21世纪科技英语

21世纪科技英语 Bill Gates' Speech to Tsinghua University (12 December , 1997) [1] It's great to be here and have a chance to share some of my excitement with you. [2] I got involved with computers at 18, and the computer was a very limited teletype that had to be connected through a phone line up to a mainframe-like computer but my friends and I became fascinated with understanding what the computer can do, what was the future, and how would it be used. When we found out about chip technology, and the miracle of being able to improve the power of the chip exponentially, we realized that computers had a very bright future. We spent a lot of our time writing software because we loved writing software, because we thought that the software being written by a lot of big hardware companies wasn't as good as what we could do. [3] I was 19 when I realized that if I wanted to be the first to do a software company for these new cheap computers, I needed to get my friends, together and start right away, so Microsoft became the first company doing software for these new machines. Our vision was a computer on every desk and in every home. In the last 20 years, that vision is certainly becoming a reality. If we had to change it today, we would simply add that now we also want to have a computer in every pocket, every car——many other places that we had not thought about when we first started doing development. I believe software is the key element that really unlocks the power of all this technology, and the idea of making it easy to find information, easy to create information, easy to communicate with other people. Software is at the center of that, and so software will be the fastest growing industry in the world and, one that will create lots and lots of great jobs. Certainly here in China the opportunity for hundreds of thousands of great jobs should be very exciting because there is a global shortage in terms of computer skills. [4] The personal computer revolution got started in 1975, that's when I left college and started Microsoft. These last 22 years have really been amazing, every prediction we've made about improvements have all come true. As we look ahead, that pace of innovation is not slowing down, in fact if anything it's speeding up. Very high speed processors like 300 MHz Pentiums, or new 64-bit processors that we' re already developing Windows NT for; incredible storage capacity, which will let us store, not just data, but also digital video as well; great screen technology to create a tablet-like device that would be good enough for reading and writing; advanced graphics and now the ability to connect computers together at very high speed. [5] The Internet is the way that all these machines can be connected together. And those standards and the improvement of those standards, is very very important. Some people like to think about how the computer industry compares to other industries. I've shown before what the cost of the typical car was in 1980 in US, and that rose up to be about from 8, 000 to 19, 000 today, and likewise cereal has increased in price. How does that compare to PCs? If the same model was followed for PCs, you can buy a car for 27 cents and cereal for less than one cent, so there's no other area of the economy that has this rapid improvement, and people just aren't used to it. You almost have to tell people, "What would you do if Internet computing power was free, " because that's what we'll be able to deliver with all these improvements. [6] Microsoft's vision of computing is global computing. We see PCs connected to the Internet making the world a smaller place, and that's positive in so many ways: to build understanding between people, to share research in key science areas, including medicine, to allow world commerce to work very well. And the Internet is driving this already. Microsoft has set up operations around the world, and we are very pleased with the success we're having here in China. We are doing significant software development on products here, and that will continue to increase, and key for us is having very very high quality software people, and we've been lucky to hire a great number of people from this university. Really I'd say that the core of the teams we've put together have come from here, and I've listed some of those employees here, and we certainly hope that in the future this list will increase dramatically, and the quality of our work continues to rise. [7] Microsoft believes in doing a lot of research because the software of today is not adequate for tomorrow. It's come a long way, such as the graphics interface, the application, and the way we deal with linguistics; it's much better than it was a year ago. Building the Internet into the software has come a long way. Some of the more ambitious things, like teaching the computer to speak or listen or see, still require a lot of software work. That 's not yet done, and so we've been investing in research, and building the number of research locations which will be increasing in the years ahead. One advance is teaching the computer to pick up sentences and understand them, and not just think of them as a series of characters. [8] Here we have an example where the word processor is looking at an English sentence, and suggesting that the grammar is not correct, and showing exactly how the grammar might be fixed. That kind of thing has proven to be extremely popular, and it's just a step on the road to getting computers to actually understand what's going on, in the same way that humans do. That pursuit of artificial intelligence is the most exciting thing in computer science. Although the progress in that has been fairly slow, I'm confident that that will be accelerating quite a bit. [9] Another interesting area that I think people aren't expecting is computer vision. The actual digital cameras that allow you to have an image and scan, that image are going down in cost, and software to recognize users, see what they're looking at, what kind of gestures they're making; that kind of software is coming along quite well. In fact I brought a short little film of a demonstration that someone from our vision group did, so let's take a quick look at some of the progress that's been made. [Demo video] [10] That just gives you a glimpse of one area that is expected to make the personal computer really disappear into the environment and connect up in a rich way. Tomorrow's PC will be quite different from what we have today, tomorrow's Internet will be much better than what we have today, but it will all evolve out of this technology that we have right now. [11] It's clear that the reason we refer to this as the information age is that the capabilities available in the information age will let people reach out and get what they need, whether it's business, learning, or for entertainment. Microsoft feels in a very lucky position to be helping to drive these things, and key for us is working with other software companies so that they can build other applications on top of the system. Every industry needs a lot of software work there, and so I talk about the software industry creating so many great jobs in the years ahead. I think you picked a great field to be in, and we look forward to working with you. Thank you. 比尔。盖茨的演讲,清华大学 (12月12日,1997)。 [1]很高兴能在这里,让我有机会分享一些我的兴奋与你在一起时的感觉。 [2]我参与了计算机在18、计算机是一个很有限的电传打字,必须通过电话线连接到一个mainframe-like电脑, 但我的朋友和我变得着迷于理解什么是电脑能做些什么,是未来,你会被使用。当我们发现了芯片技术,奇迹般的能够 提高芯片的功率指数,我们意识到计算机有一个非常美好的未来。我们花了很多时间写的软件,因为我们爱,因为我们 想写软件,该软件是由很多伟大的硬件公司,不如我们所能做的一切。 [3]我19岁的时候,我忽然意识到,如果我想要成为第一个做软件公司对这些新廉价的计算机,我要让我的朋友们, 一起,马上,所以微软成为第一个软件公司做了这些新机器。我们的愿景是计算机在每一张办公桌和每一个家庭。在 过去的20年中,视觉的确是成为现实。如果我们必须改变它的今天,我们只会增加,现在我们还想要一台电脑在每个 人的口袋里,每辆车——许多其他地方,我们没有想到当我们开始做的发展。我相信软件是关键元素的力量确实解锁 所有这些技术和理念,使它容易找到的信息,容易产生的信息,很容易与别人交流。软件是在中心,因此软件将会增长 最快的产业之一,在世界上,将创造许多的伟大的工作。当然这里的机会在中国成千上万的工作应该是很令人兴奋,因 为那里是一个全球性的计算机技能短缺。 [4]个人计算机革命开始于1975年,当我离开大学创办微软。这些22年实在是惊人的,每个预测我们已经取得了 关于改进都成真。往前看,那个节奏的创新是不会放慢,事实上,如果什么是加快。非常高的速度一样Pentiums 300 兆赫兹处理器,或新64位处理器,我们已开发窗口新台币,令人难以置信的存储容量,这将让我们店,不仅仅是数据,而 且数字视频、大屏幕技术来创建一个tablet-like装置,将足够好,阅读和写作;先进的图形和现在的能力,将多台计 算机连接到在很高的速度。 [5]都是透过网际网路,所有这些机器能被连接在一起。和那些标准,提高这些标准,是非常非常重要的。有些人 喜欢思考如何与其他产业相比,计算机行业。我一直在付出任何代价的典型的车是1980年在美国,站起身来,就要从8 万至19万的今天,同样的谷物价格增加了。它如何与电脑吗?如果同样的模式是对个人电脑,你可以买一辆车,麦片 粥,27美分,比一分,所以没有其他地区的经济快速进步,人们并不使用它。你几乎要告诉人们”,你会怎么做,如果网 络计算能力是免费的,因为那是我们能够把所有这些改进。 [6]微软公司的愿景的计算是全球性的计算。我们看见个人计算机连接到因特网使世界更小的地方,这是积极在 如此多的方面:人们之间的理解、共享的研究重点学科,包括药品,让世界贸易工作得很好。与互联网是驾驶这了。微 软公司建立了业务遍布世界各地,我们很高兴在这里我们的成功。我们正在做大量的软件开发上的产品在这里,而且 将继续增长,关键是对我们有非常高质量软件的人,我们一直幸运雇用大量的人从这所大学。说真的,我想说的是这个 核心的队伍,我们将一起来这里,我从这里列出一些雇员,我们当然希望在未来这个列表将会大幅上升,品质工作仍在 继续上升。 [7]微软坚信做了大量的研究,因为今天的软件是不足够的明天。它是走了这么远的路,如图形界面、应用、我们 的方式处理语言学;它是比是一年前。互联网在建筑物的软件,还有很长的路要走。一些更有雄心的东西,像教计算机 说话或听或看,还需要大量的软件的工作。那是尚未完成,所以我们一直在研究和建设投资的研究地点将在年内向前 地增加。一是教学的电脑接句子和理解它们,而不只是作为一系列字符。 [8]在这里我们的字处理器实例正在看一个英文句子,并暗示语法是不正确的,并展示如何可能是固定的语法。这样的事已被证明是非常受欢迎,它只是一踏上了通往获得计算机实际上这究竟是怎么一回事,在同样的方式,人类所做的工作。人工智能的追求,是世界上最令人兴奋的事情在计算机科学。虽然进步,已经相当慢,我确信这将加速了不少。 [9]另一个有趣的区域,我认为人们不希望是计算机视觉。实际的数码相机,让你拥有了一个图像扫描、形象正在降低成本,并在软件来识别用户,看他们怎么看,什么样的姿态他们;这类软件进展得相当顺利。事实上我带来短暂的小电影的示威,有人从我们的视野组,让我们来看看一些进步的研究成果进行了综述。 [演示视频] [10]那只给你一眼,预计将使个人电脑真的消失在环境和连接起来的丰富。明天的电脑将被完全不同于我们所拥有的今天,明天的互联网将远比我们所拥有的一切,但它将今天的这个技术的发展,我们现在所拥有的。 [11],很清楚的是,我们把这个作为信息时代是信息时代里,我们可以获取他们所需要的东西,无论是商业、学习、娱乐。微软的感觉很幸运的位置应帮助驾驶这些东西,关键是对我们的工作与其它的软件公司,这样他们可以建立其他应用程序的系统。每个行业都需要大量的软件工作,所以我谈谈软件产业创造很多伟大的工作。我认为一个伟大的领域,我们期待与您合作。 谢谢你。 Unit1B:美国政府 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 在午餐很大，机构间 纳米技术 倡议滋养什么官员描述了纳米scale.The国家科学基金会，它支持大多数大学的研究作为科学的物料行为的兴趣爆炸式增长纳米科学和可能导致的倡议，报告它只有百分之十三的拨款申请是在该领域获得百分之发现，而百分之40的成功率在许多学科在机构。对资金的竞争在这一领域是“绝对凶猛，” 威廉姆斯 说，斯坦，主管基础研究 惠普 和对initiative.Williams的热心支持者喜欢这个词用纳米科学纳米技术，因为后者的任期由巴斯成为幻想的柏油索赔其代表。问题的部分原因是，纳米技术已被过度夸大，“他说，指出:”我们要对付的厌恶“有些人觉得，联想与matchbox.Instead住在一个工厂的 愿景 来说， 1材料在纳米尺度越来越多，其中的尺寸相当 于单 个分子的长度了解，很可能会改变大型产品和工艺。“这并不需要对小事情，也可以是关于在部分一车“，解释 迈克 在 美国国家科学基金会 的工程局，谁主持一个机构间 工作组 正计划主动Roco。说:”纳米技术的使用是非常广泛，但它的所有领域使用相同的工具和方法。“也许最壮观的商业应用，是迄今为止使用的巨磁电阻在阅读 - 在1988年发现 - 首长大多数 计算机 磁盘drives.The相关的隧道磁电阻现象会在短期内允许快速和紧凑的随机存取存储器生产电脑。“但是，正如 威廉斯 指出，纳米技术即将应用远远beyong计算机industry.Kodak，他说，正在开发名为”dygments“，一间交叉粉末颜料和染料分子在印刷图像的使用 - 纳米粒子。轮胎制造商计划与 轮胎橡胶 混合 粘土 纳米粒子，占用了聚合物分子无所适从，极大地延长轮胎寿命。而五分之四的药物可能无法治疗的患者进行测试，因为它们可以在不溶于水作为生产纳米悬浮在水中坐，并可能因此成为这一潜在可行的治疗方法，吸引candidates.All在 华盛顿 ，在那里是一个研究倡议surpport growing.In年度预算分发5月， 杰克 留到机构的准则注意，在 白宫 行政管理 和预算局局长，和尼尔里，它的科学和技术政策领域确定为一间特别机构attention.Last月成熟纳米技术， 办公室主任 ，在众议院 听证会 和 参议院 概述了这个点，纳米技术的一项重大举措，为在2001年财政年度预算提案， 克林顿 总统向国会提出下一February.A报告即将公布列入field.All特别潜力由机构间小组，主动要求增加一倍，从2.5 亿美 元的政府对纳米技术研究上的投入超过规划的主动权希望克林顿本人将宣布它，可能早在September.The NSF的涉及3 years.Officials 5亿美元将花费8000万美元，今年对纳米技术的研究，而 国防部 花费6000万美元和美国能源部54元million.These数字表明，政府总开支增加了一倍科学1997年，由世界技术部洛 约拉 学院研究估计 总政 府开支在116元million.Japan在1997年花了1.28亿美元，并在世界每个地区西部有大幅增长从那时起“ 欧洲联盟 ，德国和日本各有非常专注于纳米技术的努力，”威廉姆斯说，并补充说，美国政府研究工作也缺乏协调，因此“研究的一些领域是完全被忽视。”然而，洛约拉研究发现，美国领导的世界和合成纳米结构组装，并在highsurface区materials.It赞同与欧洲领先的涂料和生物应用，而日本的“纳米器件”和综合材料的领导。 Unit2 A:信息管理: 信息管理:定义及其他方面 信息管理的概念已经出现了一，二十年，但作为一个主题它还是无定形，似乎也还是 无法明确的定义。 在目前的情况下还没有形成一个基于任何教育的有知识的体系规章 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 来 规定它，这无疑明显减缓市场的效率和其自身的发展。 信息管理意味着不同的人有不同的事情。在美国，它是与复数信息资源管 理和信息资源管理相关的新兴学科。后者涉及所有所需的信息资源管理，与前者 不同的是，它只是信息而已。在英国，我接到了一个任务，给有政治动机的听众 推行我的信息管理讲学的主张，而我其实促进的是“信息处理” 在由 ASLIB ～ 委托的一个最近的调查，马丁委托皇后大学贝尔法斯特，建立了信息管理的基本 特点如下: *一体合成综合 性*内容的目的性 *广泛的体系性 *动态 性 *战略性 4 我毫不怀疑，信息管理是一个新兴学科，但其发展需要建立在一个或多个公 认的专门知识机构下，得到认证而拥有与其他公认的学科应有一样的地位。这些 中心目前正在建立， 比如在公共和私营部门包括在贝尔法斯特， 斯特拉思克莱德， 伯明翰等学习中心，以及国家卫生服务和其他政府机构以及大型工业和商业公 司。5 毫无疑问在我心中， 信息管理的核心是与信息科学， 图书馆业务， 档案管理， 记录管理有关的课题收集器。在图书馆和信息资源的机构(LIR)专业里，我们 有一个特殊的任务，发挥我们的理解以推进信息化管理事业。 6我自己的组织，ASLIB(前身为专业图书馆和信息局缔合) ，通过了 1983 年 的考核作为我们的商标的缩写，在同一时间以我们的名义成为资讯管理协会。从 那时起，我们特意扩大了我们的出版和专业开发编程的范围，包括了许多方面的 信息技术，电子商务，计算机，网络和软件，以及相关的管理学科发展的主要推 出范围。 7信息管理思想的根本的方面是: “信息是资源” ～因此，信息必须像其他有效 的企业一样进行资源管理。此外，信息对实体企业在发展中的作用和战略思考应 该相当于一个有适当经验和管理的人才，即一个信息资源经理。这种现象在美国 出现，但在英国和欧洲其他国家的发展极为缓慢。 (信息管理协会:丹尼斯刘易 斯博士，1989 年) 。 什么是信息管理, 什么是信息管理, 8因此在这种情况下， 它可能会出现不一样的不断尝试以试图找到一些共有的 专业术语，事实上，这或许是一个成熟的标志，如今它较少关注定义问题，而希 望以更多的关键特征识别信息管理，及它在各种环境中的应用，和一个用来测量 和评估其影响和效果。在这样的发展下，本文的目的无非是从一个定义的角度来 说明企图用在体制和专业方面的信息管理，和其在英国的发展过程中显示的东 西。如同前面 ASLIB 调查，试图把焦点放在未来的三个地方:数据加工专业， 一般管理人员和资讯科学家;虽然后来的焦点缩小甚至幅度更大。而不是深陷在 无尽的定义中，两个说明性的例子是用来帮助认识其重点的。首先是信息资源管 理的定义、标准，如伯克和霍顿定义，是作为同义词互换，并与 “信息管理” ，其传统的管理流程，特别是资源管理的 长期通用。因此信息资源管理(IRM) 原则，是对一个组织的信息资源管理应用和信息资源管理政策的重点。企业信息 资源管理政策的重点在于清查，确定需求，重点服务于企业的整体利益，例如， 改进服务或产品质量， 在其他的事情中最大限度地提高现金流动或发现新的市场 利益。信息管理如同奥尔纳所描述的，是应用程序的信息政策，以满足现有资源 约束下可供应的信息的总体目标。在其他的事情中，这要求信息采集，存储和使 用开发，流动，预算编制，职责，以及信息技术。 9 在英国，仍然有一种普遍的倾向，信息管理的术语定义依据发生在某些情况 下的具体业务，或通过特定的专业群体的亲眼所见。鉴于其特殊性和多学科的内 容源，这是可以理解的，但其主要影响和所涉及的传播过慢，因此阻碍了人们观 点的发展和应用的步伐。 然而在一个充满活力的新兴学科领域， 这将是不现实的， 期望有总体的 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 来确定发生了什么事， 但重要的却是必须有一些可以普遍接受 的概念底线，才能在以后的发展中进行评估和推广。如平常一样，没有这样的一 般标准存在却只存在一个明显的共识，就像苹果馅饼和母亲一样。信息管理是一 件好事，因此，在该领域的主要从业人员接受这样的争论，什么是高层次的企业 资源信息管理和工作组织宗旨及实现管理的目标。然而在实践中，这一资源的重 大意见是千变万化的，最终产品的质量和作用，这就是信息管理的性质。 (威廉 约翰马丁，1993 年)10信息管理对美国文书削减法案(1980 年)是极大的鼓舞，它需要利用一切 信息资源的清单;其协调和高效利用的作用成为公认的理想目标，如同奥尔顿 (1990 年)的意见。他在文章中探讨了一些已经推出的即时通讯方式，其职责 是教它:显然，信息管理人员和专业背景，不同地点的课程范围，是一个新兴的 学科混乱的特性。一个新兴的学科有不同程度的分歧是理所当然的～然而，尽管 对“信息管理” 作为一门学科并为有这样的纪律资格存在有不同意见，但是人们 所需要的素质在做的工作中达成广泛共识。 一个有理想的人可能会包括一些商业 和信息技术知识规范等合适的对象;和了解用户的需求和如何满足这些需求;对相 关法例的认识，以及良好的谈判和沟通技巧，包括重新包装信息。 11克罗宁(1992)在一篇文章中了讨论了从战略到行动的信息管理， IM 模式 关键的是狭隘的文学和机理，他认为“不够注意使其具有竞争力的合作，社会交 流和情报管理等概念。 ”利用知识资本的比喻，他建议了 IM 模式，包括资本形 成(建立数据库，馆藏发展)资本转移(网络，图书馆之间的借贷) ，资本回报 率(很难判断是不是标准的措施) ，资本外逃(过分的依赖最负盛名的期刊，作 者的权利和费用) ，投资，营销和被忽视的领域。 12 多塞特(1992)抓住这最后一个成分:库的故障/信息行业售出的技能，是 由于缺乏信用的一种营销市场。 “营销是与客户的能力及提供商的需求相匹配的 一个完整过程。一个营销计划的制定完善涉及研究市场和影响他们的因素，发现 机会和危险，分析各个方面的竞争优势和弱点，建立一些总体目标和战略，并制 定详细计划，以实现这些计划。 ”定价政策和分配也成了这一进程的一部分。为 什么建立在企业中的信息管理作用对市场营销如此重要,因为它迫使你明确定 义你正在努力的目标，它的评比目标，和小组内的 IT 用户设置，并探讨了利益， 他们正在寻求以满足他们所要求的。当你建立了什么样的服务，你将提供它以保 证这些交付并以最有效的方式推广。 营销也迫使你严格审查自己和你的单位的能 力。它强调你能为在信息管理链的其他人且知道他们能提供什么(例如一组特定 的用户详细的知识)作用来 弥补自己的弱点。详细的市场营销原则将有助于建立 和加强你的位置，无论是在专业领域或在广泛 的其他地方，提供专门 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 有利于 不同用户的服务。信息专业人员往往小心翼翼地保护自己的不足， 试图让自己无 所不能。这是自欺欺人:它是不可能的，这很可能会阻碍了信息的传播。未来的 信 息化管理的成功发展将需要更多的合资企业的开拓， 所有图书管理员和信息专 家应该能够为多学 科团队作出积极贡献。 这将是高级企业信息管理不断上升的必 要前提。(Ray Prytherch, 1994) Unit3 1.researchers have made great progress with scientific techniques known as genetic engineering.they already have been able to get laboratory bacteria to grow three important products of living human cells.now the scientists expect to begin human tests of the three medical products within the next seven months.that is years earlier than had been expected. 2.In genetic engineering genes are taken from humans or animals and put into the common bacterium, Escherichia coli.this change the bacterium's genes,and the genetically changed bacterium then produce the chemical product of the genes it has received.the three human substances produced so far by this method are the hormone insulin,the virus fighting substance known as interferon and the human growth hormone-somatotropin. 3.Insulin is used by the body to change sugar and other sweet or starchy foods into energy.but sometimes a person's body does not produce enough insulin or for some reason,the body cannot use the insulin it produces.either condition is called diabetes.and millions of its victims must use insulin from cows and pigs. 4.Scientists said the human insulin produced by the bacterium is better than the animal insulin.they said it also might cost less to buy.the large drug company,Eli Lilly,said it hopes to begin human tests of the bacterially-produced insulin by the end of this year. 5.Experts said that human tests of the other two laboratory-produced substance,interferon and the growth hormone,probably will begin a short time later.the growth hormone normally is produced by the pituitary gland.it always has been in short supply for medical treatment because its only source is the pituitary glands of persons who have died. 6.Scientists said that large amounts of the bacterially produced growth hormone could be used burns,broken bones and bleeding peptic ulcers.but its most important job would be to help children to grow normally when their bodies do not naturally produce enough of the hormone. 7.Interferon also is in very short supply.the present technique is to remove interferon from human white blood cells.each provides only very small amounts of the substance .And it is very slow and costly.Scientist said that large amounts of bacterially-produced interferon would greatly increase research into possible uses for the substance.It is believed that interferon can help cure virus diseases and treat some kinds of cancer. 8.Genetic engineering also is being used in agricultural research.American scientist are using the techniques to develop a new and better vaccine against foot and mouth disease.This dangerous disease strikes cattLe, sheep and other farm animals. 9.Doctors at ten American medial centers are beginning the first human tests on laboratory-produced human growth hormone.These are among the first human tests of substances produced by the scientific techniques known as gene splicing ,or genetic engineering.Experts say that success in the tests would lead to major improvement in the treatment of burns,broken bones and bleeding peptic ulcers.A laboratory-produced human growth hormone also will be very valuable in helping children to grew normally when their bodies do not naturally produce enough of the substance. 10.In genetic engineering,genes are taken from humans or animals and put into the common bacterium-Escherichia coli.This makes the bacterium produce the chemical product of the genes it has received.The growth hormone normally is produced by the pituitary gland.But it always has been in very short supply for medical treatment and it is very costly.This is because its only source is the pituitary glands of persons who have died. 11.The first laboratory-produced growth hormone was reported in 1979.Scientists had hoped to start human tests earlier this year.But 12 healthy persons developed harmful side effects after receiving the substance.The problem now appears to be solved.In the new tests,about 20 or 25 children will receive the laboratory-produced growth hormone three times a day.Their growth will be compared with the growth of similar children who received the usual human growth hormone taken from pituitary glands. 12.Scientists say the first results are not expected for at least six months. Human growth hormone is one of three human substances produced by genetic engineering .The others are the hormone,insulin,and the virus fighting substance known as interferon. 