aae[中考英语]初中英语考试答题技巧-王彦双

aae[中考英语] 初中 初中体育教案免费下载初中各年级劳动技术教案初中阶段各学科核心素养一览表初中二次函数知识点汇总初中化学新课程标准 英语考试答题技巧-王彦双 初中英语各种题型的解题技巧 王彦双2010/10 辽宁师大研究生院 记录，以增强记忆。弄清对话原大意，看清问题，即可选英语听力题解题技巧 出正确答案。 一、听力技巧之——听辨单词类的答题技巧 五、听力技巧之——短文理解类解题技巧 此类题的出题形式多是听句子，从所给选项中选出所昕句 短文理解是听力测试中综合性较强，难度较大的题型，子里含有的那个单词。此 短文主要为记叙文。但短文与单句和对话不同，有一定完类题的答题技巧是这样的: 。 整的思想 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ，涉及到的词汇量较大，涉及的知识面也广。 1(先浏览一遍题干，注意比较它们在发音上的不同之它的出题形式为:1、听短文，判断正误。2、听短文，根处,这样在听的时候就可以有 据所给的问题选择正确答案。3、根据短文内容回答问题。意识地注意这个不同之处，从而迅速作答。 4、根据短文内容完成句子。做这类题目应注意的问题: 2(由于所给选项是四个读音相似、极易混淆的单词，1、抓紧听前几分钟的准备时间，先阅读本题的题干和有关而录音中播放的是一个句子，所 选项，有些选项根据上下文逻辑关系和语法结构就可以选以我们要尽量从整体上理解句子，不要只顾听逐个单词，出，到该题录音播放时，核对一下即可。 要在语境中确定选项。 2、听短文时，注意听第一句，因为它可能是短文主题句。 3(平时要注意那些容易混淆的音素和那些读音十分相一般情况下，听完前三句就能确定短文属于哪一类，注意近的单词。如thirteen,thirty;close,clothes;present,其中的时间、地点和人物，有利于对全文的理解。 parent;horse,house;knows,news(bread,break,breath3、听第二遍时，注意及时核对尚未完全听清的选项，感到等。 有把握的答案暂放一边。 4(注意区别句子中的同音词。如whether,weather;4、平时注重听力训练和阅读训练相配合。 four,for;two,too,to;where,wear等。 英语完形填空解题技巧 二、听力技巧之——听句子选择恰当答语类的答题技针对完形填空，有各种多层次、全方位的理解技法，但其巧 中以总体把握法、词语搭配法、语法判定法、语境联想法、 听句子选择恰当答语是常考题型之一，该题型主要考举例对比法最为重要。 查学生的情景反应能力，要做 1. 快速通读全文,掌握短文大意。快速掌握文中的时间、地这类题我们要做好以下三点: 点、人物及事件。认真阅读短文开头的第一、二句，及每 1(听前认真浏览选项，掌握其意思。 段的第一句，结合选项初步弄清短文写了些什么内容。准 2(听时要注意听清句子的意思。同时注意对话出现的确地预测和推断短文的主要意义。 场景，从语调、疑问词中判断 2. 抓住结构、语意及逻辑三条线索，推断和预测选项。利句的类型以此确定回答的内容，回答内容要与问句人称、用上下文的提示，用学过的知识和已有的生活经验，扫清时态等保持一致。 部分词汇理解上的障碍。在理解全文意思的基础上，结合 3(平时我们还应熟练掌握日常交际用语。听时要正确文章内容对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。必须弄清空缺词判断出句子的语言交际功能， 句的确切含义，空缺词句与其前后句的意义衔接必须自然、正确理解说话人意图的基础上作出正确选择。 合理，不可出现意义断层或说东道西的情况，必须从空缺三、听力技巧之——图文搭配类听力的解题技巧。 句的内部结构入手，从语法、词语固定搭配、词形变化等 这类题主要是要求学生能把正确的图画语言与所听到角度考虑，务必使所填的单词准确无误。根据词的意义和的内容联系起来。它具有生动简明的特点。做好这类 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 用法进行选择，重复考虑语境。上下文找线索，上下文找的关键是“听音”“明意”。 一是要能听懂句意，而听懂句意提示。完形填空的文章都是一个意义相关联的语篇，它围的前提是能抓住句中的“关键词”，二是要具备“读图、识图”绕一个话题论述，在行文中词语重复、替代等现象是不可的能力。清楚图画中的人物、动作、形态等。 避免的。根据这个原则，某个空格所对应的答案很可能就四、听力技巧之——对话理解的答题技巧 在上下文中重复出现的相关词。所以，可以根据这些词之 由于对话是一个相互联系的整体，听前我们要浏览选间的有机联系确定答案。 项，了解一定的信息，并预测话题及内容。在听的时候我3. 要特别注意语法，如单词的各种形式的变化，种类句型们要注意对话中的人物(包括男女)，时间(如果有的话)，的结构等。 地点(尤其是多个易混的地点及相应的信息)，语音语调，单词的变化: 上下文之间的联系等，同时还要排除干扰，适当的作一些a.名词的选择，应联系文章主题及空格前后出现的有关词， 注意其性和数的一致。 要从容不迫，心无旁骛。这样才能对所读的文章印象清晰，b.动词的选用，要注意词义和惯用搭配，还要区分近义词理解深刻。 之间的用法差异及所给词的形式。 要提高视读的速度，考阅读理解，从另一个方面来说，考c.选择介词，应注意其惯用法，特别是与动词或其他词组的是考试速度。因此做阅读理解时，要注意培养自己快速成的固定搭配。 阅读的习惯。切不可在个别难懂的词句上磨蹭，只要全篇d.选择代词，要注意性、数、格是否准确。 理解了，个别难懂的词句可以根据上下文和构词法去猜测，e.选择连词，要注意分析前后句或上下文的逻辑关系。 去推断。 f.选择形容词和副词，要注意词义的区别，用于比较时，还对文章的评价分析，一定要坚持“词不离句，句不离篇”，要注意词形变化。 要理解文章作者的原意，而不能按你自己的意愿去想当然。要注意句法题，搞清句子的种类、类型、省略和倒装 切记:一想当然，就会出错。 a.句子的种类包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。一 1.审视标题，抓住中心 般以考查疑问句、感叹句的词序为多见，其次是祈使句的 试题中有的文章有标题，有的没有，拟题人是有所考零时态等。 虑的。标题是文章主题的高度凝聚。它能给我们启发和想b.句子的类型有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。象，想象文章的内容和走向。这样做有利于对文章的理解，中考考查要点是在复合句里的状语从句、宾语从句和直接/能提高做题的效率。 间接引语，也考查简单的定语从句。 2.浏览全文，掌握全貌 另外还要注意固定词组、习惯用语、固定句型的积累、同 如果时间紧，至少要快速通读全文，尤其是首两段。义词的辨析、生活常识的运用以及中西方文化的差异。 再把标题和文章内容结合起来，这样全文的梗概便一目了在选择答案时，可以用择优法和排除法和例举对比法。 然了。 a.择优法是把各选项代入短文中，选出在词义上符合要求，3.细读题目，抓住要点 且在语法上又没有语病的答案。 对整篇短文内容有了一定的了解后，要马上看短文后b.排除法是在代入选项时如发现选项单词意义不对，或词的问题，带着问题去选择或判断答案。要确定所需查找的与词搭配不妥，或存在语法错误，或与上下文有矛盾，则信息范围，并注意所查找信息的特点。例如:如果问题或迅速排除不合适的选项，剩下的就是正确答案。 选项涉及到人名、地名，就应该找首字母大写的单词;如c在完形填空的多项选择中，常常会遇到难以选择的题目。果问题或选项涉及时间、日期、数字，就应该寻找具体的需要调动头脑里的知识“储备”，例举熟知的语言现象与之数据。另外还要注意试题难易，应暂时绕开那些少数较难相比较，再做出明智的选择。 的题目，先做最有把握、最熟悉的题目，也就是该类题可反复推敲，攻克难关。如果做不出来的话，可能要改变一以直接或间接从文章中找到的。而对于那些要通过对文章下思路。如实词多与文章的内容直接相关，虚词多与文章归纳判断、逻辑推理的题目，需要再对全文快速阅读，仔的连贯性或句子结构直接相关，如果从内容上实在看不出细分析思考，反复比较、推敲选出正确答案。若文章短可要填哪个单词的话，应考虑是否需要填介词、连词等。填先读短文，后看文后题目;如果文章太长，你可以先把文完所有答案后，还应通读一便全文，对所选的答案进行核章后面的问题看一遍，带着问题去看文章。这样可以帮助实、调整，经过逐句推敲之后，对短文内容的理解更为深你去掉杂念，提高阅读速度和解题的正确性。要善于找关刻，这是如果重读全文，有些难解或误解的问题很快就暴键句，特别要注意文章的第一段和最后一段的头一句话，露出来，从而也能得到更好的解决。 往往就是关键句，可以帮助你掌握文章的全貌，理解文章4. 选项填完后，通读全文， 仔细检查。验证答案，修正的主题。此外，还应该细读文章，因为有时的试题是考细错误，着重注意这几点: 节。可以边读边用铅笔做点标记，把有关的画出来。凡逢(1)文章是否顺畅; 人物就圈起来，看完一数，有几个圈就是几个人，一目了(2)所填单词是否是最佳单词; 然。 (3)所填单词是否有拼写错误。 4.细读文章，掌握细节 阅读理解的解题技巧 这次应细品，不可一晃而过。可边读边用铅笔做些记录，要注意养成良好的阅读心理，阅读时要去掉杂念，心绪要把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因(即五个W:who， 安定，精神要专一，要形成一种惬意的顺向心理。切不可what， when， where， why)划出来。 经过这样的处理，一遇到几个生词难句，就心烦意乱，失去自控能力。心理你对文章的内容和细节便会胸有成竹，对事态的发生、发学家告诉我们，任何恐慌，过分紧张的情绪都会形成一种展和解决有了更加深入的了解。 消极因素妨碍大脑的正常思维功能。因此，遇到困难一定 5.理解大意，初选答案 一般短文都设有五个题目，对那些表层理解的题目可会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几以断然选定。对那些深层理解的题目，应再查阅原文，但了，你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选决不是简单重读，应找出依据，把所答案代入文中，再确对的可能性。 定正误。在确定答案时，对文章和题中的词语应结合上下交际运用解题技巧 文思考其确切意思，切忌望文生义，作出错误的判断。 1(阅读整篇对话，答题时，跳过空行，快速把全篇对话通 6.复读全文，核对答案 读一篇，了解对话的整体结构，把握对话的内容及语境。要用全文的主题思想统率各思考题，研究其内在的联系和通读对话时，尽量搞清三个W既:Who, Where, What。Who逻辑关系，并依次审核那些未获解答的题，对照题目，推指对话双方的身份关系，Where指对话在哪里发生，这种测判断，确保理解无误。 对话是面对面，还是打电话，What指对话所涉及的内容。 7.瞻前顾后，首尾突破 答题时要面向整体内容，切忌片面理解。如在餐馆、图书 对一具体问题不要局限于一词一事，而应从短文整体馆、车站、商店等不同的地点，都有各自的语言表达方式。考虑，从主线向外扩展，打开思路，前后上下对照。这样，因而，在做题时，应在理解全篇对话内容的基础上，准确可减少“钻牛角尖”和“繁琐分析”。而且，在中考试题中，地把握语言环境，把自己“置身”于语境之中， 理解双方谈即使是事实和细节题，也是“围绕或用以说明主旨和大意”话的意图。最终使对话恢复完整，语法正确，符合逻辑。 的。大多数短文，尤其是新闻报道或议论文的第一段，或2(前后照应，注意对话的“链条”。 每段的第一句，常包含了全文的主要信息或基本观点;而假如我们把对话比作环环相扣的“链条”，那么由于空行的结尾部分常是结局或结论。寓言或幽默文字的结尾也往往设置，链条就几乎环环脱节了。要想把已经脱 节的“链条”是点晴之笔或值得玩味之处。因此，抓住首尾往往抓住了连接起来，就得把握对话上下文的信息。对话的上下文的主要矛盾，主要矛盾解决了，次要矛盾也就迎刃而解了。 关系是相当密切的。做题时，可以根据 上句的信息推断下1.忌不带问题。 句的信息，通过下句的信息推断上句的信息，即:要填前 做阅读理解题时，应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览面的空行，看后句的信息，要填后 面的空行，看前句的含一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表义。如在打电话时，上句问"Who's thatspeaking?"那么下句层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读效果。 所选的就应是"This is… "。如在餐馆，下句的内容是"A 2.忌草率行事。 bottle of beer,please."那么上句就应该是"What can I do for 在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似you?"或"Ca n I help you?"这样前后对照，逐句推敲，双管是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强，容易迷惑考生。齐下，瞻前顾后，抓住对话的脉络，就能使对话不“断链”。 如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案，往往会掉进3(抓好关键词，从语意进行判断。一般情况常用的句子是设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是:对所给四个备选询问身体、天气状况或是否做(了)某事;提出建议;请求答案进行分析比较，在理解阅读材料内容的基础上进行去帮助;讲述发生的某件事;商量具体做某件事;感谢;告伪存真，方可选出正确答案。在做完所有题目后，不可孤别和祝愿。使填完后组成的对话结构完整、合理。考查的立地检查每个小题。应该遵循由整体到部分，再由部分到形式是补全对上句问题的回答或者是补全对下句所要回答整体的理解文章的规律，再次耐心地复读全文，使自己对问题的提问。因此一定要注意前后照应，关注上下文之间全文意思的理解程度会更清楚，如果发现怀疑的答案，不的密切关系。做题时，可以根据上句的信息推断下句的信要随意改动，一定要从原文中找到依据，才能改正，不可息，通过下句的信息推断上句的信息，即:要填前面的空草率了事。因此，尚未读懂的地方如果时间允许的话，一行，看后句的信息，要填后面的空行，看前句的含义。如定要慢速多读几遍，直到读懂时再定答案。 在打电话时，上句问 “Who’s that speaking?” 那么下句所选 3.忌主观印象。 的就应是 “This is…” 。如在餐馆，下句的内容是 “A bottle 少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可选出答案，of beer, please.”那么上句就应该是 “What can I do for you?” 而绝大多数则不然，考生必须按照原文来选定答案。因此，或 “Can I help you?” 这样前后对照，才能使上下文相适考生在做后一种测试题时，一定要排除自身的生活经验、应。又如在看完电影，A问"How do you like the film?"你就经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，按照文章实际反映应该知 道"How do you like…"是询问对方对某事物的评价的情况来选择答案。 及看法，这样就不会回答错。切忌望文生义。一定要前后 5.忌忽略时间。 做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体对照，逐句推敲，双管齐下，抓住对话的脉络。 上控制时间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一4(结合语境边读边做。问话或答语不能离题。为了避免干两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题做完后，扰项的干扰，七选五完成对话，还可以不看选项，心理先再回头来处理。因为做完题后，你的心情相对放松了往往补出选项。最好不要一拿到题，就直奔选项。这样会影响 答题速度，干扰思路。 分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把看标点，知句型。标点符号一般来说能起到提示和限定的图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画作用，看清空格所在句子末尾的标点符号，就知其句型，的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵，即“文在图上、若是句号，此句为陈述句;若是问号，此句为疑问句;若意在画外”，触景生情，文章才能有灵魂。 是感叹号，此句为感叹句。 2、以图表提供情景的作文要以“读”为主，首先要读懂图表5(根据场合，地点以及所针对的人物的习惯用法进行选择。中的数据、时间、编码以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的问答要符合西方人的文化、风俗和习惯。不同的国家有不信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时同的风俗习惯、生活习惯等等。在语言交际中也有各种不目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表同的差异。在交际语言的选用中，由于受到各自的文化背中的数据、时间等不得有误。 景的影响，表达的方式也就不同。因而，在补全对话过程3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明中，所选的句子要符合英美 人的习惯。在做题时，要特别确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词注意西方民族风情的“五不问”即:不问年龄，不问婚否，造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清不问经历，不问收入 ，不问住址。因为这些都是个人的隐而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲私，询问隐私是一种非常失礼的行为。因此，在补全对话的要点。 中应特别注意， 凡有像"Have you eaten?" "Where do you 4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，work?"等，这类句子都是“中文的思想+英文的形式”，在对英文书信格式与中文有所不同，1)、一般在信纸的右上角话中都应避免使用。 写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;6(要准确理解每个句子的确切含义，切不可望文生义。 2)、左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;3)、正文部分;4)、祝在补全对话中，要根据提供的情景和实际情况，准确理解愿的话;5)、写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求句子的确切含义，应了解整个语境所表达的完整 、确定的写，不要漏写。如果要求你的信件用E-mail发送，请同学意义，尽量了解每个句子的内在涵义。如在看完电影，A们务必注意，对方的网址一定要写准确，多一点或少一点问"How do you like the film?"你就应该知 道"How do you 都不能发送成功，可谓“差之毫厘，失之千里”。 like…"是询问对方对某事物的评价及看法，意思是"What 写作注意事项 : do you think of…"这样就不会回答 错。因此，在做题时，1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，还要根据段意理解句意，切忌望文生义。要遵照口语交际如:记叙一件事要用过去时;写经常发生的事或对人物的特点，不要死套语法规则或书面语。(平时积累) 描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾7(先做较易的再做较难的内容，难度大的空可以用筛选或呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。 排除法选择或填入正确对话内容。 2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而不愿使用熟悉的常用词，去8(要使用文明高雅的语言。(多用委婉的方式和语气) 找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知9(正确书写，从容答题。答题时应注意单词的正确拼写、道如何搭配，结果适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，大小写以及标点符号的正确运用，书写应工整、 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 。 甚至错误百出，所以要实事求是地把握，避免不必要的失 10(重读对话，验证答案。 分。 选项选好后，应将所选的选项带入对话的空行处去验3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环证，凭语感和交际语言习惯进行验证。全篇对话是否 贯通节，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，望文生义或一味流畅，内容是否清晰，前后意思是否矛盾，所选的选项是生搬硬套只会闹出“我的理想是制作一名建筑师”的笑话。 否符合对话的语言环境，是否符合上下文的逻辑 关系等4、有些同学因噎废食，因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写等。总之，在做补全对话题时，考生应在通读全篇对话的出的文章过于幼稚、空洞贫泛、言之无物，要使文章有血基础上，把握各部分之间的逻辑关系，充分理解谈话 内容有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如:从句、非谓语动词及谈话人双方的意图，使补全后的对话思想通顺，前后连和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡贯，且符合英美人的语言表达方式，这样才算把 补全对话响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，会使你的文章逻题做得完美无缺了。 辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文如何写好英语作文 功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练近年来中考英语作文的题材新颖、形式多样，主要侧重灵和积累。 活性、实用性和多样性，主要有以下几种形式。 1、以图画提供情景的作文应以“看”为主，通过细心观察图 中的人物、景物、文字、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过 3(要求学生既理解某句、某段的意义，也理解全篇的逻辑得阅读者得天下——阅读理解详谈 关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 中考英语“阅读理解”题主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言4(要求学生既能根据材料提供的信息去理解，也能结合自知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、己应有的常识去理解。 逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。试题中所选的阅中考英语阅读技巧 读文章题材多样化，涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级历史地理、科学技术等各个方面。体裁多样化，包括记叙综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、 通知 关于发布提成方案的通知关于xx通知关于成立公司筹建组的通知关于红头文件的使用公开通知关于计发全勤奖的通知 、重要方面，在中考中所占比重越来越大，这是拉开档次的操作说明、表格等各种文体。它要求考生阅读理解准确率题目。 高、阅读速度快。大致来说，主要针对如下方面: 阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下: 1(文章的个别词或句子;2(文章的某细节或情节;3(文1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义; 章的主题;4(文章的背景知识;5(文章的结论或结局;6(文2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系; 章内涵的隐义或寓意等。主要是考查考生综合运用所学语3、能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节言知识的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、的发展和可能的结局; 逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。 4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料; 具体来讲主要有以下几种题型: 5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息; (一)、直接理解性题目 6、除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上(上海的这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要求更高一些，30万词以上)所谓阅读能力是 要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的指视读能力、理解能力和对所读材料的评价能力。 原句中直接找到答案。 阅读理解考查的项目大多是根据这三种能力的要求设计(二)、语义理解性题目 的。为了提高阅读理解能力，同学们在做 题目要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子作出解释。阅读理解时，就要在以下几个方面下功夫: 解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内(一)要注意养成良好的阅读心理阅读时要去掉杂念，心绪容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。 要安定，精神要专一，要形成一种惬意的顺向心理。造成(三)、逻辑推理性题目 大脑皮层的优势兴奋中心。切不可一遇到几个生词难句，这种题目有一定难度，往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而就心烦意乱，失去自控能力。心理学家告诉我们，任何恐必须根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层慌，过分紧张的情绪都会形成一种消极因素妨碍大脑的正理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得联系作者的意图、常思维功能。因此，遇到困难一定要从容不迫，心无旁骛。态度等弦外之音、文外之意加以推理，才能获得正确答案。 这样才能对所读的文章印象清晰，理解深刻。 (四)、归纳概括性题目 (二)要提高视读的速度考阅读理解，从另一个方面来说，??? 要求在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章作出归纳、概考的是考试速度。2002年上海英语中考阅读理解文章每篇括或评价。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断均达到400词左右。慢读是不行的。因此做阅读理解时，章取义，比如涉及文章的标题(title)、主题(main idea)、要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。阅读时眼球总是不断地结论(conclusion)、结局(end)等有关问题，都需要在细移动——停顿——移动着。理解是在“眼停”的瞬间进行的。读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常我们要使眼停的时间相对增加，就要扩大视读的广度，把识、科学专业知识进行逻辑思维、推理、判断，从而获取逐词逐句的点式阅读变成一次扫描一句的线式阅读，并且文章中内隐的信息。 把看到的东西迅速报告给大脑，形成眼脑较快的直映能力。中考阅读题目的命制原则 切不可在个别难懂的词句上磨蹭，只要全篇理解了，个别1(考查学生在阅读中准确捕获信息的能力。这就要求通过难懂的词句可以根据上下文和构词法去猜测，去推断。 阅读短文，运用自己所学的语法、词组、短语等方面的语(三)阅读时要注意培养语感所谓语感是指人们对语言中词言知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，语搭配及句型结构的熟练程度。语感好的人，理解力就强，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和情节，能回答短文后面视读的速度就快。阅读时要留心词语的搭配，即惯用法。所给的问题。 必要时可用笔划一划或记下来。读完每一篇文章，都应总2(要求学生既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念;既理结归纳一下，积累了多少单词，惯用法和句型，这样语感解文章的表层意思，也理解文章的深层含义，包括作者的自然就会好起来。 态度、意图等“弦外之音”。 ? (四)读完一篇文章后，要回味一番对文章的段落结构，中 心思想，人物事件，论点论据要做到心中有数。对不清楚我们学习英语不只是和别人交流，更重要的是，要通过阅的地方可以再看几次。要留心关键词句，注意弦外之音。读报刊书籍，研读名著，了解风土人情，生活习惯，科学对文章的评价分析，一定要坚持“词不离句，句不离篇”，技术的发展与进步等等。读文章必须理解，怎样才能验证要理解文章作者的原意，而不能按你自己的意愿去想当然。初学者是否掌握了所阅读的文章呢,一般有回答根据短文切记:一想当然，就会出错。 内容所提的问题，有给出题干，留一个空，再给几个答案， 让答题的人根据短文内容来确定正确的答案;也有在题干如果文章太长，你可以先把文章后面的问题看一遍，带着上留一个空，由答题人直接填写所缺的单词(有些难度比问题去看文章。这样可以帮助你去掉杂念，提高阅读速度较大的题，则将要填写的词的首字母给出)。无论是哪一种和解题的正确性。要善于找关键句，特别要注意文章的第题型，要想解这一类题，必须建立在理解文章内容的基础一段和最后一段的头一句话，往往就是关键句，可以帮助上，否则就是一句空话。 你掌握文章的全貌，理解文章的主题。此外，还应该细读 文章，因为有时的试题是考细节。可以边读边用铅笔做点 标记，把有关的人物，事件，时间，地点，原因(即五个W， who，what，when，where，why)划出来。凡逢人物就圈起 来，看完一数，有几个圈就是几个人，一目了然。 