before,since,as soon as,eversince,till,untill,once,whenever,no sooner …than…,hardly…when…,the moment,everytime,eachtime,nexttime,directly,immediately,b y the time等 1(When引导的状语从句和While引导的状语从句的区 别:When既可以引导一个持续性动作也可以引导一个短暂 性动作。While只能引导持续性动作。 例:When引导的从句 I was thin when I was a child. The fiilm had been on when we arrived. While引导的从句 My Mom was cooking while I was doing my homework. 2(Before引导的时间状语从句 (1)before引导的从句位于主句之前，一般翻译成在… 之前。 例:Before they got to the bus stop,the bus had gone. (2)before引导的从句位于主句之后，一般翻译成…(之 后)才。如果在主句中用将来时，从句要用一般时替代将来时。 29 例:It will be half a year before I come back. He said that it would be half a year before he came back. 3(Until引导的时间状语从句。 (1)延续性动词+until表示直到…为止。 例:You may stay here until the rain stops He waited until his friends came. (2)终止性动词或者延续性动词的否定式+until表示直 到…才 例:He didn’t go to bed until he had finished his work. They didn’t reach the village until it was dark. (3)not until放在句时，主句要用倒装语序 例:Not until he graduated did he succeed in obtaining the compound.(直到毕业他才成功获得这种化合物) 4(表示一…就…的句型。 As soon as ,once, immediately, the moment，这类从句中经 常用一般时态替代将来时态(从句的时态) 例:I will tell him as soon as he arrives. Once you study hard,you’ll pass the exam. The moment he comes,I will let you know. 5(As的用法 主要考点: (1)一边。。。一边。。。 30 例:He hurried home,looking behind as he went. Tom sings as he works. (2)强调两个动作紧接着发生、 例:As he was going out ,it began to rain. (二)地点状语从句 由where ,wherever引导。 Where引导定语从句和状语从句的区别:引导定语从句 时，从句前应该有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，而状语从 句前则没有。 例:1. Go back where you came from.(状语从句) 2(Go back to the village where you came from.(定语从 句) (三)原因状语从句 引导词:because, sice, as, now that(既然)，considering that(考虑到) because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状 语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用 because。As和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。 由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。 例:(1)------Why did you do it? ------I did it because I wanted to do it. (2)Since I must die I must do it. 31 (3)As he has no car, he can’t get there easily. (四)目的状语从句 引导词:so that(为了，以便)，so(以便)，in order that(以 便，这样…就)，in case(以防) 目的状语从句的谓语经常含有may, might, can ,could, will, would等情态动词。 例:(1)Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句) (2)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest (结果状语从 句) (五)结果状语从句 引导词:so(结果)，so that(结果)，so…that…(如此…以 至于),such…that(如此…以至于) 注意so…tha…与 such…that…的区别 So+adj/adv+that从句such+(a,an)名词+that从句 例:(1)The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it. (2)She is so beautiful a girl that all of us like her. (3)She is such a good girl that she can help you. 32