美利坚合众国宪法

美利坚合众国宪法 序言 我们合众国人民，为了建立一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，确保国内安宁，提供共同防御，增进公共福利，并保证我们自身和子孙后代永享自由的幸福，特制定美利坚合众国宪法。 正文 第一条 第一款 本宪法所授予的全部立法权均属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会。 第二款 众议院由各州人民每两年选举产生的议员组成，每州的选举人应具备该州州议会人数最多一院的选举人所需具备的资格。 年龄未满25岁，为合众国公民未满7年以及当选时非其选出州居民者，不得为众议院议员。 众议院人数和直接税税额均应按本联邦所辖各州的人口比例分配于各州，各州人口数目指自由人总数加上所有其他人口的3/5。自由人总数包括必须在一定年限内服役的人，但不包括未被征税的印地安人。人口的实际统计应于合众国国会第一次会议3年内，以及此后每10年内依照法律规定的方式进行。众议员人数以每3万人选出1人为限，但每州至少应有众议员1人。在实行此种人口统计前，新罕布什尔州可选出3人，马萨诸塞州8人，罗得岛州和普罗维登斯种植地1人，康涅狄格州5人，纽约州6人，新泽西州4人，宾夕法尼亚州8人，特拉华州1人，马里兰州6人，弗吉尼亚州10人，北卡罗莱纳州5人，南卡罗莱纳州5人，佐治亚州3人。 任何一州所选众议员中出现缺额时，该州行政长官应发布选举令以补足此项缺额。 众议院应选举该院议长和其他官员，并独自享有弹劾权。 第三款 合众国参议院由每州州议会选出2名参议员组成，参议员任期6年，每名参议员有1票 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 决权。 参议员在第一次选举后集会时，应即尽可能平均分为三组：第一组参议员应于第2年年终改选，第二组参议员应于第4年年终改选，第3组参议员应于第6年年终改选，以便每两年改选参议员总数的1/3。 在任何一州州议会休会期间，如因辞职或其他原因出现参议员缺额，该州行政长官可在州议会召开下次会议补足缺额之前，任命临时参议员。 年龄未满30岁，为合众国公民未满9年以及当选时非其选出州居民者，不得为参议院议员。 合众国副总统应为参议院议长，但除非出现该院全体参议员的赞成票和反对票相等的情况，无表决权。 参议院应选定本院其他官员，遇副总统缺席或行使合众国总统职权时，并应选举临时议长。 参议院享有审理一切弹劾案的全权。因审理弹劾案而开庭时，参议员应进行宣誓或作郑重声明。合众国总统受审时，应由最高法院首席大法官主持审判，无论何人，非经出席参议员2/3人数同意，不得被定罪。 弹劾案的判决，应以免职和剥夺其担任和享有合众国荣誉职位、信任职位或高收益职位的资格为限；但被定罪者仍应依法接受起诉、审讯、判决和惩罚。 第四款 举行参议员和众议员选举的时间、地点和方式，由各州州议会自行规定，但除选举参议员地点一项外，国会可随时以法律规定或改变此类规定。 国会每年至少应开会一次，除以法律另行指定日期外，会议应在12月第一个星期一举行。 第五款 各院应自行审查本院议员的选举、选举结果 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 和议员资格；各院议员出席过半数即构成议事的法定人数；不足法定人数时可逐日休会，并可依照各院规定的方式与罚则强迫缺席议员出席会议。 各院可制定其议事规则，处罚扰乱秩序的议员，并可经2/3人数同意开除议员。 各院应保持本院的会议记录，并不时予以公布，但各该院认为需要保密的那部分除外；各院议员对任何问题所投的赞成票和反对票应依出席议员1/5的请求，载入会议记录。 在国会开会期间，一院未经另一院同意不得休会3日以上，也不得从两院开会地点移往他处。 第六款 参议员和众议员应取得由法律规定，并从合众国国库中支付的服务报酬。两院议员，除犯有判国罪、重罪和妨害治安罪外，在出席各自议院会议期间和往返于各自议院途中不受逮捕；也不得因其在各自议院发表的演说或辩论而在其他任何地方受到质问。 参议员或众议员在其当选期内不得出任合众国当局在此期间设置或增加薪俸的任何文官职务；在合众国属下供职者，在其继续任职期间，不得担任国会任何一院的议员。 第七款 所有征税议议案应首先由众议院提出；但参议院可以如同对待其他议案一样，提出修正案或对修正案表示赞同。 众议院或参议院通过的每一议案，均应在成为法律之前送交合众国总统；总统如批准该议案，即应签署；如不批准，则应附上异议书将议案退还给提出该项议案的议院，该院应将总统异议详细载入本院会议记录，并进行复议。如复议后，该院2/3议员同意通过，即应将该议案连同异议书送交另一院，另一院亦应加以复议，如经该院2/3议员认可，该项议案即成为法律。但在这种情况下，两院的表决应以投赞成票和反对票决定，投赞成票或反对票的议员的姓名应分别载入各该院的会议记录。如议案在送交总统后10日内（星期日除外）未经退还，即视为业经总统签署，该项议案即成为法律；但如因国会休会而阻碍该议案退还，则该项议案不能成为法律。 凡须经参议院和众议院一致同意的命令、决议或表决（有关休会问题者除外）均应送交合众国总统，以上命令、决议或表决须经总统批准始能生效。如总统不予批准，则应按照对于议案所规定的规则与限制，由参议院和众议院2/3议员再行通过。 第八款 国会拥有下列权力： 规定和征收直接税、间接税、进口税与货物税，以偿付国债、提供合众国共同防御与公共福利，但所有间接税、进口税与货物税应全国统一； 以合众国的名义借贷款项； 管理合众国与外国的、各州之间的以及与印地安部落的贸易； 制定全国统一的归化条例和破产法； 铸造货币，厘定国币和外币的价值，并确定度量衡的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ； 制定关于伪造合众国证券和通货的罚则； 设立邮局并开辟邮路； 保障著作家和发明家对其著作和发明在限定期间内的专利权，以促进科学与实用技艺的 发展； 设立低于最高法院的各级法院； 明确划定并惩罚在公海上所犯的海盗罪与重罪以及违反国际法的犯罪行为； 宣战，颁发缉拿敌船许可证和报复性拘捕证，制定关于陆上和水上的拘捕条例； 招募陆军并供应给养，但此项用途的拨款期限不得超过两年； 装备海军并供应给养；规定征召民兵的组织、装备和纪律，规定可能征召为合众国服务的那部分民兵的管理办法；但民兵军官的任命和按照国会规定纪律训练民兵的权力由各州保留； 在任何情况下，对由某些州让与合众国，经国会接受，充作合众国政府所在地的区域（其面积不超过10平方英里）行使专有的立法权；并对经州立法机构同意由合众国在该州购买的一切用于修筑要塞、军火库、兵工厂、船厂及其他必要建筑物的地方行使同样权力。 制定为执行以上各项权力和依据本宪法授予合众国政府或政府中任何机关或官员的其他一切权力所必要的和恰当的法律。 第九款 现有任何一州认为应予接纳的人员移居或入境时，国会在1808年以前不得加以禁止；但对入境者可征收每人不超过10美元的税金或关税。根据人身保护令享有的特权，除非在发生叛乱或遭遇入侵，公共治安需要停止此项特权时，不得中止。 不得通过公民权利剥夺法案或追溯既往的法律。 除按本宪法前文对人口普查或统计结果规定的比例征税外，不得征收人头税或其他直接税。 对于从任何一州输入的货物不得征收直接税或间接税。 任何贸易条例或税收条例不得给予一州港口以优于另一州港口的特惠，开往或来自一州的船舶不得强令其在另一州入港、出港或交纳关税。 除依据法律规定拨款外不得从国库支款；一切公款的收支报告和帐目应不时予以公布。 合众国不得授予贵族爵位；在合众国担任任何信任职位或高收益职位者，未经国会许可，不得接受任何外国君主或国家所赠予的任何礼物、酬金、官职或爵位。 第十款 无论何州不得缔结条约、结盟或加入联邦；不得颁发缉拿敌船许可证和报复性拘捕证；不得铸造货币；不得发行信用券；不得将金银币以外的任何物品作为偿还债务的法定货币；不得通过公民权利剥夺法案、追溯既往的法律或损害契约义务的法律；不得授予任何贵族爵位。 无论何州，不经国会同意，不得对进出口货物征收进口税或间接税，但为执行该州检查法令所绝对必要者不在此限。任何一州对进出口货物征得的一切间接税和进口税的净所得额应充合众国国库之用，所有这类法律都应由国会负责修订与控制。 无论何州，未经国会同意，不得征收船舶吨位税，不得在和平时期保持军队或战舰，不得与另一州或外国缔结协定或条约，除非已实际遭受入侵或遇到该不容缓的危险，不得进行战争。 第二条 第一款 行政权属于美利坚合众国总统。总统任期为4年，副总统任期与总统任期相同。总统和副总统的选举办法如下： 各州应按照该州议会规定的方式选派选举人若干名，其人数应与该州所应选派于国会的参议员和众议员的总数相等；但参议员或众议员或在合众国政府中担任信任职位或高收益职位者不得被选派为选举人。 选举人应在本州集会，投票选举2人，其中至少应有1人不是选举人同州的居民。选举人应开列名单，写明所有被选举人和每人所得票数，在名单上签名作证，封印后送至合众国政府所在地，呈交参议院议长。参议院议长应在参议院和众议院全体议员面前开拆所有证明书，计算票数。获得选票最多者如选票超出选举人总数的一半即当选为总统。 如不止1人获得半数选票且票数相当，众议院应立即投票其中1人为总统。如无人获得过半数票，则众议院应以同样方式从名单上得票最多的5人中选举1人为总统。但众议院选举总统时应以州为单位投票，每州代表有1票表决权；以此种方式选举总统的法定人数为全国2/3的州各有1名或数名代表出席，并须取得所有州的过半数票始能当选。在总统选出后，获得选举人所投票数最多者即当选为副总统；但如有2人或数人获得相等票数，参议院应投票选举其中1人为副总统。 国会可决定选出选举人的时间以及选举人的投票日期，该日期须全国统一。 任何人除出生于合众国的公民或在本宪法通过时已为合众国公民者外，不得当选为总统。年龄未满35岁及居住于合众国境内未满14年者亦不得当选为总统。 如遇总统免职、死亡、辞职或丧失履行总统权力和 职责 岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载项目部各岗位职责下载建筑公司岗位职责下载社工督导职责.docx 的能力时，该项职务应移交给副总统；在总统与副总统均为免职、死亡、辞职或丧失履行总统权力和职责的能力时，国会得依法律规定宣布某一官员代行总统职权，该官员即为总统，直至总统恢复任职能力或新总统选出为止。 总统应在规定时间获得服务报酬，此项报酬在其当选任总统期间不得增加或减少。总统在任期内不得收受合众国或任何一州给予的任何其他酬金。 总统在就职前应作如下宣誓或郑重声明： “我谨庄严宣誓（或郑重声明），我一定忠实执行合众国总统职务，竭尽全力，恪守、维护和捍卫合众国宪法。” 第二款 总统为合众国陆海军的总司令，并在各州民团奉召为合众国执行任务的担任统帅; 他可以要求每个行政部门的主管官员提出有关他们职务的任何事件的书面意见，除了弹劫案之外，他有权对於违犯合众国法律者颁赐缓刑和特赦。 总统有权缔订条约，但须争取参议院的意见和同意，并须出席的参议员中叁分之二的人赞成；总统应提出人选，并于取得参议院的意见和同意后，任命大使、公使及领事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其他在本宪法中未经明定、但以后将依法律的规定而设置之合众国官员。国会可以制定法律，酌情把这些下级官员的任命权，授予总统本人，或授予法院，或授予各部部长。 在参议院休会期间，如遇有职位出缺，总统有权任命官员补充缺额，任期於参议院下届会议结束时终结。 第三款 总统应经常向国会有关国情的报告，并向国会提出他认为必要和适当的 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 ，供其考虑；在非常时期，总统可召集两院或其中一院开会，如两院对于休会时间意见不一致时，总统可使两院休会到他认为适当的时期为止；总统应接见大使和公使；他应监督一切法律的切实执行，并任命合众国的一切官员。 