做中考阅读理解题应注意的问题 1(忌不带问题。做阅读理解题时，应先把文章后面所给的 考查题浏览一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边 选出考查表层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读效果。 2(忌草率行事。在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项 中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强， 容易迷惑考生。如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定 案，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是: 对所给四个备选答案进行分析比较，在理解理解阅读材料 内容的基础上进行去伪存真，方可选出正确答案。 3(忌主观印象。少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可 选出答案，而绝大多数则不然，考生必须按照原文来选定 答案。因此，考生在做后一种测试题时，一定要排除自身 的生活经验、经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，按照 文章实际反映的情况来选择答案。 4(忌囫囵定案。所谓囫囵定案是指考生在未完全读懂文章 时就匆忙定案，结果往往选错答案。因此，尚未读懂的地 方如果时间允许的话，一定要慢速多读几遍，直到读懂时 再定答案。 5(忌忽略时间。做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体上控制时 间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄 懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题做完后，再回头 来处理。因为做完题后，你的心情相对放松了往往会产生 新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，你 再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选对的可 能性。总而言之，阅读理解靠的是扎实的语言基础。 俗话说:冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。扎实的语言基础来自平 时严格的基本功训练和长期的知识积累。只要平时刻苦用 功，打下扎实的英语知识基础，又掌握了较科学的解题方 法做“阅读理解”题是不会太难的。 We must act today in order to preserve tomorrow. And let 美国总统演讲稿 王彦双 there be no misunderstanding——we are going to begin to act, beginning today. 里根第一任总统就职演说 The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over TUESDAY, JANUARY 20, 1981 several decades. They will not go away in days, weeks, or Senator Hatfield, Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. President, Vice months, but they will go away. They will go away because we, President Bush, Vice President Mondale, Senator Baker, as Americans, have the capacity now, as we have had in the Speaker O'Neill, Reverend Moomaw, and my fellow citizens: past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and To a few of us here today, this is a solemn and most greatest bastion of freedom. momentous occasion; and yet, in the history of our Nation, it In this present crisis, government is not the solution to is a commonplace occurrence. The orderly transfer of our problem. authority as called for in the Constitution routinely takes place From time to time, we have been tempted to believe that as it has for almost two centuries and few of us stop to think society has become too complex to be managed by self-rule, how unique we really are. In the eyes of many in the world, that government by an elite group is superior to government this every-4-year ceremony we accept as normal is nothing for, by, and of the people. But if no one among us is capable of less than a miracle. governing himself, then who among us has the capacity to Mr. President, I want our fellow citizens to know how govern someone else? All of us together, in and out of much you did to carry on this tradition. By your gracious government, must bear the burden. The solutions we seek cooperation in the transition process, you have shown a must be equitable, with no one group singled out to pay a watching world that we are a united people pledged to higher price. maintaining a political system which guarantees individual We hear much of special interest groups. Our concern liberty to a greater degree than any other, and I thank you and must be for a special interest group that has been too long your people for all your help in maintaining the continuity neglected. It knows no sectional boundaries or ethnic and which is the bulwark of our Republic. racial divisions, and it crosses political party lines. It is made The business of our nation goes forward. These United up of men and women who raise our food, patrol our streets, States are confronted with an economic affliction of great man our mines and our factories, teach our children, keep our proportions. We suffer from the longest and one of the worst homes, and heal us when we are sick——professionals, sustained inflations in our national history. It distorts our industrialists, shopkeepers, clerks, cabbies, and truckdrivers. economic decisions, penalizes thrift, and crushes the They are, in short, "We the people," this breed called struggling young and the fixed- income elderly alike. It Americans. threatens to shatter the lives of millions of our people. Well, this administration's objective will be a healthy, Idle industries have cast workers into unemployment, vigorous, growing economy that provides equal opportunity causing human misery and personal indignity. Those who do for all Americans, with no barriers born of bigotry or work are denied a fair return for their labor by a tax system discrimination. Putting America back to work means putting which penalizes successful achievement and keeps us from all Americans back to work. Ending inflation means freeing maintaining full productivity. all Americans from the terror of runaway living costs. All But great as our tax burden is, it has not kept pace with must share in the productive work of this "new beginning" and public spending. For decades, we have piled deficit upon all must share in the bounty of a revived economy. With the deficit, mortgaging our future and our children's future for the idealism and fair play which are the core of our system and temporary convenience of the present. To continue this long our strength, we can have a strong and prosperous America at trend is to guarantee tremendous social, cultural, political, and peace with itself and the world. economic upheavals. So, as we begin, let us take inventory. We are a nation You and I, as individuals, can, by borrowing, live beyond that has a government——not the other way around. And this our means, but for only a limited period of time. Why, then, makes us special among the nations of the Earth. Our should we think that collectively, as a nation, we are not Government has no power except that granted it by the people. bound by that same limitation? It is time to check and reverse the growth of government which shows signs of having grown beyond the consent of the I have used the words "they" and "their" in speaking of governed. these heroes. I could say "you" and "your" because I am It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the addressing the heroes of whom I speak——you, the citizens Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the of this blessed land. Your dreams, your hopes, your goals are distinction between the powers granted to the Federal going to be the dreams, the hopes, and the goals of this Government and those reserved to the States or to the people. administration, so help me God. All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did We shall reflect the compassion that is so much a part of not create the States; the States created the Federal your makeup. How can we love our country and not love our Government. countrymen, and loving them, reach out a hand when they fall, Now, so there will be no misunderstanding, it is not my heal them when they are sick, and provide opportunities to intention to do away with government. It is, rather, to make it make them self- sufficient so they will be equal in fact and not work-work with us, not over us; to stand by our side, not ride just in theory? on our back. Government can and must provide opportunity, Can we solve the problems confronting us? Well, the not smother it; foster productivity, not stifle it. answer is an unequivocal and emphatic "yes." To paraphrase If we look to the answer as to why, for so many years, we Winston Churchill, I did not take the oath I have just taken achieved so much, prospered as no other people on Earth, it with the intention of presiding over the dissolution of the was because here, in this land, we unleashed the energy and world's strongest economy. individual genius of man to a greater extent than has ever been In the days ahead I will propose removing the roadblocks done before. Freedom and the dignity of the individual have that have slowed our economy and reduced productivity. Steps been more available and assured here than in any other place will be taken aimed at restoring the balance between the on Earth. The price for this freedom at times has been high, various levels of government. Progress may be but we have never been unwilling to pay that price. slow——measured in inches and feet, not miles——but we It is no coincidence that our present troubles parallel and will progress. Is it time to reawaken this industrial giant, to get are proportionate to the intervention and intrusion in our lives government back within its means, and to lighten our punitive that result from unnecessary and excessive growth of tax burden. And these will be our first priorities, and on these government. It is time for us to realize that we are too great a principles, there will be no compromise. nation to limit ourselves to small dreams. We are not, as some would have us believe, loomed to an inevitable decline. I do On the eve of our struggle for independence a man who not believe in a fate that will all on us no matter what we do. I might have been one of the greatest among the Founding do believe in a fate that will fall on us if we do nothing. So, Fathers, Dr. Joseph Warren, President of the Massachusetts with all the creative energy at our command, let us begin an Congress, said to his fellow Americans, "Our country is in era of national renewal. Let us renew our determination, our danger, but not to be despaired of…… On you depend the courage, and our strength. And let us renew; our faith and our fortunes of America. You are to decide the important questions hope. upon which rests the happiness and the liberty of millions yet We have every right to dream heroic dreams. Those who unborn. Act worthy of yourselves." say that we are in a time when there are no heroes just don't Well, I believe we, the Americans of today, are ready to know where to look. You can see heroes every day going in act worthy of ourselves, ready to do what must be done to and out of factory gates. Others, a handful in number, produce ensure happiness and liberty for ourselves, our children and enough food to feed all of us and then the world beyond. You our children's children. meet heroes across a counter——and they are on both sides of And as we renew ourselves here in our own land, we will that counter. There are entrepreneurs with faith in themselves be seen as having greater strength throughout the world. We and faith in an idea who create new jobs, new wealth and will again be the exemplar of freedom and a beacon of hope opportunity. They are individuals and families whose taxes for those who do not now have freedom. support the Government and whose voluntary gifts support To those neighbors and allies who share our freedom, we church, charity, culture, art, and education. Their patriotism is will strengthen our historic ties and assure them of our support quiet but deep. Their values sustain our national life. and firm commitment. We will match loyalty with loyalty. We will strive for mutually beneficial relations. We will not use freedom. our friendship to impose on their sovereignty, for or own Each one of those markers is a monument to the kinds of sovereignty is not for sale. hero I spoke of earlier. Their lives ended in places called As for the enemies of freedom, those who are potential Belleau Wood, The Argonne, Omaha Beach, Salerno and adversaries, they will be reminded that peace is the highest halfway around the world on Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Pork Chop aspiration of the American people. We will negotiate for it, Hill, the Chosin Reservoir, and in a hundred rice paddies and sacrifice for it; we will not surrender for it——now or ever. jungles of a place called Vietnam. Our forbearance should never be misunderstood. Our Under one such marker lies a young man——Martin reluctance for conflict should not be misjudged as a failure of Treptow——who left his job in a small town barber shop in will. When action is required to preserve our national security, 1917 to go to France with the famed Rainbow Division. There, we will act. We will maintain sufficient strength to prevail if on the western front, he was killed trying to carry a message need be, knowing that if we do so we have the best chance of between battalions under heavy artillery fire. never having to use that strength. We are told that on his body was found a diary. On the Above all, we must realize that no arsenal, or no weapon flyleaf under the heading, "My Pledge," he had written these in the arsenals of the world, is so formidable as the will and words: "America must win this war. Therefore, I will work, I moral courage of free men and women. It is a weapon our will save, I will sacrifice, I will endure, I will fight cheerfully adversaries in today's world do not have. It is a weapon that and do my utmost, as if the issue of the whole struggle we as Americans do have. Let that be understood by those depended on me alone." who practice terrorism and prey upon their neighbors. The crisis we are facing today does not require of us the I am told that tens of thousands of prayer meetings are kind of sacrifice that Martin Treptow and so many thousands being held on this day, and for that I am deeply grateful. We of others were called upon to make. It does require, however, are a nation under God, and I believe God intended for us to our best effort, and our willingness to believe in ourselves and be free. It would be fitting and good, I think, if on each to believe in our capacity to perform great deeds; to believe Inauguration Day in future years it should be declared a day of that together, with God's help, we can and will resolve the prayer. problems which now confront us. This is the first time in history that this ceremony has And, after all, why shouldn't we believe that? We are been held, as