13.Insulin is needed by the body to change sugar and other sweet or starchy foods into energy.But sometimes a person's body does not produce enough insulin ,or for some reason ,the body cannot use the insulin it produces.Either condition is called diabetes.And million of its victims must use insulin from cows and pigs. 14.Scientists say it appears that the human insulin produced by the bacterium is better than animal insulin . 15.The third laboratory-produced substance, interferon,is found naturally in human white blood cells.But removing it from white blood cells is a very slow and costly process.Scientists say that producing large amounts of interferon in the laboratory would greatly increase research into possible uses for the substance. Unit4 Introduction 1.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the UK cellular phones market and to identify the competitive processors which have created a market where,1,200,000 subscribers joined within six years of launch and in which the main operators have achieved consistent profitability.The structure of the paper is as follows:In part 2,after this introduction ,we look at developments in analogue cellular networks across a range of Western European countries to assess relevant differences amongst these markets.This shows,in particular,significant differences in both prices and rates of market penetration.In part 3,we outline the development of cellular phones in the UK and consider how the regulation of cellular networks has contributed to relatively low prices and to high rates of market penetration. Cellular phones in Europe 2.The success of cellular phones in the UK is shared by many countries in Europe although not always to the same extent.For example,the introduction of mobile phones in France and Germany took place in 1985,as in the UK,but the number of users on there networks is only a third of that has been achieved in the UK. Clearly,where population sizes differ among countries penetration rates are a better measure of comparison and some basic data are set out .Scandinavian countries,where cellular networks were launched in 1981,have achieved the highest penetration rates of between 40 and 60 subscribers per 1,000 of population.This rate in the UK the 7th country in the European league after the four Scandinavian countries,Iceland and Switzerland.Not surprisingly the relative cost of using cellular phones,after allowing for relative income levels in the countries concerned, correlates well with penetration rates.The findings show wide variation from just over $2,000 in the UK through $3,000 in countries such as Italy,Belglum and Holland rising to $6,000~$7,000 in France and Germany.Relative to average incomes the cost of using a cellular phone ranges from less than 10% -in Switzerland and Denmark - to around 30% in France and Germany. 3.It is not surprising that this variation is reflected in very different rates of market penetration.In general,the lower cost countries also have the highest penetration rates.However,geography is clearly also important-in the more sparsely populated Scandinavian countries(and Iceland) penetration rates are high whilst the reverse is true for the Benelux countries.The UK has achieved a high rate of penetration-particularly for a relatively densely populated country-in relation to the levels of prices. 4.High penetration rates and lower costs in Scandinavian no doubt reflect the early establishment of these services-the networks were set up in 1981,the regulation of product standard and the competitive structure.The four Scandinavian countries from the start applied the same standard to achieve a market,bringing in the benefits of intercountry roaming and achieving economies of scale in the production of equipment.Cellular operators in the UK benefited from installing their networks on the same standard, which was a derivative of the established USA analogue standard; this provided the UK with a choice of handsets supplied by over 10 different manufacturers. In contrast , in France , Germany and Portugal, where the cellular phones standards were specific to the country , prices have stayed high and take-up has been relatively low. France's experience with mobile phones starts with Radiocom 2,000 , which was not truly a cellular specification due to the lack of a hand-over facility. 5.A duopoly was established in network operations in the UK . Among the Scandinavian countries ,Sweden also allowed entry to a private company ( Comvik ) to compete with the Swedish PTT ( Televerket ) but not on equal terms . Whilst the state telecoms operator can make use of 800 channels Comvik was allowed to operate on only 50 channels. One observation on airtime prices among Scandinavian countries is that of Swedish prices being lower than the other. In Finland , the provision of local fixed link services is carried out by a range of companies whilst the state monopoly provides long-distance and international traffic. 51 private operators provide local calls to 70% of all subscribers, although in terms of geographical coverage the PTT has a 70% share . However , the cellular analogue service is PTT-owned . The structure of the whole Nordik market as compared to other European countries ( apart from Britain ) can be said to be more competitive. In France , a private company ( SFR ) started to operate on a limited coverage in 1989 in competition with France Telecom's Radiocom 2,000 service. However ,SFR has limited spectrum which constrains its expansion. 6.Thus the key questions in relation to the UK are why prices have been determined at such a low level relative to that in other European countries and why such a high rate of market penetration had been achieved in a country with relatively high population density , even in relation to the level of prices .It is to consideration of these questions that we now turn. Unit6 Major Research Areas in Physics Today 1.The committee's survey of physics covered six major research areas and a review of interfaces with other disciplines. It also included recommendations for the funding of major research facilities and projects in each area .Panel of experts in those disciplines prepared individual reports. 2.Atomic , Molecular , and Optical Physics .The laser is continuing to revolutionize this branch of physics . The intense energy of laser light is creating new atomic configurations and molecular compounds, tracking atoms in mid-collision , monitoring the speed of chemical reactions, and cooling atoms to within a few thousandths of a degree of absolute zero . The timing of superfast laser light pulses-some approaching a billionth of a millionth of a second - has become so precise that the standard meter is now defined as the distance light levels in a given time interval. 3.New techniques for trapping or " bottling " ions , electrons , and other particles in the atomic menagerie for long periods of time have allowed scientists to verify more precisely the predictions of physical theories . Long-term particle confinement has also made it possible to create new kinds of atomic clock-devices that keep precise time based on the steady internal vibrations of atoms. Such clocks have been crucial, for example , in time laser pulses that measure the distance of the moon from the earth to within a few inches. 4.Plasma and Fluid Physics. Most of the visible matter i the universe is made of plasmas-the intensely hot , highly ionized gases that form galaxies and stars. Indeed , a popular physics theory suggests that the universe was a giant plasma fireball billions of years ago . Recently , spacecraft probing such plasmas as the solar wind , the magnetic fields that surround the planets , and the sun itself have advanced our knowledge of how the solar system was formed .and how the sun influences the propagation of radio wind has been and other electromagnetic signals . The turbulent solar wind has been monitored by spacecraft from as near as Mercury , the closest planet , to as far as Pluto , the outermost planet from the sun . 5.Oh , physicists are creating their own plasmas in an attempt to tap a new energy source. In effect reenacting the process , scientists are attempting to fuse together individual isotopes of hydrogen from a hot plasma in order to release enormous amounts of energy . Researchers are now closer to the long-elusive goal of reaching the "break even" point , meaning that less energy is expended than created during fusion . 6.Physics of fluids , while far understood ,has enormous impact on technology . Recent advances in the study of turbulence in gases and liquids have led to a marked reduction in aircraft noise . New models for fluids based on their molecular structure have enabled scientists to comprehend why some organic solutions and other agents reduce drag . Introduction of even minute quantities of these substances in fire-fighting equipment greatly increases water flow and steam backup . 