第四款 合众国总统、副总统及其他所有文官，因叛国、贿赂或其它重罪和轻罪而遭弹劾并被判定有罪时，应予以免职。 第三条 第一款 合众国的司法权属于最高法院以及由国会随时下令设立的低级法院。最高法院和低级法 院的法官，如果尽忠职守得继续任职，并应在规定时间获得服务报酬，此项报酬在他们继续任职期间不得减少。 第二款 司法权适用的范围如下：一切基于本宪法、合众国法律以及根据合众国权力所缔结的及将缔结的条约而产生的普通法的及衡平法的案件；一切涉及大使、其他使节及领事的案件；一切有关海事法和海事管辖权的案件；以合众国为当事人的诉讼；两个州或数个州之间的诉讼；一州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼；一州公民与另一州公民之间的诉讼；同州公民之间对他州让与土地的所有权的诉讼；一州或其公民与外国或外国公民或国民之间的诉讼。 涉及大使、其他使节和领事以及以州为当事人的一切案件，其初审权属于最高法院。对上述的所有其它案件，无论是法律方面还是事实方面，最高法院有上诉审理权，但须遵照国会所规定的例外与规则。 一切罪案，除弹劫案外，均应由陪审团审判；审判应在犯罪发生的州内进行；但如不止在一个州内发生，审判应在国会以法律规定的一处或数处地点进行。 第三款 只有对合众国发动战争，或依附、帮助、庇护合众国敌人者，才犯叛国罪。无论何人，如非经由两个证人证明他的公然的叛国行为，或经由本人在公开法庭认罪者，均不得被判叛国罪。 国会有权宣布对于叛国罪的惩处，但叛国罪犯公民权的剥夺，不得影响其继承人的权益，除剥夺公民权利终身者外，不得包括没收财产。 第四条 第一款 各州对其它州的公共法令、记录、和司法诉讼程序应给予完全的信任和尊重。国会可用一般法律规定此类法令、记录、和司法诉讼程序的验定方法及其效力。 第二款 每州公民应享受其他各州公民所有之一切特权及豁免权。 凡在任何一州被控犯有叛国罪、重罪或其它罪行的人并于另一州被缉获时，该州应即依照该人所逃出之州的行政当局的请求，将其交出，以便押送到对该罪行有审理权的州。 凡根据一州之法律应在该州服兵役或服劳役者，逃往另一州时，不得根据逃往州的任何法律或规章解除该兵役或劳役，而应依照有权得到劳役或劳动的当事人的要求，将其交出。 第三款 国会可准许新州加入本联邦；便不得在任何其他州的管辖权之内组成或建立新州，亦不得未经有关州议会和国会同意合并两州或数州的部分地区建立新州。 国会有权处置并制定合众国领土或其它财产的一切必要法章和条例；对本宪法条文，不得作有损于合众国或任何特定州的任何权利的解释。 第四款 合众国应保障联邦各州实行共和政体，保护各州免受入侵，并应根据州议会或州行政长官(当州议会不能召集时) 的请求平定内乱。 第五条 国会应在两院各2/3议员认为必要时，提出本宪法的修正案，或根据全国2/3州议会的请求召开公议提出修正案。以上任何一种情况下提出的修正案，经全国的州议会或3/4州的制宪会议批准，即成为本宪法的一部分而发生实际效力；采用那种批准方式可由国会提出。但在1808年前所制定的修正案不得以任何形式影响本宪法第一条第九款之第一、第四两项；任何一州，未经其同意，不得被剥夺它在参议院中的平等投票权。 第六条 温馨推荐 您可前往百度文库小程序 享受更优阅读体验 不去了 立即体验 本宪法生效前所负的一切债务和所签订一切契约在本宪法生效后对合众国仍然有效，其效力一如邦联时代。 本宪法及依照本宪法所制定之合众国法律以及根据合众国权力所缔结或将缔结的一切条约，均为全国的最高法律；即使与任何一州的宪法或法律相抵触，各州的法官仍应遵守。任何一州宪法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时，均不得违返本宪法。 上述参议员和众议员、各州议会议员以及合众国政府和各州一切行政、司法官员均应宣誓或郑重声明拥护本宪法；但不得以宗教信仰作为担任合众国任何官职或公职的必要资格。第七条 经过9个州的制宪会议批准，即足以使本宪法在批准本宪法的各州成立。 本宪法于耶稣纪元1787年，即美利坚合众国独立后第12年的9月17日，经出席制宪会议各州与会者一致同意后制定。我们谨在此签名作证。 乔治.华盛顿 会议主席、弗吉尼亚州代表 ========================================================== 依照宪法第五条的规定，经国会提出和各州州议会批准的美利坚合众国宪法增添与修正条文如下： [以下一至十条修正案于1791年批准生效，也称为“权利法案”。] 宪法修正案第一条 国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止宗教活动自由；剥夺言论或出版自由；剥夺人民和平集会和向政府诉冤请愿的权利。 宪法修正案第二条 管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需，人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯。 宪法修正案第三条 士兵在和平时期，非经房主许可不得驻扎于任何民房；在战争时期，除依照法律规定的方式外亦不得进驻民房。 宪法修正案第四条 人民保护其人身、住房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声明保证，并详细开列应予搜查的地点、应予扣押的人或物，不得颁发搜查和扣押证。 宪法修正案第五条 非经大陪审团提出报告或起诉，任何人不受死罪可其他重罪的惩罚，惟在战时或国家危急时期发生在陆、海军中或正在服役的民兵中的案件不在此限。任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体伤残的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；未经正当法律程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由和财产；非有恰当补偿，不得将私有财产充作公用。 宪法修正案第六条 在一切刑事诉讼中，被告应享受下列权利：由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；获知受控事件的性质和原因；与原告证人对质；以强制程序取得有利于自己的证据，并取得律师的帮助为其辩护。 宪法修正案第七条 在习惯法诉讼中，争执价额超过20美元者，由陪审团审判的权利应予保护；案情事实经陪审团审定后，除非依照习惯法的规则，合众国的任何法院不得再行审理。 宪法修正案第八条 不得索取过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，或施加残酷的、非常的刑罚。 宪法修正案第九条 本宪法对某些权利的列举不得被解释为否定或轻视人民保有的其他权利。 宪法修正案第十条 本宪法未授予合众国也未禁止各州行使的权力，分别由各州或由人民保留。 宪法修正案第十一条[1798年批准生效] 合众国司法权不得被解释为可扩大受理另一州公民或任何外国公民或国民对合众国任何一州提出的或起诉的任何普通法或衡平法的诉讼。 宪法修正案第十二条[1804年批准生效] 选举人应在本州集会，投票选举总统和副总统，所选总统和副总统中至少应有一人不是选举人本州的居民；选举人应在选票上写明被选为总统之人的姓名，并在另一选票上写明被选为副总统之人的姓名。选举人须将所有被选为总统及副总统的人分别开列名单，写明每人所得票数，在名单上签名作证，封印后送至合众国政府所在地，呈交参议院议长。参议院议长应在参议院和众议院全体议员面前开拆所有证明书，然后计算票数。获得总统选票最多者，如所得选票超出选举人总数的一半，即当选为总统。如无人获得过半数票，众议院应以立即从被选为总统之人的名单上得票最多者（不超过3人）中投票选举其中1人为总统。但众议院选举总统时应以州为单位投票，每州代表有1票表决权。以此种方式选举总统的法定人数为全国2/3的州各有1名或数名代表出席，选出总统需要所有州的过半数票。如选举总统的权力转移给众议院而该院于次年3月4日前尚未选出总统，则副总统应按总统死亡或宪法所规定的其他有关丧失任职能力的条款代行总统职务。获得副总统选票最多者，如所得票数超过选举人总数之半，即当选为副总统。如无人获得过半数票，参议院应以从名单上得票最多者的2人中选举1人为副总统。以此种方式选举选举副总统的法定人数为参议员总数的2/3，选出副总统需要参议员总数过半数票。但依宪法规定无资格当选为合众国总统的人不得当选为合众国副总统。 宪法修正案第十三条[1865年批准生效] 第一款 在合众国境内或属合众国管辖的任何地方，不准有奴隶制或强制劳役存在，惟用于业经定罪的罪犯作为惩罚者不在此限。 第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 宪法修正案第十四条[1868年批准生效] 第一款 在合众国出生或归化于合众国并受合众国管辖的人，均为合众国和他所居住的州的公民。无论何州均不得制定或实施任何剥夺合众国公民的特权或豁免的法律；无论何州未经正当法律程序均不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；亦不得拒绝给予在其管辖下的任何人以同等的法律保护。 第二款 众议员名额应按各州人口总数的比例分配，但不纳税的印地安人除外。各州年满21岁且为合众国公民的男性居民，除因参加叛乱或犯其他罪行者外，其选举合众国总统与副总统选举人、国会众议员、州行政与司法官员或州议会议员的权利被取消或剥夺时，该州众议员人数应按上述男性公民的人数同该州年满21岁的男性公民总人数的比例予以削减。 第三款 曾经作为国会议员、合众国官员、州议会议员或州行政或司法官员，宣誓拥护合众国宪法，而又参与反对合众国的暴乱或谋反，或给予合合众国敌人以帮助或庇护者，不得为国会参议员或众议员、总统和副总统选举人，或在合众国或任何一州任文职、军职官员。但国会可以每院2/3的票数取消此项限制。 第四款 经法律认可的合众国公债，包括因支付对平定暴乱或叛乱有功人员的养老金与奖金而产生的债务，其效力不得怀疑。但合众国或任何一州都不得承担或偿付因资助对合众国作乱或谋叛而产生的债务或义务，或因丧失或解放任何奴隶而提出的赔偿要求；所有此类债务、义务和要求应视为非法和无效。 第五款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条各项规定。 宪法修正案第十五条[1870年批准生效] 第一款 合众国或任何一州不得因种族、肤色或以前的奴隶身份而否认或剥夺合众国公民的选举权。 第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 宪法修正案第十六条[1913年批准生效] 国会有权对任何来源的收入规定并征收所得税，所得税收入不必按比例分配于各州，也不必考虑任何人口普查或统计。 宪法修正案第十七条[1913年批准生效] 合众国参议院由每州人民选出两名参议员组成，参议员任期6年，各有1票表决权。 各州选举人应具备州议会中人数最多一院的选举人所必需的资格。 任何一州在参议院的议席出现缺额时，该州行政当局应发布选举令以填补此顶缺额；但任何一州州议会在人民按照州议会指示进行选举补足缺额以前，可授权行政长官作出临时任命。 本修正案对于本条作为合众国宪法一部分被批准生效前当选的任何参议员的选举或任期不发生影响。 宪法修正案第十八条[1919年批准生效] 第一款 从本条批准起一年以后，禁止在合众国及其管辖下的一切领土内酿造、出售或运送致醉酒类，并且不准此种酒类输入或输出合众国及其管辖下的一切领土。 第二款 国会和各州均有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 第三款 本条除非在国会送达各州之日起7年内经各州州议会按照宪法规定批准为宪法修正案，不得发生效力。 