you have been told, on this West Front of the Americans. God bless you, and thank you. Capitol. Standing here, one faces a magnificent vista, opening up on this city's special beauty and history. At the end of this 里根第二任总统就职演说 open mall are those shrines to the giants on whose shoulders MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 1985 we stand. Senator Mathias, Chief Justice Burger, Vice President Directly in front of me, the monument to a monumental Bush, Speaker O'Neill, Senator Dole, Reverend Clergy, man: George Washington, Father of our country. A man of members of my family and friends, and my fellow citizens: humility who came to greatness reluctantly. He led America This day has been made brighter with the presence here out of revolutionary victory into infant nationhood. Off to one of one who, for a time, has been absent——Senator John side, the stately memorial to Thomas Jefferson. The Stennis. Declaration of Independence flames with his eloquence. God bless you and welcome back. And then beyond the Reflecting Pool the dignified There is, however, one who is not with us today: columns of the Lincoln Memorial. Whoever would understand Representative Gillis Long of Louisiana left us last night. I in his heart the meaning of America will find it in the life of wonder if we could all join in a moment of silent prayer. Abraham Lincoln. (Moment of silent prayer.) Amen. Beyond those monuments to heroism is the Potomac There are no words adequate to express my thanks for the River, and on the far shore the sloping hills of Arlington great honor that you have bestowed on me. I will do my National Cemetery with its row on row of simple white utmost to be deserving of your trust. markers bearing crosses or Stars of David. They add up to This is, as Senator Mathias told us, the 50th time that we only a tiny fraction of the price that has been paid for our the people have celebrated this historic occasion. When the first President, George Washington, placed his hand upon the age; when our economy was finally freed from government's Bible, he stood less than a single day's journey by horseback grip; when we made sincere efforts at meaningful arms from raw, untamed wilderness. There were 4 million reduction, rebuilding our defenses, our economy, and Americans in a union of 13 States. Today we are 60 times as developing new technologies, and helped preserve peace in a many in a union of 50 States. We have lighted the world with troubled world; when Americans courageously supported the our inventions, gone to the aid of mankind wherever in the struggle for liberty, self-government, and free enterprise world there was a cry for help, journeyed to the Moon and throughout the world, and turned the tide of history away from safely returned. So much has changed. And yet we stand totalitarian darkness and into the warm sunlight of human together as we did two centuries ago. freedom. When I took this oath four years ago, I did so in a time of My fellow citizens, our Nation is poised for greatness. economic stress. Voices were raised saying we had to look to We must do what we know is right and do it with all our might. our past for the greatness and glory. But we, the present-day Let history say of us, "These were golden years——when the Americans, are not given to looking backward. In this blessed American Revolution was reborn, when freedom gained new land, there is always a better tomorrow. life, when America reached for her best." Four years ago, I spoke to you of a new beginning and Our two-party system has served us well over the years, we have accomplished that. But in another sense, our new but never better than in those times of great challenge when beginning is a continuation of that beginning created two we came together not as Democrats or Republicans, but as centuries ago when, for the first time in history, government, Americans united in a common cause. the people said, was not our master, it is our servant; its only Two of our Founding Fathers, a Boston lawyer named power that which we the people allow it to have. Adams and a Virginia planter named Jefferson, members of That system has never failed us, but, for a time, we failed that remarkable group who met in Independence Hall and the system. We asked things of government that government dared to think they could start the world over again, left us an was not equipped to give. We yielded authority to the National important lesson. They had become political rivals in the Government that properly belonged to States or to local Presidential election of 1800. Then years later, when both governments or to the people themselves. We allowed taxes were retired, and age had softened their anger, they began to and inflation to rob us of our earnings and savings and speak to each other again through letters. A bond was watched the great industrial machine that had made us the reestablished between those two who had helped create this most productive people on Earth slow down and the number government of ours. of unemployed increase. In 1826, the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of By 1980, we knew it was time to renew our faith, to Independence, they both died. They died on the same day, strive with all our strength toward the ultimate in individual within a few hours of each other, and that day was the Fourth freedom consistent with an orderly society. of July. We believed then and now there are no limits to growth In one of those letters exchanged in the sunset of their and human progress when men and women are free to follow lives, Jefferson wrote: "It carries me back to the times when, their dreams. beset with difficulties and dangers, we were fellow laborers in And we were right to believe that. Tax rates have been the same cause, struggling for what is most valuable to man, reduced, inflation cut dramatically, and more people are his right to self-government. Laboring always at the same oar, employed than ever before in our history. with some wave ever ahead threatening to overwhelm us, and We are creating a nation once again vibrant, robust, and yet passing harmless …… we rode through the storm with alive. But there are many mountains yet to climb. We will not heart and hand." rest until every American enjoys the fullness of freedom, Well, with heart and hand, let us stand as one today: One dignity, and opportunity as our birthright. It is our birthright as people under God determined that our future shall be worthy citizens of this great Republic, and we'll meet this challenge. of our past. As we do, we must not repeat the well-intentioned These will be years when Americans have restored their errors of our past. We must never again abuse the trust of confidence and tradition of progress; when our values of faith, working men and women, by sending their earnings on a futile family, work, and neighborhood were restated for a modern chase after the spiraling demands of a bloated Federal Establishment. You elected us in 1980 to end this prescription We have already started returning to the people and to for disaster, and I don't believe you reelected us in 1984 to State and local governments responsibilities better handled by reverse course. them. Now, there is a place for the Federal Government in At the heart of our efforts is one idea vindicated by 25 matters of social compassion. But our fundamental goals must straight months of economic growth: Freedom and incentives be to reduce dependency and upgrade the dignity of those who unleash the drive and entrepreneurial genius that are the core are infirm or disadvantaged. And here a growing economy and of human progress. We have begun to increase the rewards for support from family and community offer our best chance for work, savings, and investment; reduce the increase in the cost a society where compassion is a way of life, where the old and and size of government and its interference in people's lives. infirm are cared for, the young and, yes, the unborn protected, We must simplify our tax system, make it more fair, and and the unfortunate looked after and made self bring the rates down for all who work and earn. We must think And there is another area where the Federal Government anew and move with a new boldness, so every American who can play a part. As an older American, I remember a time seeks work can find work; so the least among us shall have an when people of different race, creed, or ethnic origin in our equal chance to achieve the greatest things——to be heroes land found hatred and prejudice installed in social custom and, who heal our sick, feed the hungry, protect peace among yes, in law. There is no story more heartening in our history nations, and leave this world a better place. than the progress that we have made toward the "brotherhood The time has come for a new American of man" that God intended for us. Let us resolve there will be emancipation——a great national drive to tear down no turning back or hesitation on the road to an America rich in economic barriers and liberate the spirit of enterprise in the dignity and abundant with opportunity for all our citizens. most distressed areas of our country. My friends, together we Let us resolve that we the people will build an American can do this, and do it we must, so help me God.—— From opportunity society in which all of us——white and black, new freedom will spring new opportunities for growth, a more rich and poor, young and old——will go forward together arm productive, fulfilled and united people, and a stronger in arm. Again, let us remember that though our heritage is one America——an America that will lead the technological of blood lines from every corner of the Earth, we are all revolution, and also open its mind and heart and soul to the Americans pledged to carry on this last, best hope of man on treasures of literature, music, and poetry, and the values of Earth. faith, courage, and love. I have spoken of our domestic goals and the limitations A dynamic economy, with more citizens working and which we should put on our National Government. Now let paying taxes, will be our strongest tool to bring down budget me turn to a task which is the primary responsibility of deficits. But an almost unbroken 50 years of deficit spending National Government-the safety and security of our people. has finally brought us to a time of reckoning. We have come to Today, we utter no prayer more fervently than the ancient a turning point, a moment for hard decisions. I have asked the prayer for peace on Earth. Yet history has shown that peace Cabinet and my staff a question, and now I put the same will not come, nor will our freedom be preserved, by good question to all of you: If not us, who? And if not now, when? will alone. There are those in the world who scorn our vision It must be done by all of us going forward with a program of human dignity and freedom. One nation, the Soviet Union, aimed at reaching a balanced budget. We can then begin has conducted the greatest military buildup in the history of reducing the national debt. man, building arsenals of awesome offensive weapons. I will shortly submit a budget to the Congress aimed at We have made progress in restoring our defense freezing government program spending for the next year. capability. But much remains to be done. There must be no Beyond that, we must take further steps to permanently wavering by us, nor any doubts by others, that America will control Government's power to tax and spend. We must act meet her responsibilities to remain free, secure, and at peace. now to protect future generations from Government's desire to There is only one way safely and legitimately to reduce spend its citizens' money and tax them into servitude when the the cost of national security, and that is to reduce the need for bills come due. Let us make it unconstitutional for the Federal it. And this we are trying to do in negotiations with the Soviet Government to spend more than the Federal Government Union. We are not just discussing limits on a further increase takes in. of nuclear weapons. We seek, instead, to reduce their number. We seek the total elimination one day of nuclear weapons again the echoes of our past: a general falls to his knees in the from the face of the Earth. hard snow of Valley Forge; a lonely President paces the Now, for decades, we and the Soviets have lived under darkened halls, and ponders his struggle to preserve the Union; the threat of mutual assured destruction; if either resorted to the men of the Alamo call out encouragement to each other; a the use of nuclear weapons, the other could retaliate and settler pushes west and sings a song, and the song echoes out destroy the one who had started it. Is there either logic or forever and fills the unknowing air. morality in believing that if one side threatens to kill tens of It is the American sound. It is hopeful, big-hearted, millions of our people, our only recourse is to threaten killing idealistic, daring, decent, and fair. That's our heritage; that is tens of millions of theirs? our song. We sing it still. For all our problems, our differences, I have approved a research program to find, if we can, a we are together as of old, as we raise our voices to the God security shield that would destroy nuclear missiles before they who is the Author of this most tender music. And may He reach their target. It wouldn't kill people, it would destroy continue to hold us close as we fill the world with our weapons. It wouldn't militarize space, it would help sound——sound in unity, affection, and love——one people demilitarize the arsenals of Earth. It would render nuclear under God, dedicated to the dream of freedom that He has weapons obsolete. We will meet with the Soviets, hoping that placed in the human heart, called upon now to pass that dream we can agree on a way