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新概念第一册语法新概念第一册语法 一( 时态: 一般现在时,现在进行时,一般过去时,现在完成时,一般将来时,过去进行时,过去完成 时,过去将来时 1. 一般现在时 表示一般性,经常性的动作或一般性事实。 u 含有be动词的句子 He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. ?变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and...

新概念第一册语法
新概念第一册语法 一( 时态: 一般现在时,现在进行时,一般过去时,现在完成时,一般将来时,过去进行时,过去完成 时,过去将来时 1. 一般现在时 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示一般性,经常性的动作或一般性事实。 u 含有be动词的句子 He is a teacher. The girl is very beautiful. Tim and Jack are students. ?变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Is he a teacher? Is the girl very beautiful? Are Tim and Jack students? ?变否定句在be动词后面加not He is not a teacher. The girl is not very beautiful. Tim and Jack are not students. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, he is. No, he is not. Yes, she is. No, she is not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. u 不含有动词的句子,即含有一般动词的句子 1 第三人称单数及单数名词 He likes books. She likes him. The dog likes bones. ?变疑问句在句首加does, 动词变为原型 Does he like books? Does she like him? Does the dog like bones? ?变否定句在主语及动词之间加doesn’t, 动词变为原型 t like books. He doesn’ She doesn’t like him. The dog doesn’t like bones. ?肯定回答及否定回答: Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t. 注意:第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加S,不要和名词复数混淆,变否定句或疑问句时 名词复数没有任何变化。 其他人称及复数名词 I want to have a bath. We have some meat. The students like smart teachers. ?变疑问句在句首加do 2 Do you want to have a bath? Do we have any meat? Do the students like smart teachers? ?变否定句在主语和动词之间加don’t. You don’t want to have a bath. We don’t have any meat. The students don’t like smart teachers. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I do. No, I don’t. t Yes, we do. No, we don’ Yes, they do. No, they don’t. 2. 现在进行时 表示现在正在进行的动作。 构成: 主语,be动词,动词的现在分词,其它成分(现在分词的构成见附录) We are having lunch. He is reading a book. The dog is running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river. ?变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Are we having lunch? Is he reading a book? Is the dog running after a cat? Are the boys swimming across the river? 3 ?变否定句在be动词后面加 not We are not having lunch. He is not reading a book. The dog is not running after a cat. The boys are swimming across the river. ?特殊疑问句:what, which, how, where, who, etc. 疑问词,动词,主语,现在分词 What are you doing? What is she doing? What is the dog doing? (必背) 没有进行时的动词 表示状态,思想,感情和感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作 1. 表示感觉,感官的词 see, hear, like, love, want, 2. have, has当”拥有”讲时没有进行时 3. 一般过去时 表示过去发生的动作或事件, 常和表示过去的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last night, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago, 含有be动词的句子, 将动词变为过去式,am, is的过去式为was,are的过去式为were I was at the butcher’s. You were a student a year ago. 4 The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago. ?变疑问句将be动词移动到句首 Were you at the butcher’s? Were you a student a year ago? Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago? ?变否定句在be动词后面加not I was not at the butcher’s. You were not a student a year ago. The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago. ?肯定回答否定回答 Yes, I was. No, I was not. Yes, you were. No, you were not. Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not. ?特殊疑问句: What did you do? (必背) 不含有be动词的句子,将动词变为过去式,动词过去式构成见附录 I finished my homework yesterday. The boy went to a restaurant. The Sawyers lived at King Street a year ago. ?变疑问句在句首加did, 动词变为原型 Did you finish your homework yesterday? Did the boy go to a restaurant? 5 Did the Sawyers live at King Street a year ago? ?变否定句在主语和动词之间加did not I did not finish my homework yesterday. The boy did not go to a restaurant. The Sawyers did not live at King Street a year ago. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. Yes, he did. No, he didn’t. Yes, they did. No, they did not. 4. 