宪法修正案第十九条[1920年批准生效] 合众国或任何一州不得因性别而否认或剥夺合众国公民的选举权。 国会有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 宪法修正案第二十条[1933年批准生效] 第一款 如果本条尚未获批准，则总统和副总统的任期应于原定任期届满之年1月20日正午终止，参议员和众议员之任期应于原定任期届满之年1月3日正午终止；其继任者的任期即在此时开始。 第二款 国会每年至少应开会一次，开会日期除以法律另行规定外，应于1月3日正午开始。 第三款 如当选总统在规定的任期开始之前死亡，当选副总统应成为总统。如在规定的总统任期开始时间以前总统尚未选出，或当选总统不条例资格，当则当选副总统应代行总统职权直到有一名当选总统符合资格为止；如遇当选总统和当选副总统均不符合资格的情况，国会可以法律决定代理总统人选或选择代理总统的方式，此人即可依法代行总统职务，直至有一名总统或副总统符合资格为止。 第四款 当选举总统的权利转移到众议院，而可被该院选为总统的人中有人死亡；或选举副总统的权利转移到参议院，而可被该院选为副总统的人中有人死亡时，国会得以法律对此种情况作出决定。 第五款 第一与第二两款应在本条批准后之10月15日起生效。 第六款 本条如在国会送达各州之日起7年内，未经3/4之州议会批准为宪法修正案，将不再发生效力。 宪法修正案第二十一条[1933年批准生效] 第一款 合众国宪法修正案第十八条现予废止。 第二款 在合众国各州、各领地或属地内为交付或使用致醉酒类而进行的运送或输入，如违反有关法律，应予禁止。 第三款 本条除非在国会送达各州之日起7年内经3/4之州议会批准为宪法修正案，不发生效力。 宪法修正案第二十二条[1951年批准生效] 第一款 无论何人不得当选总统职务两次以上；无论何人在他人任期内担任总统或代理总统超过两年者，不得当选担作总统职务一次以上。但本条不适用于在国会提出本条时正在担任总统职务的任何人；也不妨碍在本条开始生效的总统任期内可能担任总统职务或代理总统的任何人在此任期结束以前担任总统职务或代理总统。 第二款 本条除非在国会将其提交各州之日起7年内由3/4州议会批准为宪法修正案，不发生效力。 宪法修正案第二十三条[1961年批准生效] 第一款 合众国政府所在的特区，应按国会指定的方式选派若干总统和副总统选举人，为此目的，该特区应被视为一个州，选举人数量应相当于它有权选举的国会参议员和众议员人数的总和，但不得超过人数最少的州的选举人人数；以上选举人是在各州选派的选举人之外所增添的的，但为了选举总统和副总统，应被视为一个州所选派的选举人。他们应在特区集会并依照宪法修正案第十二条的规定履行其职责。 第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 宪法修正案第二十四条[1964年批准生效] 第一款 合众国或任何一州不得以未交纳人头税或其他税款为理由，否认或剥夺合众国公民在总统或副总统、总统或副总统选举人或参议员、众议员的任何初选或其他选举中的选举权。 第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 宪法修正案第二十五条[1967年批准生效] 第一款 如果总统免职、死亡或辞职，副总统应成为总统。 第二款 副总统职位出现空缺时，总统应提名一位副总统，经由国会两院多数票批准后就职。 第三款 如总统向参议院临时议长及众议院议长递交书面声明，宣称他无能力履行其权力与职责，则其权力与职责应由副总统作为代理总统履行，直至他递交相反的书面声明为止。 第四款 如副总统以及各行政部门或国会依法设立的此种其他机构的多数主要官员，向参议院临时议长及众议院议长递交关于总统无能力履行其权力与职责的书面声明，则由副总统应作为代理总统立即承担以上权力与职责。 此后，当总统向参议院临时议长及众议院议长递交他丧失能力情况并不存在的书面声明时，除非副总统以及各行政部门或国会依法设立的此种其他机构的多数主要官员在4日内向参议院临时议长及众议院议长递交总统无能力履行其权力与职责的书面声明，总统应恢复其权力与职责。国会应对此作出裁决。如在休会期间，应在48小时之内为此目的召集会议。如果国会收到后一书面声明21天之内，或处在休会期间被要求召集以后的21天之内，以两院的2/3票数决定总统不能履行其权力与职责，副总统应继续作为代理总统履行上述权力与职责；否则，总统应恢复其权力与职责。 宪法修正案第二十六条[1971年批准生效] 第一款 合众国或任何一州不得因年龄而否认或剥夺已满18岁或18岁以上合众国公民的选举权。 第二款 国会有权以适当立法实施本条规定。 宪法修正案第二十七条[1992年批准生效] 改变参议院和众议院议员职位薪水的法律，必须在下届代表选举后生效。 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA March 4, 1789 Preamble We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative；and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers；and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years；and each Senator shall have one vote.Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year；and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof；but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business；but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy；and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same；and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time；and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives；but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States；if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States；and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States；but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States； To borrow money on the credit of the United States； To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes； To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States； To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures； To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States； To establish post offices and post roads； To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries； To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court； To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations； To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water； To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years； To provide and maintain a navy； To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces； To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions； To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress； To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings； To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law；and a regular statement and account of receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation；grant letters of marque and reprisal；coin money；emit bills of credit；make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts；pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it s inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States；and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. Article II Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows: Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each；which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed；and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President；and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote；A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes；which day shall be the same throughout the United States. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President；neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and been fourteen Years a resident within the United States. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States；he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur；and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient；he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper；he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers；he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III Section 1. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority；--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls；--to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction；--to controversies to which the United States shall be a party；--to controversies between two or more states；--between a state and citizens of another state；--between citizens of different states；--between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury；and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed；but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union；but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state；nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States；and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion；and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. Article V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress；provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article；and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof；and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land；and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution；but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth.In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, G. Washington-Presidt. and deputy from Virginia New Hampshire: John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts: Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King Connecticut: Wm: Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman New York: Alexander Hamilton New Jersey: Wil: Livingston, David Brearly, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania: B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris Delaware: Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford jun, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom Maryland: James McHenry, Dan of St Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll Virginia: John Blair, James Madison Jr. North Carolina: Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson South Carolina: J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler Georgia: William Few, Abr Baldwin 《独立宣言》 在人类历史事件的进程中，当一个民族必须解除其与另一个民族之间迄今所存在着的政治联系、而在世界列国之中取得那“自然法则”和“自然神明”所规定给他们的独立与平等的地位时，就有一种真诚的尊重人类公意的心理，要求他们一定要把那些迫使他们不得已而独立的原因宣布出来。 我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，他们都从他们的“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，所以才在人们中间成立政府。而政府的正当权力，是经被统治者的同意而产生的。如果遇有任何一种形式的政府变成损害这些目的的，那末，人民就有权利来改变它或废除它，以建立新的政府。这新的政府，必须是建立在这样的原则的基础之上，并且是按照这样的方式来组织它的权力机关，庶几就人民看来那是最能够促进他们的安全和幸福的。诚然，谨慎的心理会主宰着人们的意识，认为不应该为了轻微的、暂时的原因而把设立已久的政府予以变更；而过去一切的经验也正是表明，只要当那些罪恶尚可容忍时，人类总是宁愿默然忍受，而不愿废除他们所习惯了的那种政治形式以恢复他们自己的权利。然而，当一个政府恶贯满盈、倒行逆施、一贯地奉行着那一个目标，显然是企图把人民抑压在绝对**主义的淫威之下时，人民就有这种权利，人民就有这种义务，来TF那样的政府，而为他们未来的安全设立新的保障。——我们这些殖民地的人民过去一向是默然忍辱吞声，而现在却被迫地必须起来改变原先的政治体制，其原因即在于此。现今大不列颠国王的历史，就是一部怙恶不悛、倒行逆施的历史，他那一切的措施都只有一个直接的目的，即在我们各州建立一种绝对**的统治。为了证明这一点，让我们把具体的事实胪陈于公正的世界人士之前： 他一向拒绝批准那些对于公共福利最有用和最必要的法律。 他一向禁止他的总督们批准那些紧急而迫切需要的法令，除非是那些法令在未得其本人的同意以前，暂缓发生效力；而在这样展缓生效的期间，他又完全把那些法令置之不理。 他一向拒绝批准其他的把广大地区供人民移居垦殖的法令，除非那些人民愿意放弃其在立法机关中的代表权。此项代表权对人民说来实具有无可估量的意义，而只有对暴君说来才是可怕的。 他一向是把各州的立法团体召集到那些特别的、不方便的、远离其公文档案库的地方去开会。其唯一的目的就在使那些立法团体疲于奔命，以服从他的指使。 他屡次解散各州的议会，因为这些议会曾以刚强不屈的坚毅的精神，反抗他那对于人民权利的侵犯。 他在解散各州的议会以后，又长时期地不让人民另行选举；这样，那不可抹杀的“立法权”便又重新回到广大人民的手中，归人民自己来施行了；而这时各州仍然险象环生，外有侵略的威胁，内有动乱的危机。 他一向抑制各州人口的增加；为此目的，他阻止批准“外籍人归化法案”；他又拒绝批准其他的鼓励人民移殖的法令，并且更提高了新的“土地分配法令”中的限制条例。 他绝批准那些设置司法权力机关的法案，借此来阻止司法工作的执行。 他一向要使法官的任期年限及其薪金的数额，完全由他个人的意志来决定。 他滥设了许多新的官职，派了大批的官吏到这边来箝制我们人民，并且盘食我们的民脂民膏。 在和平的时期，他不得到我们立法机关的同意，就把常备军驻屯在我们各州。 他一向是使军队不受民政机关的节制，而且凌驾于民政机关之上。 他一向与其他的人狼狈为奸，要我们屈伏在那种与我们的宪法格格不入，并且没有被我们的法律所承认的管辖权之下；他批准他们那些假冒的法案来达到以下目的：把大批的武装部队驻扎在我们各州； 用一种欺骗性的审判来包庇那些武装部队，使那些对各州居民犯了任何谋杀罪的人得以逍遥法外； 割断我们与世界各地的贸易； 不得到我们的允许就向我们强迫征税； 在许多案件中剥夺我们在司法上享有“陪审权”的利益； 手打小说网，提供最新手_打_版小说阅读 以“莫须有”的罪名，把我们逮解到海外的地方去受审； 在邻近的地区废除那保障自由的英吉利法律体系，在那边建立一个横暴的政府，并且扩大它的疆界，要使它迅即成为一个范例和适当的工具，以便把那同样的**的统治引用到这些殖民地来； 剥夺我们的“宪章”，废弃我们那些最宝贵的法令，并且从根本上改变我们政府的形式； 停闭我们自己的立法机关，反而说他们自己有权得在任何一切场合之下为我们制定法律。 手打网，提供最新文字版小说阅读 他宣布我们不在其保护范围之内并且对我们作战，这样，他就已经放弃了在这里的政权了。 他一向掠夺我们的海上船舶，骚扰我们的沿海地区，焚毁我们的市镇，并且残害我们人民的生命。 他此刻正在调遣着大量的外籍雇佣军，要来把我们斩尽杀绝，使我们庐舍为墟，并肆行**的荼毒。他已经造成了残民以逞的和蔑信弃义的气氛，那在人类历史上最野蛮的时期都是罕有其匹的。他完全不配做一个文明国家的元首。 他一向强迫我们那些在海上被俘虏的同胞公民们从军以反抗其本国，充当屠杀其兄弟朋友的刽子手，或者他们自己被其兄弟朋友亲手所杀死。 他一向煽动我们内部的叛乱，并且一向竭力勾结我们边疆上的居民、那些残忍的印第安蛮族来侵犯。印第安人所著称的作战方式，就是不论男女、老幼和情况，一概毁灭无遗。 在他施行这些高压政策的每一个阶段，我们都曾经用最谦卑的词句吁请改革；然而，我们屡次的吁请，结果所得到的答复却只是屡次的侮辱。一个如此罪恶昭彰的君主，其一切的行为都可以确认为暴君，实不堪做一个自由民族的统治者。 我们对于我们的那些英国兄弟们也不是没有注意的。我们曾经时时警告他们不要企图用他们的立法程序，把一种不合法的管辖权横加到我们身上来。我们曾经提醒他们注意到我们在此地移殖和居住的实际情况。我们曾经向他们天生的正义感和侠义精神呼吁，而且我们也曾经用我们那同文同种的亲谊向他们恳切陈词，要求取消那些例行逆施的暴政，认为那些暴政势必特使我们之间的联系和友谊归于破裂。然而，他们也同样地把这正义的、血肉之亲的呼吁置若罔闻。因此，我们不得不承认与他们有分离之必要，而我们对待他们也就如同对待其他的人类一样，在战时是仇敌，在平时则为朋友。 因此，我们这些集合在大会中的美利坚合众国的代表们，吁请世界人士的最高裁判，来判断我们这些意图的正义性。我们以这些殖民地的善良人民的名义和权力，谨庄严地宣布并昭告：这些联合殖民地从此成为、而且名正言顺地应当成为自由独立的合众国；它们解除对于英王的一切隶属关系，而它们与大不列颠王国之间的一切政治联系亦应从此完全废止。作为自由独立的合众国，它们享有全权去宣战、媾和、缔结同盟、建立商务关系、或采取一切其他凡为独立国家所理应采取的行动和事宜。