to rid the world of the threat of nuclear on to a waiting and hopeful world. destruction. God bless you and may God bless America. We strive for peace and security, heartened by the changes all around us. Since the turn of the century, the 老布什总统就职演说 number of democracies in the world has grown fourfold. FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 1989 Human freedom is on the march, and nowhere more so than Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. President, Vice President Quayle, our own hemisphere. Freedom is one of the deepest and Senator Mitchell, Speaker Wright, Senator Dole, Congressman noblest aspirations of the human spirit. People, worldwide, Michel, and fellow citizens, neighbors, and friends: hunger for the right of self-determination, for those inalienable There is a man here who has earned a lasting place in our rights that make for human dignity and progress. hearts and in our history. President Reagan, on behalf of our America must remain freedom's staunchest friend, for Nation, I thank you for the wonderful things that you have freedom is our best ally. done for America. And it is the world's only hope, to conquer poverty and I have just repeated word for word the oath taken by preserve peace. Every blow we inflict against poverty will be George Washington 200 years ago, and the Bible on which I a blow against its dark allies of oppression and war. Every placed my hand is the Bible on which he placed his. It is right victory for human freedom will be a victory for world peace. that the memory of Washington be with us today, not only So we go forward today, a nation still mighty in its youth because this is our Bicentennial Inauguration, but because and powerful in its purpose. With our alliances strengthened, Washington remains the Father of our Country. And he would, with our economy leading the world to a new age of economic I think, be gladdened by this day; for today is the concrete expansion, we look forward to a world rich in possibilities. expression of a stunning fact: our continuity these 200 years And all this because we have worked and acted together, not since our government began. as members of political parties, but as Americans. We meet on democracy's front porch, a good place to talk My friends, we live in a world that is lit by lightning. So as neighbors and as friends. For this is a day when our nation much is changing and will change, but so much endures, and is made whole, when our differences, for a moment, are transcends time. suspended. History is a ribbon, always unfurling; history is a journey. And my first act as President is a prayer. I ask you to bow And as we continue our journey, we think of those who your heads: traveled before us. We stand together again at the steps of this Heavenly Father, we bow our heads and thank You for symbol of our democracy——or we would have been Your love. Accept our thanks for the peace that yields this day standing at the steps if it hadn't gotten so cold. Now we are and the shared faith that makes its continuance likely. Make us standing inside this symbol of our democracy. Now we hear strong to do Your work, willing to heed and hear Your will, and write on our hearts these words: "Use power to help matters. We cannot hope only to leave our children a bigger people." For we are given power not to advance our own car, a bigger bank account. We must hope to give them a sense purposes, nor to make a great show in the world, nor a name. of what it means to be a loyal friend, a loving parent, a citizen There is but one just use of power, and it is to serve people. who leaves his home, his neighborhood and town better than Help us to remember it, Lord. Amen. he found it. What do we want the men and women who work I come before you and assume the Presidency at a with us to say when we are no longer there? That we were moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous more driven to succeed than anyone around us? Or that we time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, stopped to ask if a sick child had gotten better, and stayed a and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's moment there to trade a word of friendship? heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The No President, no government, can teach us to remember totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves what is best in what we are. But if the man you have chosen to from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a lead this government can help make a difference; if he can nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is celebrate the quieter, deeper successes that are made not of new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken. There gold and silk, but of better hearts and finer souls; if he can do are times when the future seems thick as a fog; you sit and these things, then he must. wait, hoping the mists will lift and reveal the right path. But America is never wholly herself unless she is engaged in this is a time when the future seems a door you can walk right high moral principle. We as a people have such a purpose through into a room called tomorrow. today. It is to make kinder the face of the Nation and gentler Great nations of the world are moving toward democracy the face of the world. My friends, we have work to do. There through the door to freedom. Men and women of the world are the homeless, lost and roaming. There are the children who move toward free markets through the door to prosperity. The have nothing, no love, no normalcy. There are those who people of the world agitate for free expression and free cannot free themselves of enslavement to whatever thought through the door to the moral and intellectual addiction——drugs, welfare, the demoralization that rules the satisfactions that only liberty allows. slums. There is crime to be conquered, the rough crime of the We know what works: Freedom works. We know what's streets. There are young women to be helped who are about to right: Freedom is right. We know how to secure a more just become mothers of children they can't care for and might not and prosperous life for man on Earth: through free markets, love. They need our care, our guidance, and our education, free speech, free elections, and the exercise of free will though we bless them for choosing life. unhampered by the state. The old solution, the old way, was to think that public For the first time in this century, for the first time in money alone could end these problems. But we have learned perhaps all history, man does not have to invent a system by that is not so. And in any case, our funds are low. We have a which to live. We don't have to talk late into the night about deficit to bring down. We have more will than wallet; but will which form of government is better. We don't have to wrest is what we need. We will make the hard choices, looking at justice from the kings. We only have to summon it from what we have and perhaps allocating it differently, making our within ourselves. We must act on what we know. I take as my decisions based on honest need and prudent safety. And then guide the hope of a saint: In crucial things, unity; in important we will do the wisest thing of all: We will turn to the only things, diversity; in all things, generosity. resource we have that in times of need always grows——the America today is a proud, free nation, decent and civil, a goodness and the courage of the American people. place we cannot help but love. We know in our hearts, not I am speaking of a new engagement in the lives of others, loudly and proudly, but as a simple fact, that this country has a new activism, hands-on and involved, that gets the job done. meaning beyond what we see, and that our strength is a force We must bring in the generations, harnessing the unused talent for good. But have we changed as a nation even in our time? of the elderly and the unfocused energy of the young. For not Are we enthralled with material things, less appreciative of the only leadership is passed from generation to generation, but so nobility of work and sacrifice? is stewardship. And the generation born after the Second My friends, we are not the sum of our possessions. They World War has come of age. are not the measure of our lives. In our hearts we know what I have spoken of a thousand points of light, of all the community organizations that are spread like stars throughout "offered hand" is a reluctant fist; but once made, strong, and the Nation, doing good. We will work hand in hand, can be used with great effect. There are today Americans who encouraging, sometimes leading, sometimes being led, are held against their will in foreign lands, and Americans who rewarding. We will work on this in the White House, in the are unaccounted for. Assistance can be shown here, and will Cabinet agencies. I will go to the people and the programs that be long remembered. Good will begets good will. Good faith are the brighter points of light, and I will ask every member of can be a spiral that endlessly moves on. my government to become involved. The old ideas are new Great nations like great men must keep their word. When again because they are not old, they are timeless: duty, America says something, America means it, whether a treaty sacrifice, commitment, and a patriotism that finds its or an agreement or a vow made on marble steps. We will expression in taking part and pitching in. always try to speak clearly, for candor is a compliment, but We need a new engagement, too, between the Executive subtlety, too, is good and has its place. While keeping our and the Congress. The challenges before us will be thrashed alliances and friendships around the world strong, ever strong, out with the House and the Senate. We must bring the Federal we will continue the new closeness with the Soviet Union, budget into balance. And we must ensure that America stands consistent both with our security and with progress. One before the world united, strong, at peace, and fiscally sound. might say that our new relationship in part reflects the triumph But, of course, things may be difficult. We need compromise; of hope and strength over experience. But hope is good, and we have had dissension. We need harmony; we have had a so are strength and vigilance. chorus of discordant voices. Here today are tens of thousands of our citizens who feel For Congress, too, has changed in our time. There has the understandable satisfaction of those who have taken part in grown a certain divisiveness. We have seen the hard looks and democracy and seen their hopes fulfilled. But my thoughts heard the statements in which not each other's ideas are have been turning the past few days to those who would be challenged, but each other's motives. And our great parties watching at home to an older fellow who will throw a salute have too often been far apart and untrusting of each other. It by himself when the flag goes by, and the women who will tell has been this way since Vietnam. That war cleaves us still. But, her sons the words of the battle hymns. I don't mean this to be friends, that war began in earnest a quarter of a century ago; sentimental. I mean that on days like this, we remember that and surely the statute of limitations has been reached. This is a we are all part of a continuum, inescapably connected by the fact: The final lesson of Vietnam is that no great nation can ties that bind. long afford to be sundered by a memory. A new breeze is Our children are watching in schools throughout our blowing, and the old bipartisanship must be made new again. great land. And to them I say, thank you for watching To my friends——and yes, I do mean friends——in the democracy's big day. For democracy belongs to us all, and loyal opposition——and yes, I mean loyal: I put out my hand. freedom is like a beautiful kite that can go higher and higher I am putting out my hand to you, Mr. Speaker. I am putting with the breeze. And to all I say: No matter what your out my hand to you Mr. Majority Leader. For this is the thing: circumstances or where you are, you are part of this day, you This is the age of the offered hand. We can't turn back clocks, are part of the life of our great nation. and I don't want to. But when our fathers were young, Mr. A President is neither prince nor pope, and I don't seek a Speaker, our differences ended at the water's edge. And we window on men's souls. In fact, I yearn for a greater tolerance, don't wish to turn back time, but when our mothers were an easy- goingness about each other's attitudes and way of life. young, Mr. Majority Leader, the Congress and the Executive There are few clear areas in which we as a society must were capable of working together to produce a budget on rise up united and express our intolerance. The most obvious which this nation could live. Let us negotiate soon and hard. now is drugs. And when that first cocaine was smuggled in on But in the end, let us produce. The American people await a ship, it may as well have been a deadly bacteria, so much action. They didn't send us here to bicker. They ask us to rise has it hurt the body, the soul of our country. And there is much above the merely partisan. "In crucial things, unity"——and to be done and to be said, but take my word for it: This this, my friends, is crucial. scourge will stop. To the world, too, we offer new engagement and a And so, there is much to do; and tomorrow the work renewed vow: We will stay strong to protect the peace. The begins. I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear what is ahead. For our problems are large, but our heart is larger. Our billions around the world. challenges are great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws Communications and commerce are global; investment is are endless, God's love is truly