现在完成时 构成:主语+助动词have, has+过去分词 用法: 1) 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作,常和just, usually, already, since 等时间副词连用 I have just had lunch. (饱了,不用再吃了) He has had a cup of tea.(不渴了,不用再喝) They have already had their holiday. (不能再度假了) The boy has already read the book. (已经知道 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 的内容了,不用再看了) 2) 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时: Have you finished your homework? Have you been to Beijing? Have he seen the film? 3) 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作 6 I have lived in Beijing for twenty years. I have worked for this school for 1 year. 4) 表示一种经历,经验:去过„地方,做过„事情,经历过„事情 I have never had a bath. I have never seen a film. I have never been to cinema. I have ever been to Paris. Have been to表示去过,have gone to 表示去了 I have been to London.( 人已经回来) He has gone to London.(人还在那里) 5) 表示一种结果, 一般不和时间副词联用 I have lost my pen. I have hurt myself. He has become a teacher. She has broken my heart. 句型变化: ?变疑问句将助动词移到句首,变否定句在助动词后面加not. e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I have. No, I have not. ?特殊疑问句: What have you done? What has he done? 7 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别: 凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时 注意:有些动词表示的动作有一个终点,不能再延续,因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用 错:I’ve left Beijing for 3 days. 对:I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days. 5. 一般将来时 表示将来将要发生的动作, 经常和tomorrow, next year, the day after tomorrow, the year after the next, in five hours’ time, etc. 表示将来的词联用 结构: 主语+助动词will+动词原形 I will go to America tomorrow. The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next. Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning. ?变疑问句将助动词移到句首 Will you go to America tomorrow? Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next? Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning? ?变否定句在助动词后面加not I will not go to America tomorrow. The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next. Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I will. No, I will not. Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not. 8 Yes, he will. No, he will not. ?特殊疑问句: What will you do? 6. 过去完成时: 用法:在过去的时间里,两个动作中,发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。 结构:had+过去分词 After she had finished her homework, she went shopping. They had sold the car before I asked the price. The train had left before I arrived at the station. After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号,如果放在主句后则不用加。 ? 变疑问句将助动词移到句首 Had she finished her homework? ? 变否定句在助动词后面加not She hadn’t finished her homework. ? 肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t. ? 特殊疑问句: What had she done? 7. 过去进行时 表示过去正在进行的动作,经常用在when, while, as引导的状语从句中。 结构:was/were+doing When my husband was going into the dining room this morning, he dropped some coins on the floor. 9 While we were having dinner, my father was watching TV. 8( 过去将来时 do 结构:would She said she would go here the next morning. 二( 特殊句型:there be 句型,be going to 结构 1. Be going to 结构 表示打算,准备, 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 做某事 ?结构:主语+be动词 +going to +动词原型 I am going to make a bookcase. They are going to paint it. The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter. ?变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Are you going to make a bookcase? Are they going to paint it? Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter? ?变否定句在be动词后面加not I am not going to make a bookcase. They are going to paint it. The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, I am. No, I am not. Yes, they are. No, they are not. Yes, he is. No, he is not. 10 ?特殊疑问句 What are you going to do? What are they going to do? What is the father going to do? (必背) 2. There be 句型 表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物) u There is,单数名词,表示场所的词(一般为介词词组) There is a book in this room. There is a pen on the table u There are,复数名词,表示场所的词(一般为介词词组) There are two pens on the table. There are three schools there. ?