7.Cosmology , Gravitation , and Cosmic Rays . Will the universe expand forever or collapse to start anew in another primordial explosion ? Are there hidden galaxies awaiting detection ? X-ray and infrared telescopes in space have given humans new eyes on the cosmos to help answer these fundamental questions , and a new radio telescope network on Earth has provided clues about the nature of the center of the Milky Way . Recent discoveries in gravitational and elementary particle physics are also offering possible scenarios for the birth of the universe and filling in details about what happened a mere 10~11 seconds after creation - a crucial time period when the laws of nature may have become distinct , and the world began to assume its apparently uniform appearance . 8.Just as radio telescopes during the 1960s detected electromagnetic radiation apparently left over from the explosive birth of the universe , sophisticated devices in this decade may detect gravitational radiation - energy believed to be emitted by rotating galaxies , stars , and other extremely massive objects . Determining if gravity waves exist is no easy task . A typical wave striking an aluminum bar detector would cause the bar to move by a distance smaller than laws of particle physics with those of gravity , deepening the understanding of the laws of nature. 9.Elementary Particle Physics . Elementary particle Physics , the study of the ultimate constituents of matter and the forces that bind them , has undergone major change since the 1960s .Forces as disparate as the attraction or repulsion between charged particles (the electromagnetic interaction) and the cause of radioactive decay of the nucleus (the weak interaction) have been unified in a single theory and verified in a series of high-energy experiments in 1983 . 10.Just as striking , though less understood , is the underlying similarity between quarks and leptons , the two basic building blocks of matters in searching for explanations for this similarity , scientists have formulated theories that unify the four fundamental forces-gravity , nuclear , weak , and electromagnetic . At high energies , these forces are seen as different manifestation of the same underlying physical law. To verify these theories , physicists use particles accelerators-machines that send subatomic particles with tremendous speeds and energies crashing into one another . 11.Nuclear Physics . The forefront of nuclear physics has become closely related to the study of elementary particles . Research physicists are using high-energy electrons to probe the structure of nuclei , monitoring changes in energy and other properties that indirectly reveal the underlying quark components . Heavy ions such as uranium ( more than 400,000 times as heavy as electron ) are also being used to bombard nuclei and study nuclear dynamics . 12.Nuclear physicists also turn to the skies to conduct their research , using balloons , rockets , and rooftop detectors to study the energetic nuclear particles from outer space known as cosmic rays . Nuclear physics is important in analyzing the composition of stars and galaxies and in determining the future of the universe . 13.Condensed-Matter Physics . Physical properties of a substance may change dramatically as it melts , is subjected to extremely low temperatures , or is compressed to high densities . A poor electrical conductor may suddenly become super conducting at temperatures near absolute zero . A turbulent star becomes uniform as its gravity squeezes neutrons and protons to thousands of times their normal density . The disordered components of a magnetic system suddenly align at given temperature and pressure . These are some of the elements of condensed-matter physics . Unit 7 Computer Crime - Congress vs. Computer Crime 1.Despite an improved effort by industry and government to protect the information stored in computers , computer-related crime remains one of the faster growing categories of crime in America . Indeed , computer fraud losses are now estimated at more than $4 billion a year , despite the fact that many crimes go unreported . 2.To combat this problem , government and industry must work together . Industry has to develop "locks" to protect the intangible property in computer systems and must do a better job of educating users of the common sense ethics of not stealing or damaging other people's property . 3.At the same time , the federal government must be willing and able to detect and prosecute those who enter computer systems illegally to read , steal or destroy information . As technology advances , and computers becomes an even more integral part of our everyday lives , it is essential that legal system keep pace with the changes . 4.Just a few years ago , it was hard to imagine the need for a computer crime law . In fact , when i first began to develop the federal computer crime legislation in 1984 , i was surprised to learn that the business community , the media and the public at large did not take the issue of computer crime as seriously as the problem warranted . 5.In the corporate world , there was strong reluctance on the part of victims to come forward and testify , or to convince others their computer crime has enormous potential for harm . 6.Meanwhile , the media was more inclined to portray computer hackers as intellectual thrill-seekers than as trespassers or criminals . These perceptions began to change , however , as more and more incidents of computer crime , some with far-reaching implications , began to be reported . 7.In June 1984 , credit ratings of some 90 million Americans were accessed by credit card thieves armed with a simple home computer . 8.Just four months later , a U.S .Customs clerk in Florida altered a federal computer payroll program and wrote $160,000 in government checks to himself and confederates in the scheme . In February 1985 , the FBI seized a home computer used to tap into the Marshall Space Flight in Alabama . 9.As the horror stories piled up , it become obvious that financial institutions , universities and even sensitive government agencies were extremely vulnerable to criminals with the knowledge to break into computerized data files . 10.Moreover , our criminal justice system was largely uninformed about computer technology and unprepared to address its emerging problems . 11.Indeed , computer abuse just did not fit into our legal system's traditional concept of property crimes. 12.With computer crimes , the trespassing or theft is done electronically , not physically . A program can be illicitly copied , changed or destroyed without being physically removed or even touched . 13.How could the government prosecute someone for breaking and entering or theft when there is no physical evidence of a crime ? 14.To resolve this dilemma , Congress had to develop a new category of offenses to address computer crimes , That task fell to the House Subcommittee on Crime which , among its many responsibilities , has jurisdiction over computer crime . 15.As the Crime Subcommittee developed legislation , the first consideration was the appropriate scope federal jurisdiction . Initially , some thought was given to enacting a sweeping federal statute to cover all acts of intentional computer trespass . 16.That idea was rejected , however , in favor of legislation ,which limited federal jurisdiction over computer crime to those cases in which there is a compelling federal interest . That is , where computers of the federal government or financial institutions were involved , or where the crime itself was interstate in nature . 17.What emerged from the subcommittee's deliberations in 1984 was the first federal law ever written against computer crime and the fraudulent use of access device . The computer crime section of that law made it a felony for anyone to gain unauthorized access to classified information in government computers . 18.It also established misdemeanor offenses for unauthorized trespassing into government computers or computers containing privacy information , such as financial records and credit histories . The legislation passed Congress overwhelmingly and was signed into law by President Reagan in October 1984 . 19.Two years later , Congress enacted a second computer crime bill , which expanded that law to include the illegal interstate entry into private computers , and to increase the penalties for those who break into computer where there is a " unique federal interest ". 20.Specially , the 1996 law imposes felony charges against anyone who knowingly trespasses into federal interest computers for the purpose of obtaining anything of value , or with the intent to defraud or maliciously trespass into such computers and cause more than $1,000 in damages . 21.The 1986 law also established a new category of misdemeanors involving the use of " pirate bulletin board , " which display passwords to damages . 22.Although the computer crime laws have only been in effect for a short time , they are already beginning to have an impact . 23.The FBI , which has the principal investigative responsibility for computer crime fraud and related activities , opened 22 case between 1985-87 in which such crimes were the predicate offense . 24.Other investigations are underway in which violations of the computer crime laws have been alleged , but they are not the principal charge . 25.Similarly , the Secret Service opened 119 investigations in 1987 and made one arrest , with 44 additional arrests associated with those investigations resulting in prosecutions for the fraudulent use of an access device . 