为了拥护此项“宣言”，怀着深信神明福佑的信心，我们谨以我们的生命、财产和神圣的荣誉互相共同保证，永誓无贰。 IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. --That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. --Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refuted his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefit of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred. to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States, that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. --And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. --John Hancock New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton Massachusetts: John Hancock, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott New York: William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton 权利法案（1689） 国会两院经依法集会于西敏寺宫，为确保英国人民传统之权利与自由而制定本法律。 1.凡未经国会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力。 2.近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力，为非法权力。 3.设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害 4.凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收，或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式者，皆为非法。 5.向国王请愿，乃臣民之权利，一切对此项请愿之判罪或控告，皆为非法。 6.除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军，皆属违法。 7.凡臣民系新教徒者，为防卫起见，得酌量情形，并在法律许可范围内，置备武器。 8.国会议员之选举应是自由的。 9.国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或讯问。 10.不应要求过多的保释金，亦不应强课过分之罚款，更不应滥施残酷非常之刑罚。 11.陪审官应予正式记名列表并陈报之，凡审理叛国犯案件之陪审官应为自由世袭地领有人。 12.定罪前，特定人的一切让与及对罚金与没收财产所做的一切承诺，皆属非法而无效。 13.为申雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律起见，国会应时常集会。 彼等（即灵俗两界贵族与众议员等）并主张、要求与坚持上述各条为彼等无可置疑之权利与自由；凡上开各条中有损人民之任何宣告、判决、行为或诉讼程序，今后断不应据之以为结论或先例。 BILL OF RIGHTS 1689 An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster，lawfully，fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm，did upon the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-eight [old style date] present unto their Majesties，then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary，prince and princess of Orange，being present in their proper persons，a certain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following，viz.：Whereas the late King James the Second，by the assistance of divers evil counsellors，judges and ministers employed by him，did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom； By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament； By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power； By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes； By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament； By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament，and quartering soldiers contrary to law； By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law； By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament； By prosecutions in the Court of Kings Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament，and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses； And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials，and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders； And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects； And excessive fines have been imposed； And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted； And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied； All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm； And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant，his Highness the prince of Orange （whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power）did （by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons）cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants，and other letters to the several counties，cities，universities，boroughs and cinque ports，for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament，to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight [old style date]，in order to such an establishment as that their religion，laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted，upon which letters elections having been accordingly made； And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons，pursuant to their respective letters and elections，being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation，taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid，do in the first place （as their ancestors in like case have usually done）for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare： That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal； That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority，as it hath been assumed and exercised of late，is illegal； That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes，and all other commissions and courts of like nature，are illegal and pernicious； That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative，without grant of Parliament，for longer time，or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted，is illegal； That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king，and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal； That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace，unless it be with consent of Parliament，is against