变疑问句将be动词移到句首 Is there a book in this room? Are there two pens on the table? ?变否定句在动词后面加not There is not a book in this room. There are not two pens on the table. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, there is. No, there is not. Yes, there are. No, there are not. 三( 问句: 11 一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,否定疑问句 2 一般疑问句: 助动词/be动词+主语 Are you a teacher? Do you want to have a cup of tea? 2 特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句 What is your name? 2 选择疑问句: or Do you want beef or lamb? 2 反意疑问句: 肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分, 否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分 You don’t need that pen, do you? 一般疑问句+否定词 2 否定疑问句: Aren’t you lucky? Don’t you want have a rest? 四( 冠词用法:a/an/the的一般用法 详细见笔记 五( 限定词:some, any, many, much 2 some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词,some用于肯定句,any用于否定句和疑问句,注意,当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用some 2 many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词,在口语中表示很多一般不用many, much, 而用a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用 many, much. I have a lot of money. I don’t have much money. 六( 名词:种类,复数,名词所有格 1(名词分为可数名词和不可数名词 2 不可数名词 无法分开的东西:water, tea, bread, milk, rice(米) 12 抽象的东西:love, beauty, coldness(寒冷) 不可数名词有以下特点: l 不能用a, an修饰 l 不能加s l 和单数be动词或动词搭配 2 可数名词: 单数可数名词要用冠词修饰,复数可数名词要在名词后面加s,名词复数共有以下几种变化: 规则变化的名词复数形式 规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell?shells book?books 规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox?foxes church?churches, bus?buses, watch?watches 规则3 以o结尾+s或+es e.g. potato?potatoes, Negro?Negroes, hero?heroes, tomato?tomatoes,(口诀:黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿),剩下一般加s, radio?radios 规则4 以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为ves half?halves, shelf?shelves, city?cities, wife?wives e.g. life?lives 规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. sky?skies fly?flies 13 不规则变化的名词复数形式 单数 man woman foot goose tooth 复数 men women feet geese teeth 单数 child sheep deer mouse fish 复数 children sheep deer mice fish 七( 介词( 注意总结书上词组) 八(副词:用法及形容词变副词的变化 u 副词可以修饰形容词,动词,副词或整个句子。如: The book is very good. He runs fast. She came here quite early. 14 Certainly I will go with you. u 变化: 直接在形容词后加-ly, 1( careful-carefully, slow-slowly, 2( 以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词,把y变I, 加 -ly, happy-happily, lucky-luckily 3( 有些词形容词和副词的形式相同,不需要做任何变化 fast, hard, late 4( 有些词加上-ly后意思与原词相差很远: neary-nearly, high-highly, late-lately, 九( 情态动词的使用:can, must, may, might, need, 1(情态动词can(能够), must(必须), may(可以) 结构:主语+can/must/may+动词原型 He can make the tea. Sally can air the room. We can speak English. ?变疑问句将情态动词移到句首 Can he make the tea? Can Sally air the room? Can we speak English? ?变否定句在情态动词后面加not He cannot make the tea. Sally cannot air the room. 15 We cannot speak English. ?肯定回答及否定回答 Yes, he can. No, he cannot. Yes, she can. No, she cannot. Yes, we can. No, we cannot. ?特殊疑问句: What can you do? (必背) 注意:情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化,不要在情态动词或动词后面加S。 2(Must/have to的区别 must 表示必须,是主观上觉得应该做,have to是不得不,是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做 must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里,而have to do可以用在任何时态 3 (must, may, might表示猜测: u must do 表示对现在事实的猜测 u must have done表示对过去事实的猜测 u must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测 u may/might do, may/might have done表示没有任何事实依据的猜测,might的可能性更小。 u can’t/couldn’t 表示不可能 4(need 用法: u 表示“需要”时为实意动词,后面可以加名词,也可以加不定式: I need a pen. Do you need any beer? No, I don’t. I need to have a rest. 16 u Need doing=need to be done,表示被动 The flowers need watering. u Need在否定时做情态动词使用 You needn’t go so early. =You don’t need to go so early. Must I clean the desk right now? No, you needn’t. 