26.Overall , the U.S . Attorney's office has prosecuted 39 cases since 1986 in which violation of the computer crime statue was the predicate offense . Four case have resulted in guilty pleas , while others are still pending . 27.While these numbers are relatively modest , that should change in the years ahead . The fact is , most computer-related crimes still go undetected or unreported . 28.As law enforcement agencies develop and refine the expertise needed to enforce the computer crime statutes and the business community becomes more willing to report violations , the number of prosecutions can be expected to increase significantly . 29.In fact , this increase is inevitable , given the continued proliferation of computer in the U.S . It is hard to believe that just a decade ago , there were perhaps 5,000 home computers in use .Sales of home computers could soar to a projected 80 million by the 90's ! 30.Along with this enormous increase there have been innovations in computer-related technology which are bringing computers into more and more fields . 31.In law enforcement , for instance , new technology has been developed , which greatly enhances the speed and accuracy of fingerprint identification procedures . This technology , combined with new laser and chemical technique used in lifting prints , broke the sensational California " night stalker " cases . In addition , federal agents are today using advanced software to help solve crime - in some instances bringing portable computers with them on drug bust . 32.There is also wider use of " smart cards " which look like ordinary credit cards , but pack their own tiny integrated circuit imbedded in the plastic . The microprocessor allows the card to ' talk " to a reader or another electronic interface device . 33.The U.S. Department of Agriculture , the Veterans Administration , the Army and Navy are among government agencies now using these devices to cut down on paperwork and decrease the chance of losing or destroying valuable records . 34.There is no question that computer technology had brought us a long way in the past decade . However , computer technology , with all of its gains , has also brought with it a new application , there is always someone who will attempt to illegally benefit from it . 35.The high incidence of computer-related crimes in the early 1980s led to the development of federal legislation . By the same token , persistence and a growing ingenuity among computer criminals makes it likely that the federal laws will have to be strengthened in the years ahead to help keep pace with technological advances . 36.Even though two federal computer crime laws are now on the books and are being actively enforced , there are still people out there who are willing to take the risks . 37.Just last year , a 17-year-old high school student in Chicago , using a personal computer in his bedroom , broke into AT&T's computer system , stole $1 million worth of sophisticated software and was on the verge of disrupting the company's national telephone network before he was caught . 38.Hackers in West Germany broke into the U.S .space agency's European computer network , gained access to confidential information and changed a variable in a scientist's equation , which ruined two months of research . 39.Perhaps just as insidious is the problem of so-called computer viruses programs with have been doctored and sneaked into legitimate computer programs with instructions to destroy data or do other damage . 40.Some 30 incidents of computer viruses , affecting thousands of computers around the world , have been reported in the last year alone . 41.One such program entered the main computer system at NASA headquarters and has since spread to other government computer . In another instance , thousands of computers run by IBM broke down after being invaded by a virus program written by a West German student . 42.This type of malicious programming has enormous destructive potential , underscoring the need for government and industry to work together to address the full spectrum of computer-related problems . 43.The two computer crime laws already enacted by Congress are not the last word , but simply a good first step in providing protection to information systems around the word . Unit 8 The top 10 innovative products for 2006 1. It's just anther hectic day in the year 2006 . You've just completed business deals in London , New York , and Berlin , but had to postpone a Tokyo meeting since your instantaneous translator is being repaired by technician in California . Then , after your car recharges , it warns you that the timing belt has turned green , showing that it is under stress . 2. Now , your electronic notebook shows you that the kids are about halfway home from school , and the groceries and anticholesterol tablets that your computer ordered - after receiving input from your home health monitor - were delivered just minutes ago . 3. Tonight , you plan to relax in front of your six-foot television/computer screen hanging on your wall and use your electronic money to get the new Arnold Schwarzenegger movie being released today . 4. Only a few years ago , this scene may have seemed like science fiction . But in just 10 years , it could be reality . Products for the new millennium 5. Our technology experts at Battelle ( an Ohio-based research institute ) believe some of these technology-based products will be among the most successful ones developed by the year 2006 . 6. The technology will be ready to put these products on the market in 10 years , and the consumer demand will be there . The only question is whether the right technological investments will be made to bring these products to fruition - and into our hands . 7. The top 10 technology-based products for the new millennium are: Genetaceuticals 8. The Number-one product on our list will come from a combination of genetic research and pharmaceutical responses . We foresee a boom over the next decade in the pharmaceutical industry , as genetic research closes in on treatments for a host of illnesses , from allergies to AIDS ; Within the next decade , we will witness the discovery of new pharmaceutical treatment for osteoporosis , Alzheimer's disease , and cystic fibrosis , most likely derived from work going on today in genetic research .We could also see treatments for multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( Lou Gehrig's disease ) . 9. Eventually , these genetic-based pharmaceuticals will become a part of nearly everyone's life .In fact ,it could be possible within to years - and certainly within 20 - for you to carry around a smart card containing your complete genetic makeup .You would bring it to prescribe medications or other treatments to meet your own specific needs . This is one example of the overarching trend of technology becoming more personalized in the decade ahead . Personalized Computers 10. The most obvious example of this trend to personalize technology will be your home and office computers . The personal computer now sitting on your desk at home and in your office will be replaced by a very powerful , The personalized computer will be as mobile and versatile as its user , sending and receiving wireiess data and accessing information from remote sites . 11. It will recognize your voice , follow voice commands , and include a variety of security and service tools to fit the computer for its individual owner as snugly as the glass slipper of Cinderella . 12. When you turn on your personalized computer , the intelligent agents built into it could automatically show highlights and stories about your favorite baseball team , display current stock reports on your portfolio and ask if you'd like to make any changes , and give you a traffic report for the normal commute to work and suggest alternate routes . 13. It might also ask if you'd like to order milk or eggs because you haven't bought any in the past week . Then , it could go out and do that shopping for you , finding the best prices at all the local grocery stores and having everything delivered to your door . 14. Your personalized computer will also include advanced security features that will prevent anyone but you from signing on to your computer or making transactions through your personal electronic account . Multi-fuel Automobiles 15. In 10 years , the car in your driveway could be running on two or more separate fuels . To obtain maximum efficiency and meet stringent environmental standards , vehicles will use combinations of various fuels such as reformulate gasoline , electricity ,and compressed natural gas . Again illustrating the trend toward personalized technology , these multi-fuel vehicles could feature an onboard computer that will conduct ongoing analyses of travel conditions to calculate fuel mixtures for maximum fuel efficiency and performance . 