law； That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law； That election of members of Parliament ought to be free； That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament； That excessive bail ought not to be required，nor excessive fines imposed，nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted； That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned，and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders； That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void； And that for redress of all grievances，and for the amending，strengthening and preserving of the laws，Parliaments ought to be held frequently. And they do claim，demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties，and that no declarations，judgments，doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example；to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him，and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted，and from all other attempts upon their religion，rights and liberties，the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary，prince and princess of Orange，be and be declared king and queen of England，France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging，to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them，the said prince and princess，during their lives and the life of the survivor to them，and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives，and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the same kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess，and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body，and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly. And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths have allegiance and supremacy might be required by law，instead of them；and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated. I，A.B.，do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God. I， A.B.，do swear that I do from my heart abhor，detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position，that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign prince，person，prelate，state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction，power，superiority，pre-eminence or authority，ecclesiastical or spiritual，within this realm. So help me God. Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England，France and Ireland，and the dominions thereunto belonging，according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration. And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons，being the two Houses of Parliament，should continue to sit，and with their Majesties royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion，laws and liberties of this kingdom，so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted，to which the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree，and proceed to act accordingly. Now in pursuance of the premises the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled，for the ratifying，confirming and establishing the said declaration and the articles，clauses，matters and things therein contained by the force of law made in due form by authority of Parliament，do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true，ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom，and so shall be esteemed，allowed，adjudged，deemed and taken to be；and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said declaration，and all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their Majesties and their successors according to the same in all time to come. And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons，seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvellous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said Majesties royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors，for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises，do truly，firmly，assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think，and do hereby recognize，acknowledge and declare，that King James the Second having abdicated the government，and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid，their said Majesties did become，were，are and of right ought to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady，king and queen of England，France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging，in and to whose princely persons the royal state，crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours，styles，titles，regalities，prerogatives，powers，jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully，rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated，united and annexed. And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown，and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof，in and upon which the unity，peace，tranquility and safety of this nation doth under God wholly consist and depend，the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted，established and declared，that the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions，with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining，shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them，and that the