boundless. mobile; technology is almost magical; and ambition for a Some see leadership as high drama, and the sound of better life is now universal. We earn our livelihood in peaceful trumpets calling, and sometimes it is that. But I see history as competition with people all across the earth. a book with many pages, and each day we fill a page with acts Profound and powerful forces are shaking and remaking of hopefulness and meaning. The new breeze blows, a page our world, and the urgent question of our time is whether we turns, the story unfolds. And so today a chapter begins, a small can make change our friend and not our enemy. and stately story of unity, diversity, and generosity——shared, This new world has already enriched the lives of millions and written, together. of Americans who are able to compete and win in it. But when Thank you. God bless you and God bless the United most people are working harder for less; when others cannot States of America. work at all; when the cost of health care devastates families and threatens to bankrupt many of our enterprises, great and 克林顿第一任总统就职演说 small; when fear of crime robs law-abiding citizens of their January 20, 1993 freedom; and when millions of poor children cannot even My fellow citizens : imagine the lives we are calling them to lead, we have not Today we celebrate the mystery of American renewal. made change our friend. This ceremony is held in the depth of winter. But, by the We know we have to face hard truths and take strong words we speak and the faces we show the world, we force the steps. But we have not done so. Instead, we have drifted, and spring. A spring reborn in the world's oldest democracy, that that drifting has eroded our resources, fractured our economy, brings forth the vision and courage to reinvent America. and shaken our confidence. When our founders boldly declared America's Though our challenges are fearsome, so are our strengths. independence to the world and our purposes to the Almighty, And Americans have ever been a restless, questing, hopeful they knew that America, to endure, would have to change. Not people. We must bring to our task today the vision and will of change for change's sake, but change to preserve America's those who came before us. ideals; life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness. Though we march From our revolution, the Civil War, to the Great to the music of our time, our mission is timeless. Each Depression to the civil rights movement, our people have generation of Americans must define what it means to be an always mustered the determination to construct from these American. crises the pillars of our history. On behalf of our nation, I salute my predecessor, Thomas Jefferson believed that to preserve the very President Bush, for his half-century of service to America. foundations of our nation, we would need dramatic change And I thank the millions of men and women whose from time to time. Well, my fellow citizens, this is our time. steadfastness and sacrifice triumphed over Depression, Let us embrace it. fascism and Communism. Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world Today, a generation raised in the shadows of the Cold but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong War assumes new responsibilities in a world warmed by the with America that cannot be cured by what is right with sunshine of freedom but threatened still by ancient hatreds and America. new plagues. And so today, we pledge an end to the era of deadlock Raised in unrivaled prosperity, we inherit an economy and drift; a new season of American renewal has begun. To that is still the world's strongest, but is weakened by business renew America, we must be bold. We must do what no failures, stagnant wages, increasing inequality, and deep generation has had to do before. We must invest more in our divisions among our people. own people, in their jobs, in their future, and at the same time When George Washington first took the oath I have just cut our massive debt. And we must do so in a world in which sworn to uphold, news traveled slowly across the land by we must compete for every opportunity. It will not be easy; it horseback and across the ocean by boat. Now, the sights and will require sacrifice. But it can be done, and done fairly, not sounds of this ceremony are broadcast instantaneously to choosing sacrifice for its own sake, but for our own sake. We must provide for our nation the way a family provides for its act; with peaceful diplomacy when ever possible, with force children. when necessary. The brave Americans serving our nation Our Founders saw themselves in the light of posterity. today in the Persian Gulf, in Somalia, and wherever else they We can do no less. Anyone who has ever watched a child's stand are testament to our resolve. eyes wander into sleep knows what posterity is. Posterity is But our greatest strength is the power of our ideas, which the world to come; the world for whom we hold our ideals, are still new in many lands. Across the world, we see them from whom we have borrowed our planet, and to whom we embraced, and we rejoice. Our hopes, our hearts, our hands, bear sacred responsibility. We must do what America does are with those on every continent who are building democracy best: offer more opportunity to all and demand responsibility and freedom. Their cause is America's cause. from all. The American people have summoned the change we It is time to break the bad habit of expecting something celebrate today. You have raised your voices in an for nothing, from our government or from each other. Let us unmistakable chorus. You have cast your votes in historic all take more responsibility, not only for ourselves and our numbers. And you have changed the face of Congress, the families but for our communities and our country. To renew presidency and the political process itself. Yes, you, my fellow America, we must revitalize our democracy. Americans have forced the spring. Now, we must do the work This beautiful capital, like every capital since the dawn the season demands. of civilization, is often a place of intrigue and calculation. To that work I now turn, with all the authority of my Powerful people maneuver for position and worry endlessly office. I ask the Congress to join with me. But no president, no about who is in and who is out, who is up and who is down, Congress, no government, can undertake this mission alone. forgetting those people whose toil and sweat sends us here and My fellow Americans, you, too, must play your part in our pays our way. renewal. I challenge a new generation of young Americans to Americans deserve better, and in this city today, there are a season of service; to act on your idealism by helping people who want to do better. And so I say to all of us here, let troubled children, keeping company with those in need, us resolve to reform our politics, so that power and privilege reconnecting our torn communities. There is so much to be no longer shout down the voice of the people. Let us put aside done; enough indeed for millions of others who are still young personal advantage so that we can feel the pain and see the in spirit to give of themselves in service, too. promise of America. Let us resolve to make our government a In serving, we recognize a simple but powerful truth, we place for what Franklin Roosevelt called "bold, persistent need each other. And we must care for one another. Today, we experimentation," a government for our tomorrows, not our do more than celebrate America; we rededicate ourselves to yesterdays. Let us give this capital back to the people to whom the very idea of America. it belongs. An idea born in revolution and renewed through two To renew America, we must meet challenges abroad as centuries of challenge. An idea tempered by the knowledge well at home. There is no longer division between what is that, but for fate we, the fortunate and the unfortunate, might foreign and what is domestic; the world economy, the world have been each other. An idea ennobled by the faith that our environment, the world AIDS crisis, the world arms race; they nation can summon from its myriad diversity the deepest affect us all. measure of unity. An idea infused with the conviction that Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free America's long heroic journey must go forever upward. but less stable. Communism's collapse has called forth old And so, my fellow Americans, at the edge of the 21st animosities and new dangers. Clearly America must continue century, let us begin with energy and hope, with faith and to lead the world we did so much to make. discipline, and let us work until our work is done. The While America rebuilds at home, we will not shrink from scripture says, "And let us not be weary in well-doing, for in the challenges, nor fail to seize the opportunities, of this new due season, we shall reap, if we faint not." world. Together with our friends and allies, we will work to From this joyful mountaintop of celebration, we hear a shape change, lest it engulf us. call to service in the valley. We have heard the trumpets. We When our vital interests are challenged, or the will and have changed the guard. And now, each in our way, and with conscience of the international community is defied, we will God's help, we must answer the call. Thank you, and God bless you all. seemed less certain than it does today. We vowed then to set a clear course to renew our nation. 克林顿第二任总统就职演说 In these four years, we have been touched by tragedy, January 20, 1997 exhilarated by challenge, strengthened by achievement. My fellow citizens : America stands alone as the world's indispensable nation. At this last presidential inauguration of the 20th century, Once again, our economy is the strongest on Earth. Once let us lift our eyes toward the challenges that await us in the again, we are building stronger families, thriving communities, next century. It is our great good fortune that time and chance better educational opportunities, a cleaner environment. have put us not only at the edge of a new century, in a new Problems that once seemed destined to deepen now bend to millennium, but on the edge of a bright new prospect in our efforts: our streets are safer and record numbers of our human affairs, a moment that will define our course, and our fellow citizens have moved from welfare to work. character, for decades to come. We must keep our old And once again, we have resolved for our time a great democracy forever young. Guided by the ancient vision of a debate over the role of government. Today we can declare: promised land, let us set our sights upon a land of new Government is not the problem, and government is not the promise. solution. We,- the American people, we are the solution. Our The promise of America was born in the 18th century out founders understood that well and gave us a democracy strong of the bold conviction that we are all created equal. It was enough to endure for centuries, flexible enough to face our extended and preserved in the 19th century, when our nation common challenges and advance our common dreams in each spread across the continent, saved the union, and abolished the new day. awful scourge of slavery. As times change, so government must change. We need a Then, in turmoil and triumph, that promise exploded onto new government for a new century - humble enough not to try the world stage to make this the American Century. to solve all our problems for us, but strong enough to give us And what a century it has been. America became the the tools to solve our problems for ourselves; a government world's mightiest industrial power; saved the world from that is smaller, lives within its means, and does more with less. tyranny in two world wars and a long cold war; and time and Yet where it can stand up for our values and interests in the again, reached out across the globe to millions who, like us, world, and where it can give Americans the power to make a longed for the blessings of liberty. real difference in their everyday lives, government should do Along the way, Americans produced a great middle class more, not less. The preeminent mission of our new and security in old age; built unrivaled centers of learning and government is to give all Americans an opportunity,- not a opened public schools to all; split the atom and explored the guarantee, but a real opportunity to build better lives. heavens; invented the computer and the microchip; and Beyond that, my fellow citizens, the future is up to us. deepened the wellspring of justice by making a revolution in Our founders taught us that the preservation of our liberty and civil rights for African Americans and all minorities, and our union depends upon responsible citizenship. And we need extending the circle of citizenship, opportunity and dignity to a new sense of responsibility for a new century. There is work women. to do, work that government alone cannot do: teaching Now, for the third time, a new century is upon us, and children to read; hiring people off welfare rolls; coming out another time to choose. We began the 19th century with a from behind locked doors and shuttered windows to help choice, to spread our nation from coast to coast. We began the reclaim our streets from drugs and gangs and crime; taking 20th century with a choice, to harness the Industrial time out of our own lives to serve others. Revolution to our values of free enterprise, conservation, and Each and every one of us, in our own way, must assume human decency. Those choices made all the difference. personal responsibility, not only for ourselves and our families, At the dawn of the 21st century a free people must now but for our neighbors and our nation. Our greatest choose to shape the forces of the Information Age and the