十( 不定代词及不定副词: Some any no every thing something anything nothing everything one someone anyone anything everyone where somewhere anywhere anywhere everywhere body somebody anybody nobody everybody 17 I looked for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it anywhere. If you want go somewhere, if you want to be someone, you must wake up. Help! Somebody? Anybody? You are really something. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our class. Where did you go? I went nowhere. Nobody is at home. I have nothing left. 十一( 感叹句: u What +名词+ 主语+谓语 What a beautiful girl she is! u How + 形容词+主语+谓语 How beautiful the girl is! 十二( 祈使句: l 第二人称: l let+其他人称代词 l 祈使句的否定,加don’t l 反意疑问 祈使句(第二人称) 祈使句表示请求,命令,建议,邀请等,谓语动词一律用原型,句子中通常不用主语,句末用惊叹好或者句号,用降调。 ?肯定句 动词原型 18 例, Come here, please. Go downstairs, please. Stand up. Sit down. Be quiet. Be careful. 祈使句中如果有唤语,一定要用逗号隔开,放在句首或者句尾 Come in, Amy. Sit down here, Tom. Mary, give me a book please. ?否定:Don't+动词原型 Don't come here. Don’t sit down. Don’t stand up. Don’t give me it. let sb. do Let me pass. Let us have a rest. Let’s have a rest. (反意疑问): Let’s have a walk along the river, shall we? Let us go out for a drink, will you? 十三( 倒装句:so/neither的倒装eg. He can swim. So can I. I didn’t go to class. Neither did I. 结构: so/neither+be+ 主语 19 so/neither+助动词+ 主语 so/neither+情态动词+ 主语 一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are 现在进行时, am, is, are 一般过去时, did 现在完成时, have, has 一般将来时, will, shall, 过去进行时,was, were 过去完成时,had 过去将来时, would 十四( 直接引语/间接引语 如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时,那么间接引语要做相应变化:时态,人称,时间地点及 指示词 u 时态变化: 一般现在时——一般过去时 现在进行时——过去进行时 一般过去时——过去完成时 现在完成时——过去完成时 一般将来时——过去将来时 be going to——was/were going to/would can----------------could may---------------might u 时间地点及指示词的变化: 20 here—there, tomorrow—the next day, the following day, this—that„ u 人称变化:根据句意改变人称。 十五( 直接宾语/间接宾语 主语,及物动词,间接宾语,直接宾语 直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务,也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的,或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。 He gives me a book. me间接宾语, a book直接宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词to或for 主语,及物动词,直接宾语,介词+间接宾语 Give me a book. Give the book to me. Send his a letter. Send a letter to him. Show him the new dress. Show the new dress to him. 十六( 从句: 宾语从句,定语从句(限定性),表语从句,状语从句(if引导的真实条件句) u 宾语从句:如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时,那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一;如果宾语从句为疑问词引导,那么语序要用陈述语序,即主语在前,动词在后。 u 定语从句: u 表语从句: u 状语从句(if引导的真实条件句):主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时 21 What will you do if you win a lot of money? If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home. 十七( 动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法(详细用法请见NECII) 结构: to do, 用法:可以做除谓语以外的所有成分,语法上称之为非谓语动词。 做宾语:在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语,例如:want, like, ask ,try„ 做宾补:want sb. to do, ask sb. to do, like sb. to do„ 附录: 代词及be动词 名词复数 动词的第三人称单数形式 动词现在分词 动词过去式 过去式的读音 形容词的比较级 形容词和副词的最高级 代词及be动词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 22 单数 复数 单数 复数 主格 I we you you she/he/it they 宾格 me us you you her/him/it them 代词所有格 my our your your her/his/its their 名词性代词 mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs be动词现在时 Am are are are 23 is are be动词过去时 was were were were was were 名词的复数 规则变化的名词复数形式 规则1 一般情况+s e.g. shell?shells toy?toys 规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. fox?foxes church?churches 规则3 以o结尾s或+es e.g. radio?radios potato?potatoes 规则4 以f, fe结尾的,变f, fe为ves e.g. life?lives half?halves 规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es 24 e.g. sky?skies study?studies 动词的第三人称单数形式 规则1 一般情况+s e.g. like—likes, look--looks 规则2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾+es e.g. do—does, catch--catches 规则5 以辅音字母+y结尾, 变y为i+es e.g. carry—carries, fly--flies 动词现在分词 规则一 一般动词加-ing e.g. look—looking, read—reading, play—playing 规则二 以不发音的字母结尾的单词去e加-ing e.g. make—making, take—taking, arrive—arriving 