entire，perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their joint lives；and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty，and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of the body of his said Majesty；and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves，their heirs and posterities for ever，and do faithfully promise that they will stand to，maintain and defend their said Majesties，and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained，to the utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt anything to the contrary. And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince，or by any king or queen marrying a papist，the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted，that all and every person and persons that is，are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome，or shall profess the popish religion，or shall marry a papist，shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit，possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same，or to have，use or exercise any regal power，authority or jurisdiction within the same；and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance；and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled，holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead；and that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament next after his or her coming to the crown，sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled，or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the time of his or her taking the said oath （which shall first happen），make，subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entitled，_An Act for the more effectual preserving the kings person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of Parliament._ But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years，then every such king or queen shall make，subscribe and audibly repeat the same declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years. All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared，enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament，and shall stand，remain and be the law of this realm for ever；and the same are by their said Majesties，by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same，declared，enacted and established accordingly. II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid，that from and after this present session of Parliament no dispensation by _non obstante_ of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed，but that the same shall be held void and of no effect，except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute，and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament. III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this Act，but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act had never been made. 法国《人权宣言》全文(中英对照) （全名为《人权和公民权宣言》，法国大革命中的重要文献。1789年7月9日，根据穆尼埃的建议，制宪会议着手起草《人权宣言》。8月26日通过。宣言以美国的《独立宣言》为范本，明显受到了启蒙思想的影响。） 国民议会在主宰面前并在他的庇护之下确认并宣布下述的人与公民的权利： 第一条在权利方面，人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的。只有在公共利用上面才显出社会上的差别。 第二条任何政治结合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可动摇的权利。这些权利就是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫。 第三条整个主权的本原主要是寄托于国民。任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力。 第四条自由就是指有权从事一切无害于他人的行为。因此，各人的自然权利的行使，只以保证社会上其他成员能享有同样权利为限制。此等限制仅得由法律规定之。 第五条法律仅有权禁止有害于社会的行为。凡未经法律禁止的行为即不得受到妨碍，而且任何人都不得被迫从事法律所未规定的行为。 第六条法律是公共意志的表现。全国公民都有权亲身或经由其代表参与法律的制定。法律对于所有的人，无论是施行保护或处罚都是一样的。在法律面前，所有的公民都是平等的，故他们都能平等地按其能力担任一切官职，公共职位和职务，除德行和才能上的差别外 不得有其他差别。 第七条除非在法律所规定的情况下并按照法律所指示的手续，不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。凡动议、发布、执行或令人执行专断命令者应受处罚；但根据法律而被传唤或被扣押的公民应当立即服从；抗拒则构成犯罪。 第八条法律只应规定确实需要和显然不可少的刑罚，而且除非根据在犯法前已经制定和公布的且系依法施行的法律以外，不得处罚任何人。 第九条任何人在其未被宣告为犯罪以前应被定无罪，即使认为必须予以逮捕，但为扣留其人身所不需要的各种残酷行为都应受到法律的严厉制裁。 第十条意见的发表只要不扰乱法律所规定的公共秩序，任何人都不得因其意见、甚至信教的意见而遭受干涉。 第十一条自由传达思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一；因此，各个公民都有言论、著述和出版的自由，但在法律所规定的情况下，应对滥用这项自由负担责任。 第十二条人权的保障需要有武装的力量；因此，这种力量是为了全体人利益而不是为了此种力量的受任人的个人利益而设立的。 第十三条为了武装力量的维持和行政管理的支出，公共赋税就成为必不可少的；赋税应在全体公民之间按其能力作平等的分摊。 第十四条所有公民都有权亲身或由其代表来确定赋税的必要性，自由地加以认可，注意其用途，决定税额、税率、客体、征收方式和时期。 第十五条社会有权要求机关公务人员报告其工作。 第十六条凡权利无保障和分权未确立的社会，就没有宪法。 第十七条财产是神圣不可侵犯的权利，除非当合法认定的公共需要所显然必需时，且在公平而预先赔偿的条件下，任何人的财产不得受到剥夺。 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen（1789） The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen: Articles: 1、Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2、The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 3、The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation. 4、Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. 5、Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. 6、Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 7、No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense. 8、The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense. 9、As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law. 10、No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. 11、The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law. 12、The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted. 13、A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means. 