16. The development of these innovative vehicles will be highly dependent upon three other conditions : regulation , energy price levels , and advances in electrical power systems . Next-generation Television 17. On the old Jetsons cartoon , the center of the Jetson household featured a large , rather flat television screen that the family used as both a television and a video telephone . We predict that in 10 years your television set will hand on the wall , much like a large painting . It will be a digital , high-definition model with clarity approaching that of a movie screen . 18. This television will be much more than just an entertainment device . It will also be a computer monitor capable of networking with other computers as an interactive , videoconferencing devices . As a result , we'll see the further expansion of the home office . A growing number of people - especially those who opt to open their own business - will work part or all of their hours at home . This trend has already begun , but new technology will really push it along . Electronic Cash 19. Here's another item that will help us not only work at home , but also shop at home . We'll be using electronic money for everything from buying soda in a vending machine to making international transactions over the computer . Pocket will rarely jingle in 10 years as credit-card-sized smart cards begin to replace cash , as well as keys . 20. A look at the companies pursuing this technology gives a good indication of its potential . Already , Microsoft , Visa , and several other major corporations and financial institutions have entered the race to develop electronic money . At Battelle , we have allow students to pay their laundry , and order a pizza , all with one smart card . That card , of course , would be directly linked to their parents' bank account . 21. As the technology becomes cheaper , smart cards will perform a variety of functions , serving as car and house keys , driver's license , medical records , and a wide range of other uses . Imagine smart baseball cards that , when connected to a reader ( sold separately ) , would include several photos of the player , an interview , video footage , and complete biographical and statistical information . These cards will do everything but go on strike . Home Health Monitors 22. Marketed to aging baby boomers , who soon could be more accurately described as " geriatric boomers ," these devices will serve as a live-in medical team . They'll be simple to use , noninvasive , and relatively inexpensive tools for monitoring your health conditions as home . 23. By simple analyzing your urine or breath , for instance , you'll be able to track a host of physical functions ( e.g. , liver , ovulation ,as well as levels of cholesterol , triglycerides , sugar ,hormones , water , salt , and potassium ) . Monitoring your total health will become as simple as keeping track of your weight . 24. Eventually , these monitors will also recommend exercise program ,meals , and lifestyle changes specifically designed for each individual user . In fact , they'll perform many of the jobs currently done by your family doctor - at much less cost . Smart maps and tracking devices 25. " Getting there " will be decidedly easier with the widespread use of global positioning systems ( GPS ) - smart maps and compasses that collect information from satellites to give travelers . They'll be able to track down your exact location on a street map and give you directions to the nearest Chinese restaurant . 26. Eventually , these systems will be modified for use in cars and trucks to detect other objects and prevent collisions . 27. We'll also be using GPS to help stop crime by giving us the power to monitor the location of our cars and other valuable . You'll be able to follow the exact location of your children as they walk home from school . You'll even be able to track your pets as they roam through the neighborhood . You'll never have to plead ," Lassie , come home " - you'll know where she is . Smart Materials 28.New construction materials will give off warnings when they detect excessive stress . Following an earthquake ,for instance , materials in bridges or office buildings could change color before conditions become unsafe . Or they could send a signal to a central operator , who could then send a return signal for the materials to respond to the stress .Automobile parts could give a similar warning when approaching the point of breakdown . 29.These materials , which would have electronic sensors built into their molecular structure , could first find use in bridges , aircraft , and large office buildings . But they will also be cheap enough for widespread use in our homes , cars , and even golf clubs and tennis rackets . Imagine tennis strings that change color as the pressure on them decreases . You'll never again be able to blame a bad shot on a broken string . 30.We may even wear all-season suits made of smart fabrics . They would insulate us in cold weather and breathe like cotton in the summer heat . Weight-control and Anti-aging Products 31.As the baby boomers move into and past mid-life , they'll create a huge market for products to hands of time . While no Fountain of Youth is on the horizon , new products will make aging a little less traumatic . In fact , technology will allow us to look forward to active and comfortable retirements well into our 80s . 32.These new developments may include weight-control drug that use the body's natural weight-control mechanisms , wrinkle creams that actually work , foods with enhanced nutrients , and an effective cure for baldness . Many of these products will come directly from genetic research , ranging from treatments for genetical based hair and weight problems to new , nutritionally enhanced fruits and vegetables altered through genetic engineering . Never-owned Products 33.Although this final item is not a single or specific , it is a trend that will change the way we obtain many products , especially computers and major household appliances ( e.g. Furnaces , air conditioners , washers , dryers , and water heaters ) . Within the next decade , we will buy the function rather than the item .Manufacturers or distributors will retain ownership an responsibility for repairs , as well as eventual disposal and recycling . 34.This trend will be spurred by environmental concerns and regulations that will expand recycling , by the lower cost of leasing , and by the increasing speed of technological developments , which causes products to become obsolete more quickly . For example , people are quickly going to be tired of having computers that become obsolete before they're even paid off .It you bought a computer system eight years ago for $ 3,000 , you'd be lucky to get $ 50 for it today . That's a clear formula for leasing . 35.Utilities are also developing programs that would allow you to lease expensive items at a fraction of the cost . Eventually , you might lease a " home environment package " from a utility of an energy distributor . It would provide temperature and humidity settings that fit your particular needs in each room of the house . 36.Like so many other products on this list , these leased appliances follow the trend of technology-based products being designed to meet the needs of specific individuals . That single trend is our most important finding . Conclusion 37.None of these products is guaranteed to be available in 10 years . We have the ability to develop them , but it will take an investment of time and money . Nevertheless , this trend toward personalized technology cannot be stopped . 38.During the past century , perhaps the greatest technological achievement in terms of product development has been the advancement of mass production . It allows all of us to buy the same car , television , or computer . Unfortunately , this has also led to the perception that technology is an impersonal , homogenizing force . 39.As we movie into the new century , technology will be also to accommodate our individuality . We will see mass production of individualized products . Perhaps the most important long-term result of this trend will be that we will feel a greater sense of ownership and comfort with new technology . Rather than adapting our behavior and even our personality to conform to new technology , the new products will be flexible enough to adjust to our own quirks . Such a shirt in the way we interact with technology will go farther than any technological development to give us higher productivity , greater power , and better peace of mind . unit9 Introduction 1 Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based radio-navigation system, consisting of 24 satellites and ground support. GPS provides users with accurate information about their position and velocity, as well as the time, anywhere in the world and in all weather conditions. History and Development 2 GPS, formally known as the Navstar Global Positioning System, was initiated in 1973 to reduce the proliferation of navigation aids. GPS is operated and maintained by the United States Department of Defense. By creating a system that overcame the limitations of many existing navigation systems, GPS became attractive to a broad spectrum of users. GPS has been successful in classical navigation applications, and because its capabilities are accessible using small, inexpensive equipment, GPS has also been used in many new applications . How GPS Works 3 GPS determines location by computing the difference between the time a signal is sent and the time it is received. GPS satellites carry atomic clocks that provide extremely accurate time. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite so that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast . The signal contains data that a receiver uses to compute the locations of the satellites and to make other adjustments needed for accurate positioning. The receiver uses the time difference between the time of signal reception and the broadcast time to compute the distance, or range, from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver must account for propagation delays, or decreases in the signal's speed caused by the ionosphere and the troposphere. With information about the ranges to three satellites and the location of the satellite when the signal was sent, the receiver can compute its own three-dimensional position. 4 An atomic clock synchronized to GPS is required in order to compute ranges from these three signals. However, by taking a measurement from a fourth satellite, the receiver avoids the need for an atomic clock. Thus, the receiver uses four satellites to compute latitude, longitude, altitude, and time. The Parts of GPS 5 GPS comprises three segments: the space, control, and user segments. The space segment includes the satellites and the Delta rockets that launch the satellites from Cape Canaveral, in Florida. GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,100 km (12,500 mi) and with a period of 12 hours. The orbits are tilted to the earth's equator by 55 degrees to ensure coverage of polar regions. Powered by solar cells, the satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun and their antenrJae toward the earth. Each satellite contains four atomic clocks. 6 The control segment includes the master control station at Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado, and monitor stations at Falcon Air Force Base and on Hawalh Ascension Island in the Atlantic Ocean, Diego Garcia Atoll in the Indian Ocean, and Kwajalein Island in the South Pacific Ocean. These stations monitor the GPS satellites. The control segment uses measurements collected by the monitor stations to preclict the behavior of each satellite's orbit and clock. The prediction data is uplinked, or transmitted, to the satellites for transmission to the users. The control segment also ensures that the GPS satellite orbits and clocks remain within acceptable limits. 7 The user segment includes the equipment of the military personnel and civilians who receive GPS signals. Military GPS user equipment has been integrated into fighters, bombers, tankers, helicopters, ships, submarines, tanks, jeeps, and soldiers' equipment. In addition to basic navigation activities, military applications of GPS include target designation, close air support, "smart" weapons, and rendezvous. 8 With more than 500,000 GPS receivers, the civilian community has its own large and diverse user segment. Surveyors use GPS to save time over standard survey methods. GPS is used by aircraft and ships for en route navigation and for airport or harbor approaches. GPS tracking systems are used to route and monitor delivery van and emergency vehicles, in a method called precision farming, GPS is used to monitor and control the application of agriculture fertilizer and pesticides. GPS is available as an in-car navigation aid and is used by hikers and hunters. GPS is also used on the Space Shuttle because the GPS user does not need to communicate with the satellite, GPS can serve an unlimited number of users. GPS Capabilities 9 GPS is available in two basic forms: the standard positioning service (SPS) and the precise positioning service (PPS). SPS provides a horizontal position that is accurate to about 100 m (about 330 ft); PPS is accurate to about 20 m (about 70 ft). For authorized users -normally the United States military and its allies - PPS also provides greater resistance to jamming and immunity to deceptive signals. 10 Enhanced techniques such as differential GPS (DGPS) and the use of a carrier frequency processing have been developed for GPS. DGPS employs fixed stations on the earth as well as satellites and provides a horizontal position accurate to about 3 m (about 10 ft). Surveyors pioneered the use of a carrier frequency processing to compute position to within about ] cm (about 0.4 in). SPS, DGPS, and carrier techniques are accessible to all users. 11 The availability of GPS is currently limited by the number and integrity of the satellites in orbit. Outages due to failed satellites still occur and affect many users simultaneously. Failures can be detected immediately and users can be notified within seconds or minutes depending on the user's specific situation. Most repairs are accomplished within one hour. As GPS becomes integrated into critical operations such as traffic control in the national airspace system, techniques for monitoring the integrity of GPS on-board and for rapid notification of failures are being developed and implemented. The Future of GPS 12 As of March 1994, 24 GPS satellites were in operation. Replenishment satellites are ready for launch, and contracts have been awarded to provide satellites into the 21st century. GPS applications continue to grow in land; sea, air, and space navigation. The ability to enhance safety and to decrease fuel consumption will make GPS an important component of travel in the international airspace system. Airplanes will use GPS for landing at fogbound airports. Automobiles will use GPS as part of intelligent transportation systems. Emerging technologies will enable GPS to determine not only the position of a vehicle but also its altitude. 介绍 1全球定位系统(GPS)是一radio-navigation系统,由24卫星和地面支援。全球定位系统(GPS)用户提供准确信 息关于他们的位置与速度,以及时间,世界上任何一个地方,在所有的天气条件历史和发展 2 GPS,正式名称为全球定位系统, 在1973年开始减少艾滋病扩散的导航系统。全球定位系统(GPS)是操作、维修部门由美国防卫部。通过创建一个系统,克服了很多限制现有的导航系统、全球定位系统(GPS)成为诱人的一条宽阔的规格吹的用户。全球定位系统(GPS)已成功应用于经典的导航系统因为它的能力,和阳离子可使用小,在-昂贵的设备、全球定位系统(GPS)也被应用于许多新的教学经营。 全球定位系统(GPS)如何工作 3全球定位系统(GPS)通过计算确定地点之间的差异一个信号发送和接收的时间。GPS卫星携带原子钟提供精确的时间。时间信息是放置在代码广播卫星这样确定时间可以连续接收信号的实况转播。这个信号包含数据来计算接收器用途卫星的位置,使其他调节所需准确定位。使用时间的接收机之间的差别接受信号的时间和广播时间来计算距离,或者范围从卫星接收机。接受者必须占传播延迟,或减少对信号的造成电离层,速度对流层。与销售——关于这个范围三兴卫星和位置的satel -建兴当信号发了,可以计算出自己的立体的位置。 4个原子时钟同步GPS是为了计算范围从这三种信号。然而,从第四卫星接收机避免需要一个原子的时钟。因此,使用四个卫星接收器计算经度、纬度、高度和时间。 全球定位系统(GPS)的部分 5 它由三个部分:全球定位系统(GPS)的空间、控制和用户的部分。空间部分包括人造卫星和火箭发射了黄河三角洲的发射,卡纳维拉尔海角佛罗里达州。GPS卫星轨道飞行在圆形海拔20,100 12,500公里)和一个12小时。轨道倾斜到地球赤道55度来确保覆盖的极地。由太阳能电池、卫星定位自己一点他们不断向太阳和太阳能电池板的antenrJae向地面。每个卫星包含四个原子钟”。 6控制部分包括主控制站在科罗拉多的猎鹰空军基地,监测台网猎鹰的空军基地,在Hawalh大西洋上的提升,迭戈?加西亚群岛印度洋,Kwajalein岛的南太平洋。这些监测站监测全球定位系统的卫星。控制部分采用测量所收集的监视车站的行为,preclict每个卫星轨道和时钟。uplinked的预测数据,或者传送到卫星,为发送到用户。控制部分也确保了GPS卫星轨道和时钟保持在可接受的限度。 7用户段包括设备的军人和平民接收GPS信号。军事GPS用户设备已融入战斗机、轰炸机、坦克、直升机、船舶、潜水艇、坦克、吉普车和士兵的设备。除了基本的活动,在军事上航行全球定位系统(GPS)包括目标指示,近距离空中支援,“聪明”的武器,汇合。 8以超过50万的GPS接收器、民间团体都有它自己的多元化用户的部分。调查者用GPS节约时间超过标准的测量方法。全球定位系统(GPS)是用飞机和船只航行,途中,为港口、机场。GPS跟踪系统是用来路线和交付货车和紧急救援车辆,在一种称为精耕农业、GPS是用来监测和控制系统中的应用,对农业肥料和杀虫剂。可作为一种内置GPS导航援助和所用的徒步旅行者和猎人。全球定位系统(GPS)也使用在航天飞机,因为全球定位系统(GPS)用户不需与卫星全球定位系统(GPS)即可无限数量的用户。 全球定位系统(GPS)能力 9 GPS是可在两种基本形式:标准的定位服务(SPS)和精确定位服务(PPS)。提供一个可以安装在水平位置,SPS是准确的,大约100米(大约330英尺),PPS是准确的,大约20米(大约70英尺)。为合法授权用户-normally美国军队及其盟国提供了更大的阻力,PPS也对干扰及免疫欺骗性的信号。 10增强技术,如微分全球定位系统(GPS)和使用差分GPS载波频率处理已经发展为全球定位系统(GPS)。拥有固定电台的差分gps卫星、地球以及提供水平位置准确约3米(约10英尺(3米)。调查者率先使用一个载波频率范围内处理计算位置对]厘米(约0.4)。DGPS、载体的SPS技术,对所有用户的需求。 11所能获得的GPS是目前有限的数目和完整的卫星进入轨道。由于没有中断发生和影响许多卫星使用者同步。失败可以探测到,用户可以立即通知或分几秒内视用户的具体情况。大多数修理后的一个小时内完成。作为全球定位系统(GPS)成为融入关键操作,如交通控制系统在全国领空,技术监测的完整性和快速GPS机载通知正在被开发和实施失败。 未来的GPS 12 1994年3月24 GPS卫星处在操作。补给卫星发射做好准备, 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 已经被授予提供卫星进入二十一世纪。GPS应用继续生长在土地、海运、空运、太空航行。加强安全的能力、降低油耗将使全球定位系统(GPS)的重要组成部分,在国际领空的旅行。飞机将使用GPS为降落在英伦三岛机场。汽车将使用全球定位系统(GPS)作为智能交通系统。新兴技术,将使全球定位系统(GPS)来确定不仅地位的车辆也高度。 Unit 10 The lamb that roared [A Lamb cloned from a single cell of an adult sheep demonstrated the power of cloning technology, surprising both researchers and the public, and igniting a fierce debate about ethics. ] 1 A year ago, few researchers would have guessed that science's most stunning achievement in 1997 would come from a barn. But in late February, a bleating, white-nosed lamb swept into the public eye: 7 month-old Dolly, the first animal cloned from an adult cell. She electrifiect~ both the research community and the general public, for although animals had been cloned before, creating a sheep from a single cell of a 6 year-old ewe was a stunning technological feat that many had thought impossible. 2 Cloning is of practical import, as it can be used to quickly create herds of identical animals that churn out medically useful proteins. But the implications of cloning technology go much furlher, o- pening up new avenues of research in cancer, development, and even aging. Indeed, Dolly forces a reexamination of what it means to grow old, for although she is now 18 months old, her DNA, taken from the donor cell, may be almost 8 years old. 3 According to conventional wisdom, adult cells cannot give rise to new, mature organisms. So after Doll's debut, researchers scrambled to understand how she was created. Scientific societies convened their own impromptu meetings to discuss both the scientific and ethical implications of the work, and companies specializing in transgenic animals saw their stock value jump overnight. 