responsibility is to embrace a new spirit of community for a global society, to unleash the limitless potential of all our new century. For any one of us to succeed, we must succeed people, and, yes, to form a more perfect union. as one America. When last we gathered, our march to this new future The challenge of our past remains the challenge of our future, will we be one nation, one people, with one common every girl and every boy. And the doors of higher education destiny, or not? Will we all come together, or come apart? will be open to all. The knowledge and power of the The divide of race has been America's constant curse. Information Age will be within reach not just of the few, but And each new wave of immigrants gives new targets to old of every classroom, every library, every child. Parents and prejudices. Prejudice and contempt, cloaked in the pretense of children will have time not only to work, but to read and play religious or political conviction are no different. These forces together. And the plans they make at their kitchen table will be have nearly destroyed our nation in the past. They plague us those of a better home, a better job, the certain chance to go to still. They fuel the fanaticism of terror. And they torment the college. lives of millions in fractured nations all around the world. Our streets will echo again with the laughter of our These obsessions cripple both those who hate and, of children, because no one will try to shoot them or sell them course, those who are hated, robbing both of what they might drugs anymore. Everyone who can work, will work, with become. We cannot, we will not, succumb to the dark today's permanent under class part of tomorrow's growing impulses that lurk in the far regions of the soul everywhere. middle class. New miracles of medicine at last will reach not We shall overcome them. And we shall replace them with the only those who can claim care now, but the children and generous spirit of a people who feel at home with one another. hardworking families too long denied. Our rich texture of racial, religious and political diversity We will stand mighty for peace and freedom, and will be a Godsend in the 21st century. Great rewards will maintain a strong defense against terror and destruction. Our come to those who can live together, learn together, work children will sleep free from the threat of nuclear, chemical or together, forge new ties that bind together. biological weapons. Ports and airports, farms and factories As this new era approaches we can already see its broad will thrive with trade and innovation and ideas. And the outlines. Ten years ago, the Internet was the mystical province world's greatest democracy will lead a whole world of of physicists; today, it is a commonplace encyclopedia for democracies. millions of schoolchildren. Scientists now are decoding the Our land of new promise will be a nation that meets its blueprint of human life. Cures for our most feared illnesses obligations, a nation that balances its budget, but never loses seem close at hand. the balance of its values. A nation where our grandparents The world is no longer divided into two hostile camps. have secure retirement and health care, and their Instead, now we are building bonds with nations that once grandchildren know we have made the reforms necessary to were our adversaries. Growing connections of commerce and sustain those benefits for their time. A nation that fortifies the culture give us a chance to lift the fortunes and spirits of world's most productive economy even as it protects the great people the world over. And for the very first time in all of natural bounty of our water, air, and majestic land. history, more people on this planet live under democracy than And in this land of new promise, we will have reformed dictatorship. our politics so that the voice of the people will always speak My fellow Americans, as we look back at this remarkable louder than the din of narrow interests, regaining the century, we may ask, can we hope not just to follow, but even participation and deserving the trust of all Americans. to surpass the achievements of the 20th century in America Fellow citizens, let us build that America, a nation ever and to avoid the awful bloodshed that stained its legacy? To moving forward toward realizing the full potential of all its that question, every American here and every American in our citizens. Prosperity and power, yes, they are important, and we land today must answer a resounding "Yes." must maintain them. But let us never forget: The greatest This is the heart of our task. With a new vision of progress we have made, and the greatest progress we have yet government, a new sense of responsibility, a new spirit of to make, is in the human heart. In the end, all the world's community, we will sustain America's journey. The promise wealth and a thousand armies are no match for the strength we sought in a new land we will find again in a land of new and decency of the human spirit. promise. Thirty-four years ago, the man whose life we celebrate In this new land, education will be every citizen's most today spoke to us down there, at the other end of this Mall, in prized possession. Our schools will have the highest standards words that moved the conscience of a nation. Like a prophet in the world, igniting the spark of possibility in the eyes of of old, he told of his dream that one day America would rise up and treat all its citizens as equals before the law and in the common in our country. With a simple oath, we affirm old heart. Martin Luther King's dream was the American Dream. traditions and make new beginnings. His quest is our quest: the ceaseless striving to live out our As I begin, I thank President Clinton for his service to true creed. Our history has been built on such dreams and our nation; and I thank Vice President Gore for a contest labors. And by our dreams and labors we will redeem the conducted with spirit and ended with grace. promise of America in the 21st century. I am honored and humbled to stand here, where so many To that effort I pledge all my strength and every power of of America's leaders have come before me, and so many will my office. I ask the members of Congress here to join in that follow. pledge. The American people returned to office a President of We have a place, all of us, in a long story. A story we one party and a Congress of another. Surely, they did not do continue, but whose end we will not see. It is the story of a this to advance the politics of petty bickering and extreme new world that became a friend and liberator of the old, a partisanship they plainly deplore. No, they call on us instead story of a slave-holding society that became a servant of to be repairers of the breach, and to move on with America's freedom, the story of a power that went into the world to mission. protect but not possess, to defend but not to conquer. It is the America demands and deserves big things from us,- and American story. A story of flawed and fallible people, united nothing big ever came from being small. Let us remember the across the generations by grand and enduring ideals. The timeless wisdom of Cardinal Bernardin, when facing the end grandest of these ideals is an unfolding American promise that of his own life. He said, "It is wrong to waste the precious gift everyone belongs, that everyone deserves a chance, that no of time, on acrimony and division." insignificant person was ever born. Americans are called upon Fellow citizens, we must not waste the precious gift of to enact this promise in our lives and in our laws; and though this time. For all of us are on that same journey of our lives, our nation has sometimes halted, and sometimes delayed, we and our journey, too, will come to an end. But the journey of must follow no other course. our America must go on. Through much of the last century, America's faith in And so, my fellow Americans, we must be strong, for freedom and democracy was a rock in a raging sea. Now it is a there is much to dare. The demands of our time are great and seed upon the wind, taking root in many nations. Our they are different. Let us meet them with faith and courage, democratic faith is more than the creed of our country, it is the with patience and a grateful and happy heart. Let us shape the inborn hope of our humanity, an ideal we carry but do not own, hope of this day into the noblest chapter in our history. Yes, let a trust we bear and pass along; and even after nearly 225 years, us build our bridge. A bridge wide enough and strong enough we have a long way yet to travel. for every American to cross over to a blessed land of new While many of our citizens prosper, others doubt the promise. promise, even the justice, of our own country. The ambitions May those generations whose faces we cannot yet see, of some Americans are limited by failing schools and hidden whose names we may never know, say of us here that we led prejudice and the circumstances of their birth; and sometimes our beloved land into a new century with the American Dream our differences run so deep, it seems we share a continent, but alive for all her children; with the American promise of a more not a country. We do not accept this, and we will not allow it. perfect union a reality for all her people; with America's bright Our unity, our union, is the serious work of leaders and flame of freedom spreading throughout all the world. citizens in every generation; and this is my solemn pledge, "I From the height of this place and the summit of this will work to build a single nation of justice and opportunity." I century, let us go forth. May God strengthen our hands for the know this is in our reach because we are guided by a power good work ahead, and always, always bless our America. larger than ourselves who creates us equal in His image and we are confident in principles that unite and lead us onward. 小布什第一任总统就职演说 America has never been united by blood or birth or soil. January 20, 2001 We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, President Clinton, distinguished guests and my fellow lift us above our interests and teach us what it means to be citizens: citizens. Every child must be taught these principles. Every The peaceful transfer of authority is rare in history, yet citizen must uphold them; and every immigrant, by embracing these ideals, makes our country more, not less, American. of love. The proliferation of prisons, however necessary, is no Today, we affirm a new commitment to live out our substitute for hope and order in our souls. Where there is nation's promise through civility, courage, compassion and suffering, there is duty. Americans in need are not strangers, character. America, at its best, matches a commitment to they are citizens, not problems, but priorities, and all of us are principle with a concern for civility. A civil society demands diminished when any are hopeless. Government has great from each of us good will and respect, fair dealing and responsibilities for public safety and public health, for civil forgiveness. Some seem to believe that our politics can afford rights and common schools. Yet compassion is the work of a to be petty because, in a time of peace, the stakes of our nation, not just a government. Some needs and hurts are so debates appear small. But the stakes for America are never deep they will only respond to a mentor's touch or a pastor's small. If our country does not lead the cause of freedom, it prayer. Church and charity, synagogue and mosque lend our will not be led. If we do not turn the hearts of children toward communities their humanity, and they will have an honored knowledge and character, we will lose their gifts and place in our plans and in our laws. Many in our country do not undermine their idealism. If we permit our economy to drift know the pain of poverty, but we can listen to those who do. I and decline, the vulnerable will suffer most. We must live up can pledge our nation to a goal, "When we see that wounded to the calling we share. Civility is not a tactic or a sentiment. It traveler on the road to Jericho, we will not pass to the other is the determined choice of trust over cynicism, of community side." over chaos. This commitment, if we keep it, is a way to shared America, at its best, is a place where personal accomplishment. responsibility is valued and expected. Encouraging America, at its best, is also courageous. Our national responsibility is not a search for scapegoats, it is a call to courage has been clear in times of depression and war, when conscience. Though it requires sacrifice, it brings a deeper defending common dangers defined our common good. Now fulfillment. We find the fullness of life not only in options, but we must choose if the example of our fathers and mothers will in commitments. We find that children and community are the inspire us or condemn us. We must show courage in a time of commitments that set us free. Our public interest depends on blessing by confronting problems instead of passing them on private character, on civic duty and family bonds and basic to future generations. fairness, on uncounted, unhonored acts of decency which give Together, we will reclaim America's schools, before direction to our freedom. Sometimes in life we are called to do ignorance and apathy claim more young lives; we will reform great things. But as a saint of our times has said, every day we Social Security and Medicare, sparing our children from are called to do small things with great love. The most struggles we have the power to prevent; we will reduce taxes, important tasks of a democracy are done by everyone. I will to recover the momentum of our economy and reward the live and lead by these principles, "to advance my convictions effort and enterprise of