规则三 25 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ing e. g. run—running, sit—sitting, get—getting, swim—swimming, stop--stopping 动词过去式 规则动词变化 规则一 一般动词加-ed e.g. look—looked, watch—watched, play--played 规则二 以e结尾的加-d e.g. make—maked, arrive--arrived 规则三 以辅音字母加结尾的变y为i加-ed cry—cried, carry-carried 规则四 重读闭音节词结尾, 即单词中只有一个元音字母,其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词,双写辅音字母再加-ed stop—stopped, 过去式的读音 在清辅音后面(除外)读/t/ e.g. walked, jumped 在浊辅音和元音后读/d/ e.g. washed, watched 26 在/t/,/d/后读/id/ e.g. waited, hated 形容词和副词的比较级 比较级 规则一 一般加-er higher e.g. high— 规则二 以结尾加-r nice—nicer 规则三 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-er busy—busier, 规则四 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加-er fat—fatter, 形容词和副词的最高级 最高级 规则一 一般加-est e.g. high—highest 规则二 以结尾加-st 27 nice—nicet 规则三 以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i再加-est busy—busiest 规则四 重读闭音节结尾, 双写辅音字母再加--est fattest fat— 常见缩写: is=’s I am=I’m are=’re is not=isn’t/ iznt/ are not=aren’t /a:nt/ do not=don’t does not=doesn’t was=’s did not=didn’t can not=can’t have=’ve has=’s have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t will=’ll will not=won’t shall not=shan’t 28 被动形式表示被动意义。但在某些情况下,动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。请看下列几种结构: 1. 在“主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语 + to do ”结构中,动词不定式与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,句子的主语与动词不定式又有逻辑上的主谓关系。因此,用动词不定式的主动形式可以表示被动意义。例如: She has a meeting to attend. 她有一个会议要参加。 宾语 a meeting 与动词不定式 to attend 有逻辑上的动宾关系,主语 She 与动词不定式 to attend 又有逻辑上的主谓关系,故用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。又如: The man has a large family to support. 这个人要养活一大家子人。 2. 在“主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + to do ”结构中,动词不定式与直接宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。因此,也可以用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如: I'll give him some books to read. 我要给他一些书看看。 直接宾语 some books 是动词不定式 to read 的逻辑宾语,间接宾语 him 是动词不定式 to read 的逻辑主语。又如: He set us a good example to follow. 他为我们树立了学习的好榜样。 3. 在“主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语 + 宾补 + to do ”结构中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语,而句子的主语可能是动词不定式的逻辑主语,也可能不是。此时,也用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如: I found the fellow hard to get along with. 我发现那家伙很难相处。 29 He made his lessons easy to understand. 他的课让人容易理解。 the fellow 是 to get along with 的逻辑宾语, I 是 to get along with 的逻辑主语。 his lessons 是 to understand 的逻辑宾语, He 不是 to understand 的逻辑主语。 在“主语 + 谓语(系动词) + 表语(形容词) + to do ”结构中,句子的主语与动词 4. 不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质。该结构中常用的形容词有: easy , hard , difficult , important , impossible , interesting , pleasant , nice , comfortable , safe , dangerous , cheap , fit , heavy 等。例如: Good novels are interesting to read. 好的小说读起来有意思。 This question is easy to answer. 这个问 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 容易回答。 5. 动词不定式前面可以加上疑问代词构成“疑问代词 + to do ”结构。在这个结构中,尽管动词不定式与疑问代词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系,却用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如: The question is what to do next. 问题是下一步做什么。 I don't know what measures to take to solve this difficult problem. 我不知道该采取什么措施来解决这一难题。 6. 在“ There be ”句型中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某事时,用动词不定式的主动形式。如果强调事情本身必须要做时,则用动词不定式的被动形式。例如: There is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要(人)去做。(需要人去做工作) There is a lot of work to be done. 有许多工作要做。(工作需要被做) 7. 在“ This/That is + 名词 + to do ”结构中,如果动词不定式与名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,则用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如: 30 This is a hard question to answer. 这是一个很难回答的问题。 That is a nice place to visit. 那是一个很好的参观地点。 : 我们先来看看副词: 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。 一、副词的位置: 1) 在动词之前。 2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。 注意: a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。 