14、All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes. 15、Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration. 16、A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all. 17、Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified. 《世界人权宣言》 1948年12月10日，联合国大会通过并颁布《世界人权宣言》。这一具有历史意义的《宣言》颁布后，大会要求所有会员国广为宣传，并且“不分国家或领土的政治地位，主要在各级学校和其他教育机构加以传播、展示、阅读和阐述。”《宣言》全文如下：序言 鉴于对人类家庭所有成员的固有尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础, 鉴于对人权的无视和侮蔑已发展为野蛮暴行，这些暴行玷污了人类的良心，而一个人人享有言论和信仰自由并免予恐惧和匮乏的世界的来临，已被宣布为普通人民的最高愿望, 鉴于为使人类不致迫不得已铤而走险对暴政和压迫进行反叛，有必要使人权受法治 的保护, 鉴于有必要促进各国间友好关系的发展, 鉴于各联合国国家的人民已在联合国宪章中重申他们对基本人权、人格尊严和价值以及男女平等权利的信念，并决心促成较大自由中的社会进步和生活水平的改善, 鉴于各会员国业已誓愿同联合国合作以促进对人权和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵行, 鉴于对这些权利和自由的普遍了解对于这个誓愿的充分实现具有很大的重要性, 因此现在, 大会, 发布这一世界人权宣言，作为所有人民和所有国家努力实现的共同标准，以期每一个人和社会机构经常铭念本宣言，努力通过教诲和教育促进对权利和自由的尊重，并通过国家的和国际的渐进措施，使这些权利和自由在各会员国本身人民及在其管辖下领土的人民中得到普遍和有效的承认和遵行; 第一条 人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心，并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。 第二条 人人有资格享有本宣言所载的一切权利和自由，不分种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等任何区别。 并且不得因一人所属的国家或领土的政治的、行政的或者国际的地位之不同而有所区别，无论该领土是独立领土、托管领土、非自治领土或者处于其他任何主权受限制的情况之下。 第三条 人人有权享有生命、自由和人身安全。 第四条 任何人不得使为奴隶或奴役；一切形式的奴隶制度和奴隶买卖，均应予以禁止。 第五条 任何人不得加以酷刑，或施以残忍的、不人道的或侮辱性的待遇或刑罚。 第六条 人人在任何地方有权被承认在法律前的人格。 第七条 法律之前人人平等，并有权享受法律的平等保护，不受任何歧视。人人有权享受平等保护，以免受违反本宣言的任何歧视行为以及煽动这种歧视的任何行为之害。 第八条 任何人当宪法或法律所赋予他的基本权利遭受侵害时，有权由合格的国家法庭对这种侵害行为作有效的补救。 第九条 任何人不得加以任意逮捕、拘禁或放逐。 第十条 人人完全平等地有权由一个独立而无偏倚的法庭进行公正的和公开的审讯，以确定他的权利和义务并判定对他提出的任何刑事指控。 第十一条 一凡受刑事控告者，在未经获得辩护上所需的一切保证的公开审判而依法证实有罪以前，有权被视为无罪。 二任何人的任何行为或不行为，在其发生时依国家法或国际法均不构成刑事罪者，不得被判为犯有刑事罪。刑罚不得重于犯罪时适用的法律规定。 第十二条 任何人的私生活、家庭、住宅和通信不得任意干涉，他的荣誉和名誉不得加以攻击。人人有权享受法律保护，以免受这种干涉或攻击。 第十三条 一人人在各国境内有权自由迁徙和居住。 二人人有权离开任何国家，包括其本国在内，并有权返回他的国家。 第十四条 一人人有权在其他国家寻求和享受庇护以避免迫害。 二在真正由于非政治性的罪行或违背联合国的宗旨和原则的行为而被起诉的情况下，不得援用此种权利。 第十五条 一人人有权享有国籍。 二任何人的国籍不得任意剥夺，亦不得否认其改变国籍的权利。 第十六条 一成年男女，不受种族、国籍或宗教的任何限制有权婚嫁和成立家庭。他们在婚姻方面，在结婚期间和在解除婚约时，应有平等的权利。 二只有经男女双方的自由和完全的同意，才能缔婚。 三家庭是天然的和基本的社会单元，并应受社会和国家的保护。 第十七条 一人人得有单独的财产所有权以及同他人合有的所有权。 二任何人的财产不得任意剥夺。 第十八条 人人有思想、良心和宗教自由的权利；此项权利包括改变他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及单独或集体、公开或秘密地以教义、实践、礼拜和戒律表示他的宗教或信仰的自由。 第十九条 人人有权享有主张和发表意见的自由；此项权利包括持有主张而不受干涉的自由，和通过任何媒介和不论国界寻求、接受和传递消息和思想的自由。 第二十条 一人人有权享有和平集会和结社的自由。 二任何人不得迫使隶属于某一团体。 第二十一条 一人人有直接或通过自由选择的代表参与治理本国的权利。 二人人有平等机会参加本国公务的权利。 三人民的意志是政府权力的基础；这一意志应以定期的和真正的选举予以表现，而选举应依据普遍和平等的投票权，并以不记名投票或相当的自由投票程序进行。 第二十二条 每个人，作为社会的一员，有权享受社会保障，并有权享受他的个人尊严和人格的自由发展所必需的经济、社会和文化方面各种权利的实现，这种实现是通过国家努力和国际合作并依照各国的组织和资源情况。 第二十三条 一人人有权工作、自由选择职业、享受公正和合适的工作条件并享受免于失业的保障。 二人人有同工同酬的权利，不受任何歧视。 三每一个工作的人，有权享受公正和合适的报酬，保证使他本人和家属有一个符合人的生活条件，必要时并辅以其他方式的社会保障。 四人人有为维护其利益而组织和参加工会的权利。 第二十四条 人人有享有休息和闲暇的权利，包括工作时间有合理限制和定期给薪休假的权利。 第二十五条 一人人有权享受为维持他本人和家属的健康和福利所需的生活水准，包括食物、衣着、住房、医疗和必要的社会服务；在遭到失业、疾病、残废、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情况下丧失谋生能力时，有权享受保障。 二母亲和儿童有权享受特别照顾和协助。一切儿童，无论婚生或非婚生，都应享受同样的社会保护。 第二十六条 一人人都有受教育的权利，教育应当免费，至少在初级和基本阶段应如此。初级教育应属义务性质。技术和职业教育应普遍设立。高等教育应根据成绩而对一切人平等开放。 二教育的目的在于充分发展人的个性并加强对人权和基本自由的尊重。教育应促进各国、各种族或各宗教集团间的了解、容忍和友谊，并应促进联合国维护和平的各项活动。 三父母对其子女所应受的教育的种类，有优先选择的权利。 第二十七条 一人人有权自由参加社会的文化生活，享受艺术，并分享科学进步及其产生的福利。 二人人对由于他所创作的任何科学、文学或美术作品而产生的精神的和物质的利益，有享受保护的权利。 第二十八条 人人有权要求一种社会的和国际的秩序，在这种秩序中，本宣言所载的权利和自由能获得充分实现。 第二十九条 一人人对社会负有义务，因为只有在社会中他的个性才可能得到自由和充分的发展。 二人人在行使他的权利和自由时，只受法律所确定的限制，确定此种限制的唯一目的在于保证对旁人的权利和自由给予应有的承认和尊重，并在一个民主的社会中适应道德、公共秩序和普遍福利的正当需要。 三这些权利和自由的行使，无论在任何情形下均不得违背联合国的宗旨和原则。 第三十条 本宣言的任何条文，不得解释为默许任何国家、集团或个人有权进行任何旨在破坏本宣言所载的任何权利和自由的活动或行为。 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Preamble Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, therefore, The General Assembly, Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. Article I All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 8 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 9 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. Article 10 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. Article 11 Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed. Article 12 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 13 Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Article 14 Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 15 Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. Article 16 Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. Article 17 Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Article 18 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 20 Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Article 21 Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. Article 22 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Article 23 Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Article 24 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. Article 26 Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. Article 27 Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Article 28 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Article 29 Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Article 30 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.