working Americans; we will build our with civility, to pursue the public interest with courage, to defenses beyond challenge, lest weakness invite challenge; speak for greater justice and compassion, to call for and we will confront weapons of mass destruction, so that a responsibility and try to live it as well." In all of these ways, I new century is spared new horrors. will bring the values of our history to the care of our times. The enemies of liberty and our country should make no What you do is as important as anything government mistake, America remains engaged in the world by history and does. I ask you to seek a common good beyond your comfort; by choice, shaping a balance of power that favors freedom. to defend needed reforms against easy attacks; to serve your We will defend our allies and our interests; we will show nation, beginning with your neighbor. I ask you to be citizens. purpose without arrogance; we will meet aggression and bad Citizens, not spectators; citizens, not subjects; responsible faith with resolve and strength; and to all nations, we will citizens, building communities of service and a nation of speak for the values that gave our nation birth. character. America, at its best, is compassionate. In the quiet of Americans are generous and strong and decent, not American conscience, we know that deep, persistent poverty because we believe in ourselves, but because we hold beliefs is unworthy of our nation's promise. Whatever our views of its beyond ourselves. When this spirit of citizenship is missing, cause, we can agree that children at risk are not at fault. no government program can replace it. When this spirit is Abandonment and abuse are not acts of God, they are failures present, no wrong can stand against it. After the Declaration of Independence was signed, for peace in our world is the expansion of freedom in all the Virginia statesman John Page wrote to Thomas Jefferson, "We world. know the race is not to the swift nor the battle to the strong. America's vital interests and our deepest beliefs are now Do you not think an angel rides in the whirlwind and directs one. From the day of our Founding, we have proclaimed that this storm?" Much time has passed since Jefferson arrived for every man and woman on this earth has rights, and dignity, his inauguration. The years and changes accumulate, but the and matchless value, because they bear the image of the themes of this day he would know, "our nation's grand story of Maker of Heaven and earth. Across the generations we have courage and its simple dream of dignity." proclaimed the imperative of self-government, because no one We are not this story's author, who fills time and eternity is fit to be a master, and no one deserves to be a slave. with His purpose. Yet His purpose is achieved in our duty, and Advancing these ideals is the mission that created our Nation. our duty is fulfilled in service to one another. Never tiring, It is the honorable achievement of our fathers. Now it is the never yielding, never finishing, we renew that purpose today; urgent requirement of our nation's security, and the calling of to make our country more just and generous; to affirm the our time. dignity of our lives and every life. So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support This work continues. This story goes on. And an angel the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every still rides in the whirlwind and directs this storm. nation and culture, with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in God bless you all, and God bless America. our world. This is not primarily the task of arms, though we will 小布什第二任总统就职演说 defend ourselves and our friends by force of arms when Vice President Cheney, Mr. Chief Justice, President necessary. Freedom, by its nature, must be chosen, and Carter, President Bush, President Clinton, reverend clergy, defended by citizens, and sustained by the rule of law and the distinguished guests, fellow citizens: protection of minorities. And when the soul of a nation finally On this day, prescribed by law and marked by ceremony, speaks, the institutions that arise may reflect customs and we celebrate the durable wisdom of our Constitution, and traditions very different from our own. America will not recall the deep commitments that unite our country. I am impose our own style of government on the unwilling. Our grateful for the honor of this hour, mindful of the goal instead is to help others find their own voice, attain their consequential times in which we live, and determined to fulfill own freedom, and make their own way. the oath that I have sworn and you have witnessed. The great objective of ending tyranny is the concentrated At this second gathering, our duties are defined not by work of generations. The difficulty of the task is no excuse for the words I use, but by the history we have seen together. For avoiding it. America's influence is not unlimited, but a half century, America defended our own freedom by fortunately for the oppressed, America's influence is standing watch on distant borders. After the shipwreck of considerable, and we will use it confidently in freedom's communism came years of relative quiet, years of repose, cause. years of sabbatical - and then there came a day of fire. My most solemn duty is to protect this nation and its We have seen our vulnerability - and we have seen its people against further attacks and emerging threats. Some deepest source. For as long as whole regions of the world have unwisely chosen to test America's resolve, and have simmer in resentment and tyranny - prone to ideologies that found it firm. feed hatred and excuse murder - violence will gather, and We will persistently clarify the choice before every ruler multiply in destructive power, and cross the most defended and every nation: The moral choice between oppression, borders, and raise a mortal threat. There is only one force of which is always wrong, and freedom, which is eternally right. history that can break the reign of hatred and resentment, and America will not pretend that jailed dissidents prefer their expose the pretensions of tyrants, and reward the hopes of the chains, or that women welcome humiliation and servitude, or decent and tolerant, and that is the force of human freedom. that any human being aspires to live at the mercy of bullies. We are led, by events and common sense, to one We will encourage reform in other governments by conclusion: The survival of liberty in our land increasingly making clear that success in our relations will require the depends on the success of liberty in other lands. The best hope decent treatment of their own people. America's belief in human dignity will guide our policies, yet rights must be more A few Americans have accepted the hardest duties in this than the grudging concessions of dictators; they are secured by cause - in the quiet work of intelligence and diplomacy …… free dissent and the participation of the governed. In the long the idealistic work of helping raise up free governments …… run, there is no justice without freedom, and there can be no the dangerous and necessary work of fighting our enemies. human rights without human liberty. Some have shown their devotion to our country in deaths that Some, I know, have questioned the global appeal of honored their whole lives - and we will always honor their liberty - though this time in history, four decades defined by names and their sacrifice. the swiftest advance of freedom ever seen, is an odd time for All Americans have witnessed this idealism, and some doubt. Americans, of all people, should never be surprised by for the first time. I ask our youngest citizens to believe the the power of our ideals. Eventually, the call of freedom comes evidence of your eyes. You have seen duty and allegiance in to every mind and every soul. We do not accept the existence the determined faces of our soldiers. You have seen that life is of permanent tyranny because we do not accept the possibility fragile, and evil is real, and courage triumphs. Make the of permanent slavery. Liberty will come to those who love it. choice to serve in a cause larger than your wants, larger than Today, America speaks anew to the peoples of the world: yourself - and in your days you will add not just to the wealth All who live in tyranny and hopelessness can know: the of our country, but to its character. United States will not ignore your oppression, or excuse your America has need of idealism and courage, because we oppressors. When you stand for your liberty, we will stand have essential work at home - the unfinished work of with you. American freedom. In a world moving toward liberty, we are Democratic reformers facing repression, prison, or exile determined to show the meaning and promise of liberty. can know: America sees you for who you are: the future In America's ideal of freedom, citizens find the dignity leaders of your free country. and security of economic independence, instead of laboring on The rulers of outlaw regimes can know that we still the edge of subsistence. This is the broader definition of believe as Abraham Lincoln did: "Those who deny freedom to liberty that motivated the Homestead Act, the Social Security others deserve it not for themselves; and, under the rule of a Act, and the G.I. Bill of Rights. And now we will extend this just God, cannot long retain it." vision by reforming great institutions to serve the needs of our The leaders of governments with long habits of control time. To give every American a stake in the promise and need to know: To serve your people you must learn to trust future of our country, we will bring the highest standards to them. Start on this journey of progress and justice, and our schools, and build an ownership society. We will widen America will walk at your side. the ownership of homes and businesses, retirement savings And all the allies of the United States can know: we and health insurance - preparing our people for the challenges honor your friendship, we rely on your counsel, and we of life in a free society. By making every citizen an agent of depend on your help. Division among free nations is a primary his or her own destiny, we will give our fellow Americans goal of freedom's enemies. The concerted effort of free nations greater freedom from want and fear, and make our society to promote democracy is a prelude to our enemies' defeat. more prosperous and just and equal. Today, I also speak anew to my fellow citizens: In America's ideal of freedom, the public interest depends From all of you, I have asked patience in the hard task of on private character - on integrity, and tolerance toward others, securing America, which you have granted in good measure. and the rule of conscience in our own lives. Self-government Our country has accepted obligations that are difficult to fulfill, relies, in the end, on the governing of the self. That edifice of and would be dishonorable to abandon. Yet because we have character is built in families, supported by communities with acted in the great liberating tradition of this nation, tens of standards, and sustained in our national life by the truths of millions have achieved their freedom. And as hope kindles Sinai, the Sermon on the Mount, the words of the Koran, and hope, millions more will find it. By our efforts, we have lit a the varied faiths of our people. Americans move forward in fire as well - a fire in the minds of men. It warms those who every generation by reaffirming all that is good and true that feel its power, it burns those who fight its progress, and one came before - ideals of justice and conduct that are the same day this untamed fire of freedom will reach the darkest yesterday, today, and forever. corners of our world. In America's ideal of freedom, the exercise of rights is ennobled by service, and mercy, and a heart for the weak. weary - we are ready for the greatest achievements in the Liberty for all does not mean independence from one another. history of freedom. Our nation relies on men and women who look after a May God bless you, and may He watch over the United neighbor and surround the lost with love. Americans, at our States of America. best, value the life we see in one another, and must always remember that even the unwanted have worth. And our 奥巴马英文就职演讲稿 country must abandon all the habits of racism, because we If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a cannot carry the message of freedom and the baggage of place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the bigotry at the same time. dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions From the perspective of a single day, including this day the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. of dedication, the issues and questions before our country are It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and many. From the viewpoint of centuries, the questions that churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people come to us are narrowed and few. Did our generation advance who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first the cause of freedom? And did our character bring credit to time in their lives, because they believed that this time must that cause? be different; that their voice could be that difference. These questions that judge us also unite us, because It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Americans of every party and background, Americans by Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native choice and by birth, are bound to one another in the cause of American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled - Americans freedom. We have known divisions, which must be healed to who sent a message to the world that we have never been a move forward in great purposes - and I will strive in good collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always faith to heal them. Yet those divisions do not define America. will be, the United States of America. We felt the unity and fellowship of our nation when freedom It's the answer that led those who have been told for so long came under attack, and our response came like a single hand by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we over a single heart. And we can feel that same unity and pride can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it whenever America acts for good, and the victims of disaster once more toward the hope of a better day. are given hope, and the unjust encounter justice, and the It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we captives are set free. did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, We go forward with complete confidence in the eventual change has come to America. triumph of freedom. Not because history runs on the wheels of I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He inevitability; it is human choices that move events. Not fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even because we consider ourselves a chosen nation; God moves longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured and chooses as He wills. We have confidence because freedom sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, is the permanent hope of mankind, the hunger in dark places, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and the longing of the soul. When our Founders declared a new selfless leader. I congratulate him and Governor Palin for all order of the ages; when soldiers died in wave upon wave for a they have achieved, and I look forward to working with them union based on liberty; when citizens marched in peaceful to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead. outrage under the banner "Freedom Now" - they were acting I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who on an ancient hope that is meant to be fulfilled. History has an campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women ebb and flow of justice, but history also has a visible direction, he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on set by liberty and the Author of Liberty. that train home to Delaware, the Vice President-elect of the When the Declaration of Independence was first read in United States, Joe Biden. public and the Liberty Bell was sounded in celebration, a I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding witness said, "It rang as if it meant something." In our time it support of my best friend for the last sixteen years, the rock of means something still. America, in this young century, our family and the love of my life, our nation's next First Lady, proclaims liberty throughout all the world, and to all the Michelle Obama. Sasha and Malia, I love you both so much, inhabitants thereof. Renewed in our strength - tested, but not and you have earned the new puppy that's coming with us to the White House. And while she's no longer with us, I know won't agree with every decision or policy I make as President, my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made and we know that government can't solve every problem. But I me who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I them is beyond measure. will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, To my campaign manager David Plouffe, my chief strategist I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only David Axelrod, and the best campaign team ever assembled in way it's been done in America for two-hundred and the history of politics - you made this happen, and I am twenty-one years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused forever grateful for what you've sacrificed to get it done. hand by calloused hand. But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to - it belongs to you. What began twenty-one months ago in the depths of winter I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't must not end on this autumn night. This victory alone is not start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign the change we seek - it is only the chance for us to make that was not hatched in the halls of Washington - it began in the change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord things were. It cannot happen without you. and the front porches of Charleston. So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism; of service and It was built by working men and women who dug into what responsibility where each of us resolves to pitch in and work little savings they had to give five dollars and ten dollars and harder and look after not only ourselves, but each other. Let us twenty dollars to this cause. It grew strength from the young remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy; that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered suffers - in this country, we rise or fall as one nation; as one little pay and less sleep; from the not-so-young people who people. braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the Let us resist the temptation to fall back on the same doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned who volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than our politics for so long. Let us remember that it was a man two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is Party to the White House - a party founded on the values of your victory. self-reliance, individual liberty, and national unity. Those are I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know values we all share, and while the Democratic Party has won a you didn't do it for me. You did it because you understand the great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and enormity of the task that lies ahead. For even as we celebrate determination to heal the divides that have held back our tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are progress. As Lincoln said to a nation far more divided than the greatest of our lifetime - two wars, a planet in peril, the ours, "We are not enemies, but friends...though passion may worst financial crisis in a century. Even as we stand here have strained it must not break our bonds of affection." And to tonight, we know there are brave Americans waking up in the those Americans whose support I have yet to earn - I may not deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their have won your vote, but I hear your voices, I need your help, lives for us. There are mothers and fathers who will lie awake and I will be your President too. after their children fall asleep and wonder how they'll make And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough for from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around college. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be radios in the forgotten corners of our world - our stories are created; new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of to repair. American leadership is at hand. To those who would tear this The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may world down - we will defeat you. To those who seek peace not get there in one year or even one term, but America - I and security - we support you. And to all those who have have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright - tonight we get there. I promise you - we as a people will get there. proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who not from our the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, world, she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness opportunity, and unyielding hope. and a democracy was saved. Yes we can. For that is the true genius of America - that America can She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in change. Our union can be perfected. And what we have Birmingham, a bridge in Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must who told a people that "We Shall Overcome." Yes we can. achieve tomorrow. A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in This election had many firsts and many stories that will be Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and told for generations. But one that's on my mind tonight is imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her about a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta. She's a lot like finger to a screen, and cast her vote, because after 106 years in the millions of others who stood in line to make their voice America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, heard in this election except for one thing - Ann Nixon Cooper she knows how America can change. Yes we can. is 106 years old. America, we have come so far. We have seen so much. But She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there there is so much more to do. So tonight, let us ask ourselves - were no cars on the road or planes in the sky; when someone if our children should live to see the next century; if my like her couldn't vote for two reasons - because she was a daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon woman and because of the color of her skin. Cooper, what change will they see? What progress will we And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her have made? century in America - the heartache and the hope; the struggle This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the This is our time - to put our people back to work and open people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes we can. doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and At a time when women's voices were silenced and their hopes promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream dismissed, she lived to see them stand up and speak out and and reaffirm that fundamental truth - that out of many, we are reach for the ballot. Yes we can. one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met When there was despair in the dust bowl and depression with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can't, across the land, she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the New Deal, new jobs and a new sense of common purpose. Yes spirit of a people: we can. Yes We Can. Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless When the bombs fell on our harbor and tyranny threatened the the United States of America. 地理必修一 第一章 宇宙中的地球 第一节 地球的宇宙环境 认识过程 人类对宇宙的认识 可见宇宙:半径 140亿 光年 天体系统的形成:万有引力和天体的永恒运动 多层次的天体系统 太阳系: 银河系 中心天体( 太阳 ):质量占 99.86% 地月系: 八大行星: 水星 、 金星、地球 、 火星 组成 地球 和月球 木星、 土星 、 天王星 、海王星 总星系 恒星世界 河外星系 普通性: 外观和所处的位置 普通而特殊的行星——地球 特殊性(地球上生命存在的基本条件): 自身条件 适宜的温度、合适的大气，充足的水分 外部条件 稳定的太阳光照，安全的空间运行轨道 第二节 太阳对地球的影响 概念:太阳以电磁波的形式向宇宙空间发射的能量 太阳辐射 波长范围: 0.4,0.75为可见光波段 太阳辐射与地球 太阳常数: 8.24焦/平方厘米?分 太阳辐射?能源 对地球的影响 太阳辐射?大气运动、水循环 概念: 太阳释放能量的不稳定性所导致的一些明显现象 太阳活动 黑子?出现于 光球 层 类型 耀斑和日珥?出现于色球层 太阳活动与地球 太阳风?出现于 日冕 层 黑子与气候变化有一定的相关性(周期 11 年) 对地球的影响 耀斑?磁暴?影响短波通信 太阳风?极光 第三节 地球的运动(自转) 概况 方向 自 西 向 东，从北极上空看呈 逆 时针方向，从南极上空看呈 顺 时针方向 周期 恒星日，长23小时56分4秒，而1太阳日是地球自转360?59’所需的时间。 速度 角速度为 15?/时。地球表面除 南北两极点外都相等 线速度从 低纬向 高纬递减，南北纬60?处的线速度约为赤道处的 一半 。 ?导致 昼夜交替现象,由此,各地温度发生昼夜变化，生物形成昼夜节律。 地理意义 ?水平运动的物体产生偏向，北半球向 右偏，南半球向左 偏。 ?地方时:以一个地方太阳升到最高的时间为正午 12 时， 经度 位置相同的地方， 地方时相同。东经数值越大的地方，地方时的值越 大 。西经反之。经度每相差1?，地方时相差 4 分钟。 时区和区时:为了便于使用。国际上规定将全球分为24个时区，每个时区占有 15 个经度，以该时区中央 经线的地方时作为整个时区的统一时间，叫作 区时 ，又称 标准时 。 区时的计算:所求地的区时,已知地的区时?时区差?1小时 时区差的求法:在0时区两侧相加，同侧相减 加减号的确定:所求地在已知地 东取加号，反之取减号 国际日期变更线:一条大体沿 180?经线穿行的 折 线，它是为了消除因为地球球形而导致的 日期换算中的不同结果而设定的，同时为了保持180?经线上同一行政归属的地方日期相同。 第三节 地球的运动(公转) 概况 轨道:是一个 椭圆 ，太阳位于其中的一个 焦点上，每年1 月初位于近日点， 7 月初位于远日点。 方向:自 西 向 东 角速度约为每天59’ ，近日点时较 快 ，远日点时较 慢 周期为 1年 ，约为 365 日 6 时 9 分 黄赤交角及其影响:地球自转的轨道面叫做 赤道 面，地球公转的轨道面叫 黄道 面。地球的赤道面与黄道面 之间的夹角，叫 黄赤交角，约为 23.5?。也可以说，地轴与黄道面之间约成 66.5?的夹角。 由于黄赤交角的存在引起太阳直射点在南北回归线之间来回移动。引起各地正午太阳 高度 的变化， 昼夜长短的变化以及四季 的更替、五带 的划分等一系列地理现象。 名称 热 带、 北温 带、 南温 带、 北寒带、 南寒 带 1 五带 划分界线: 南北回归线 、 南北极圈 太阳直射点的回归运动 a 2 原因: 黄赤交角 存在，地球的 公转 (自转或公转)运动。 b 3 (对应点选填右图) 节气 时间(前后) 直射点位置 移动方向 对应点 B 春分 3 月 21日 赤道 向 北 B 夏至 6 月22 日 北回归线 向 南 A A C 秋分 9 月 23 日 赤道 向 南 D 冬至 12 月 22 日 南回归线 向 北 C D 正午太阳高度的变化:太阳高度角的概念:太阳相对于 地平面 的高度角 地理意义 各地太阳高度在地方时 12时时最大，称为正午太阳高度。正午太阳高度在 太阳光直射 的纬线最大， 向 南、 北 两侧逐渐降低。 昼夜长短的变化:太阳直射在哪一个半球，哪个半球的白昼就长 ，而且纬度越高，白昼越长 ，在极圈以内 的地区还可能出现 极昼 现象。另一个半球的情况相反，赤道上 各地的昼夜长短，基本上没有什么变 化。 四季的更替: 中纬度地区明显。四季更替表现为一年中 昼夜长短和正午太阳高度的季节变化。夏季是一年 中 白昼较长， 太阳高度 较大的季节，冬季反之。春秋两季是过渡。 第四节 地球的结构 一、地球外部圈层 划分依据:地震波 纵波(P波):能在 固体、液体 中传播，速度较 快 横波(S波):只能在 固体 中传播，速度较 慢 划分界面 莫霍面:距离地表平均约 17 千米，纵波和横波传播速度都明显 增加 古登堡面:距离地表约 2900千米，纵波传播速度明显 下降 ，横波则突然消失 位置:莫霍面以上 厚度:平均约 17千米，变化规律:大陆较 厚 ，约 33 千米，海洋较 薄 ，约 6 千米地壳。 海拔越高， 厚度 越大 。 组成:含量最多的3种元素是O、Si、Al ; 硅酸盐类 矿物在地壳中分布最广 结构: 上层为 硅铝 层，相对密度较 小，分布不连续。 下层为 硅镁 层，相对密度较 大 ，分布连续。 三 位置:莫霍面和古登堡面之间 大 结构: 上地幔 具有 固态 特征，主要由 含铁、镁的硅酸盐类 组成。 圈 地幔 下地幔 层 岩石圈: 地壳 和 上地幔顶部 (软流层以上)合在一起组成。 软流层:位于上层地幔中，一般认为可能是 岩浆 的主要发源地之一。 位置:古登堡面以下 地核 组成:可能是极高温度和高压状态下的 铁 和 镍 结构: 外核 呈 液态 或 熔融 状态 内核 呈 固态 态 二、地球外部圈层 大气圈 大气密度随高度增加而 减少。一般把 2000,3000 千米这个高度作为大气圈的上界。 水 圈 由 液态 水、 固态 水和 气态 水组成。按照存在位置可分为 海洋 水、 陆地 水、 大气 水和 生物 水，其中 陆地 水与人类社会的关系最为密切。 生物圈 生物是地球生态系统中的主体和最活跃的因素。 第二章 第一节 地壳的物质组成和物质循环 一、地壳的物质组成 (一)矿物 概念:矿物是具有确定化学成分、物理属性的 单质 或 化合物 矿产: 有用矿物 在自然界富集到有开采价值时，就称为矿产。 气态 如 天然气 矿物的基本存在形式有三种 液态 如 石油、天然汞 固态 如 石英 ，是自然界中最多的矿物。 矿物的分类:金 属 矿 常见的有 赤铁矿、磁铁矿 等。 非金属矿 常见的有 石英、长石、云母、方解石 等，其中，以 能源类 矿物和 宝石 矿物最为重要。 (二)岩石 概念:岩石是岩石圈(地壳)中体积较大的 固态矿物集合体，由一种或多种矿物 组成。 岩浆岩:岩浆冷凝而成，可分为 侵入岩，如 花岗岩 ;喷出岩，如 流纹岩 、 安山岩 、 玄武岩 。 分类: 沉积岩:裸露在地表的岩石经过 风化、侵蚀、搬运、沉积、固结成岩作用 而形成。如 砾岩 、 白岩 、 石灰岩 、 砂岩 。 沉积岩有两个突出的特征:具有层理构造 、 有化石 。 变质岩:由于岩石存在的条件，如 温度 、 压力 等产生变化，导致岩石原先的 结构 、 矿物成分 等 发生变化而形成。 如花岗岩? 片麻岩、石灰岩?大理岩、砂岩? 石英岩、页岩? 板岩 二、地壳物质的循环 (一)地质循环 概 念:是指 岩石圈 和其下的 软流层 之间的大规模物质循环。 能量来源: 推动地质循环的能量,主要来自 地球内部放射性物质衰变 产生的热能。 产生影响:在地质循环过程中，有一些地方岩石圈不断地 诞生 ，在另一些地方岩石圈 则 逐渐地消失 。与之相伴的是 大地的沧桑 以及 地壳物质形态 的持续转化。 (二)岩石的转化 岩浆?岩浆岩:在岩浆活动过程中伴随 侵入作用和 喷出作用，岩浆 冷却凝固 而形成;已经形成的岩石?沉积岩:在地表外力的 风化、侵蚀、搬运、沉积、固结成岩 作用下形成;已经形成的岩石?变质岩:经变质 作用形成; 已经形成的岩石?岩浆:在地壳深处或地壳以下(地幔深处)被 高温熔化 成为新的岩浆。 外力作用 变质作用 变质岩 岩浆岩 沉积岩 (冷凝) 存器 (熔化) 岩浆