4 But despite Dolly's soft brown eyes, some feared that he saw a wolf in sheep's clothing, come to steal humankind's individuality and autonomy. She sparked calls for a ban on human cloning in the United States, Switzerland, China, and other nations, and to some, she raised a specter like those in some sci-fi movies growing clones for human spare parts. But whether welcomed or feared, cloning in 1997 forced scientists and the public alike to rethink their basic ideas about life, and to confront the implications of our growing ability to manipulate life's blueprint. 5 As is true for many breakthroughs, cloning represents the convergence of advances in several disciplines over several decades, Pains-taking progress in sheep reproductive biology, genetic manipulation, and cell culture all paved the way for Dolly. But the critical technique is nuclear transfer, in which the intact nucleus of one ceil is absorbed into an egg whose own nucleus has been removed. 6 Researchers seeking to unlock the secrets of embryonic development had been working to perfect this technique for 40 years, starting with experiments in frogs in 1952. They transferred the nuclei of embryonic or tadpole cells into frog eggs and succeeded in raising cloned tadpoles and even adult frogs. But the older the frog cell donating the DNA, the less likely was the resulting clone to develop normally. When donor cells from an adult were used, no frog clone ever developed beyond the tadpole stage. And in mice, the typical mammalian model organism, results were even more discouraging. At the time, researchers couldn't get viable young from anything but nuclei taken from very early embryos- the two-to-four-cell stage. So most biologists came to accept that mature ceils could not give rise to entire organisms, especially in mice. Only an egg cell possessed that mysterious power, called totipotency. 7 But those working with cows and sheep were not quite persuaded. A team of researchers at the Roslin Institute outside Edinburgh, Scotland, for example, suspected that previous failures were caused by donor DNA that was in a different stage of the cell cycle than the recipient egg cell. They used nuclear transfer to clone sheep from embryonic cells, and in 1996 announced the birth of two cloned lambs, Next, they cloned sheep from fetal fibroblast cells. And in partnership with a local biotechnology company, they attempted what everyone had said was impossible: to clone a sheep from adult cells. 8 To do this, the team used cultured udder cells, taken from a 6-year-old ewe, and then starved them, forcing most of their genes to enter an inactive phase that the researchers hoped would match the cell-cycle stage of the recipient eggs. Once the udder-cell nuclei were transferred into the eggs, still-unknown factors coaxed that "activated'' 6 year-old DNA to go back in time, so to speak, and apparently become totipotent once more, directing the eggs to develop into lambs. Out of 277 such eggs, only one produced a healthy living animal: Dolly. 9 To a startled public, Dolly made the horrors of science fiction clones seem all too possible. If she could be cloned from an udder cell, people wondered, and then why not a dictator from his nose, as was attempted in the movie Sleeper, or a spare self as a reservoir of replacement body parts? Such things are safely in the realm of fiction, of course, but many people, scientists included, became concerned that cloning people would dehumanize our species and spoke out against it. 10 Yet upon reflection it's clear that just as identical twins grow up to be individuals, clones would never be truly identical. Even Dolly is not an exact replica of the ewe used to clone her, because she did not develop in that ewe's uterus nor receive its genes in the cellular organisms called mitochondria. 11 For now, Dolly stands alone. No one, not even the Roslin team, has made a second animal from an adult cell. Of course, most biomedical researchers work with mice and mouse nuclear transfer results are still dismal. So attention is focused on the handful of labs worldwide working on cloning in livestock. Most are starting with fetal cells, who's DNA can more easily be made totipotent. So far, several firms say they too have cloned either sheep or cows from fetal cells, and one group has cloned monkeys from embryonic cells. 12 Nuclear transfer experiments are under way in other species too, ranging from zebra-fish to rabbits. Among basic researchers, the Scottish group's success has inspired new experiments looking at how DNA changes as a cell matures. Clarifying the nature of totipotency may spark insight into what makes cells and organism's age, and how cell growth can go awry, as in cancer. Researchers are watching Dolly closely, for although so far she seems the 18 - month-old she's supposed to be, her DNA may make her age prematurely. 13 Cloning experts point out that the true identity of Dolly's progenitor cell is not known for sure--it's possible that it was a stem cell, known to be able to develop into several kinds of tissues. Even if that's true, the ability to restore totipotency to easily harvested adult cells would offer a potentially simple method to replace lost or damaged cells. 14 Meanwhile, the Roslin team has taken the next step toward making cloning economically useful by cloning sheep carrying foreign genes. Three sheep carry a marker gene, and two have both the marker gene and the gene for the human factor IX protein, which some hemophiliacs take to aid blood clotting. These sheep were cloned from transgenic fetal fibroblast cells, not adult cells, so they are most remarkable not as clones, but because they developed successfully despite having undergone genetic manipulation. 15 Some scientists are now trying to clone flocks of sheep that make factor IX and other useful proteins in their milk. Other scientists are developing nuclear transfer techniques to create other types of genetically tailored livestock, opening the door to better animal models of genetic diseases, animals as organ donors, and possibly leaner, faster growing livestock. 16 Indeed, as with all breakthroughs, it's not possible yet to foretell exactly where cloning will lead. Although initial reactions were universally against all human cloning, there have been whispers that such cloning may one day have a place in giving infertile couples genetic offspring. Whatever direction the research takes, however, the public is likely to demand a say in how cloning is applied. Biologists, ethicists, and others will be wrestling with the implications of this birth in a barn for years to come . [羔羊克隆由单个细胞的成年羊了克隆技术的力量,研究者和公众都惊讶,引发了激烈的辩论伦理。) 1一年前,一些研究人员早就猜到是科学的最惊人的成就在1997年将来自于谷仓。但在2月下旬,一个低 吟,white-nosed羊肉横扫公众眼睛:7个月大的第一个动物克隆多利,从成人细胞。她的研究机构和电的公众,尽管动 物被克隆,创造一个绵羊一个6岁的单一细胞是一个惊人的技术专长母羊许多人认为,这是不可能的。 2 克隆实际进口,因为它可以用来快速地创建成群的相同的动物产出上有用的蛋白质。但克隆技术的含义、阿 furlher大得多新的研究途径pening癌症、发展、甚至老化。事实上,多利的力量意味着什么,因为她虽然老旧,现在 她的DNA的18个月,从供体细胞,可能是将近8岁。 3 根据传统观念,成人干细胞不能使新、成熟的生物体。如此之后,研究人员首次洋娃娃的了解她爬上爬下被创 造出来的。科学协会召开临时会议来讨论自己的科学、伦理意义的工作,公司专门从事转基因动物见到他们的股票价值跳过夜。 4 但尽管多利的柔软的棕色眼睛,有些害怕,他看见一只披着羊皮的狼,来窃取人类的个性和自治。她引发呼吁禁止人类克隆,在美国、中国、瑞士等国家,并对一些人来说,她抚养了一个幽灵象那些在一些科幻电影的克隆人类备件的增长。但是无论欢迎在1997年和恐惧,克隆迫使科学家们和公众重新思考他们的基本思路,并面对人生的意义不断增长的能力操控生命的蓝图。 5就如同在很多突破,算法的收敛性,提出了在几个学科历时几十年,刻苦进展繁殖生物学、羊遗传所有操作及细胞培养为多利铺平了道路。但关键技术是核转移,即是一个完整的核吸收到蛋的细胞核已被拆除。 6研究者试图解开秘密胚胎发育过程中,一直致力于完善该技术为40年的时间里,从实验在1952年的青蛙。他们把核细胞的胚胎或蝌蚪变成青蛙鸡蛋和成功地提高克隆蝌蚪甚至成年青蛙。但年长的青蛙细胞的DNA的捐赠,不太可能是导致克隆健康发展。当供体细胞从成人,没有青蛙克隆曾经开发超越蝌蚪阶段。在老鼠,典型的哺乳动物的生物模型,结果更加令人沮丧。同时,研究人员无法得到切实可行的年轻人从任何从很早,但核的two-to-four-cell阶段胚胎~。所以大多数生物学家已经接受成熟ceils不能使整个生物体,特别是在老鼠。这只蛋细胞具有神秘的力量,称为研究。 7不料,那些工作和牛和羊都不听。一个研究小组的外面的罗斯林研究所苏格兰爱丁堡,例如,怀疑是因为过去的失败是由捐赠者的DNA,在不同阶段的细胞周期比收件人卵细胞。他们用核转移到克隆羊从胚胎细胞,并于1996年宣布克隆羊生了两个,然后,他们克隆绵羊胎儿的成纤维细胞的细胞。与当地合作伙伴和生物技术公司,他们尝试大家都说什么是不可能的事:克隆绵羊从成人细胞。 8 这样做,这个小组使用讲究的乳腺细胞,从一个6岁的母羊,然后挨饿,迫使他们大部分的基因进入一个消极的阶段,研究人员希望将匹配cell-cycle阶段的鸡蛋。一旦udder-cell核被转移到卵子,still-unknown哄那“激活”因素,6岁的脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)时间可以倒流,可以说,显然变得全能,再一次,指挥鸡蛋培养成小羊羔。这样的蛋,只有277产生了一种健康生活的动物:洋娃娃。 9 吃惊了,多利的恐惧都科幻克隆人成为可能。如果她能被克隆的乳腺细胞的时候,人们很惊讶,为什么没有一个独裁者从他的鼻子里喷出来,并尝试在这部电影中沉睡,或备用自我为储层的身体部分替代呢?这样的事情是安全领域的小说,当然,但是很多人,包括科学家,开始注意到人们会dehumanize克隆人类,并反对它。 10 然而省思很清楚,就像双胞胎成长为个人、克隆不会一样。即使多利不是一模一样的复制品的母羊用来克隆她,因为她没有发展的羊皮也得到它的基因在子宫内的细胞生物线粒体。 11现在,多利是独一无二的。没有任何人,甚至连罗斯林队伍,取得了第二动物从成人细胞。当然,大多数生物医学研究者的工作以老鼠和鼠标核移植的结果仍然消沉。所以注意力集中在少数几个克隆实验室的工作在全世界牲畜。最开始的DNA,胎儿细胞能更容易被全能。到目前为止,有几家公司说他们也有克隆或是绵羊和奶牛的胎儿细胞,并从一组克隆猴子从胚胎细胞。 12核移植实验是在其他物种,从zebra-fish到兔子。研究人员,在基本集团的成功的激发了苏格兰的新实验考察了DNA变化作为细胞成熟。阐明自然的全能性可能引发深入了解使细胞与机体的时代,如何能偏斜,细胞生长在癌症。研究人员正在观看,因为虽然多利紧密为止,她似乎是她的18 -还是应该在一起,她的DNA可以使她的老化。 13克隆专家指出的真实身份,多利的内皮祖细胞不是毋庸置疑的——这是可能的,这是一个干细胞,能发展成多种组织。即使那是真的,能够恢复到容易收获成熟细胞的研究提供了潜在的简单的方法来代替遗失或损坏的细胞。 14同时罗斯林团队已采取下一步使人被克隆绵羊克隆经济实用携带异体基因。三羊带标记基因,两个都标志基因和基因对人类因素,有些hemophiliacs IX蛋白带援助凝血功能。这些羊被克隆胚胎细胞、成纤维细胞来自转基因作物的不成熟的细胞,因此他们最显著的不是克隆,而是因为他们研制成功,尽管经历了遗传操纵。 15一些科学家们正试图复制的羊群,使因子的蛋白质和其它有用的一般的牛奶。其他科学家正在研发核转移技术来创建其它类型的基因量身定做的牲畜,打开门到更好的动物模型的遗传疾病,动物器官捐赠者,甚至更快增长精简,家畜。 16 的确,就像所有的突破,这是不可能预见确切的地方还克隆将导致。虽然最初的反应是普遍反对所有人类克隆,有传闻说这样的克隆技术可能有一天有个地方给不育夫妇基因遗传给后代。本研究以任何方向,不过,人们很可能需要一个发言权克隆。生物学家,伦理学家,和其他人会摔跤和之出生在谷仓里。