He speaks English well. 二、副词的排列顺序: 1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。 2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully. 3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。 注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 31 改错:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English very much. 注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don’t know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat. 主动语态和被动语态,主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成: Everybody likes him. 大家都喜欢他。 (主动语态) He is liked by everybody. 他受到大家的喜欢。(被动语态) 二、主动语态变被动语态的方法 1. 主动语态变被动语态的基本方法 将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,将主动谓语变为被动谓语(be+过去分词),将主动语态的主语变为by短语(在被动句中用作状语): He broke the cup. ? The cup was broken by him. 【注意】若不强调动词执行者,被动语态中的by短语通常可以省略: He was born in 1986. 他生于1986年。 What is this flower called? 这种花叫什么花? 2. 双宾动词的被动语态 双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词,它们在变为被动语态时,通常是把间接宾语(指人)变为被动语态的主语,而把直接宾语(指事物)保留下来(称为保留宾语): He answered me that question. ? I was answered that question by him. 32 有的动词则通常把直接宾语(指事物)变为被动语态的主语,而把间接宾语改为介词to 或for引起的状语(到底用to还是for,与所搭配的动词有关): He wrote her a letter. ? A letter was written to her. (与动词write搭配用介词to) She made him a new coat. ? A new coat was made for him. (与动词make搭配用介词for) 有时以上两种方式均可用: He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。 ? She was given some money. / Some money was given to him. He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表。 ? A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch. 3. 被动语态的时态 被动语态的时态由被动结构“be+过去分词”中的动词be来体现,其基本结构和用法如下: (1) 一般现在时的被动语态:am [is, are]+过去分词 English is taught in our school. 我们学校学英语。 We are taken good care of at school. 我们在学校受到很好的照顾。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态:was [were]+过去分词 He was taken to the police station. 他被带到了警察局。 The house was built ten years ago. 这座房子是10年前建的。 (3) 一般将来时的被动语态:will be+过去分词 A new building will be built here soon. 不久这里将建一栋新楼。 The meeting will be held at two this afternoon. 会议将于今天下午2点举行。 (4) 现在完成时的被动语态:have [has]been+过去分词 All the work has been done now. 所有的工作现在都做好了。 33 Have the letters been posted? 信都寄了吗? (5) 过去完成时的被动语态:had been+过去分词 He said the work had been finished. 他说工作已完成了。 (6) 现在进行时的被动语态:am [is, are] being+过去分词 My watch is being repaired by him. 我的表正在由他修理。 The plan is now being discussed. 计划现在正在讨论。 (7) 过去进行时的被动语态:was [were] being+过去分词 He said that the man was being operated on. 他说那个人正在动手术。 He told me that a new station was being built. 他说正在修建一个新车站。 过去将来时的被动语态:would be+过去分词 (8) He said that the meeting would be held next week. 他说会议将于下周举于。 4. 含有情态动词的被动形式 若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词,在相应的被动语态中通常应保留该情态动词,其结构为“情态动词+be+过去分词”: Everyone must know this. ?This must be known by everyone. 请看以下带情态动词被动句实例: This can’t be done in a short time. 这不是短期内可以完成的。 Can this be done by machine? 这可以由机器来做吗? The work must be done at once. 这工作必须马上做了。 Indian summer 小阳春(深秋季节里一段风和日丽的时期);愉快宁静的晚年 Indian weed 烟草 34 Indian meal 玉米粉 Italian hand 暗中干预 Italian iron 圆筒形熨斗 Russian blue 蓝灰色,浅蓝色 Russian boot 长统靴 Russian dressing 加辣酱油的蛋黄酱(一种色拉佐料) Spanish athlete 吹牛的人 Turkish delight 土耳其软糖 American cloth 做台布用的彩色防水布 American plan 美国式收费制(一套旅馆经营 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ,按天向客人收取固定的膳宿费 用) British warm 英国军官穿的双排钮扣的短大衣 China aster 翠菊 China grass 芒麻 China ink 墨 China plate 好友 China rose 月季 China stone 做瓷器的矿物 Chinese copy 与原物一模一样的复制品 Chinese lantern 灯笼 Chinese puzzle 难答之事,难解之谜 Chinese red 朱红色 Chinese Wall 长城 35 Chinese watermelon 冬瓜 Dutch comfort 不会使人感激的安慰 Dutch courage 酒后之勇,一时的虚勇 Dutch door 上下两部分可各自分别开关的门 Dutch treat 各人自己付钱的聚餐或娱乐 Dutch uncle 动辄训人的人,唠里唠叨训人的人 Dutch wife 热带人用来减轻暑热的用竹或藤等编的长筒抱枕 French leave 不辞而别 French dressing 一种由橄榄油,醋、盐,香料等制成的生菜调味品 French grey 浅灰色 French window 落地长窗 German measles 风疹 German shepherd 德国牧羊犬,阿尔萨斯狼犬 36 37 38
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