语言学树形图课后答案

语言学树形图课后答案 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 树形图详细讲解 网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两 点: 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 1 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 2 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 3 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N What will you e talk about e d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det N The apple might hit the man www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 4 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 e) He often reads detective stories. S NP VP N Qual V NP A N He often reads detective stories OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Pres N Qual V NP A N He often reads detective stories 4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures. a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A N Pst V NP Det A N A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 5 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 b) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A N Pst V PP P NP Det A N A huge moon hung in the black sky c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A N Pst V PP P NP Det N An unusual event occurred before the meeting d) An old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det A NP Pst V PP A N P NP Det A N An old house appeared on the grassy hill 5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 6 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants OR InflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON N Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 7 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics OR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P N Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 8 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. S S CON S NP VP NP VP Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv The detective went out and the mysterious man came in e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt. S NP VP CP N V C S S CON S NP VP NP VP N Aux V Det N Aux V Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt 6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. a) You know that I hate war. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate war www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 9 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 OR CP C InflP(=S) NP Infl VP CP N Pres V C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate war b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP Det N VL A He said that Tom asked whether the class was over www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 10 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S NP VP N VP NP CP Aux Neg V NP C S Det N NP VP N V NP Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English exam www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 11 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. S NP VP CP N VL A C S NP VP Det N V NP NP N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S NP VP CP Det N VP C S V P NP VP N V NP N The children argued over whether bats had wings 7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences. www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 12 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP N V NP N The essay he wrote that was too long Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP N N Pst V NP N The essay that he wrote e was too long www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 13 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 b) The dog that he keeps bites. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C Infl S Pres NP VP N V NP N The dog he keeps that bites Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C S NP NP Infl VP N N Pres V NP N The dog that he keeps e bites www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 14 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 c) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N C S NP Infl VP NP N V N Herbert found the man she loved who Surface Structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N S C NP Infl VP NP NP N V N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved e www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 15 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C Infl S N NP VP PP N Qual VP NP V P N The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C S N NP NP Infl VP PP N N Qual VP NP V P N The girl whom he often quarrels with e majors in linguistics www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 16 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. a) Would you come tomorrow? Deep structure CP C S VP NP AdvP N Infl V Adv you would come tomorrow Surface structure CP C S VP NP AdvP Infl N Infl V Adv would you e come tomorrow www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 17 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 b) Can you pass me the newspaper? Deep structure CP C S VP NP NP NP N Infl V N Det N you can pass me the newspaper Surface structure CP C S VP Infl NP NP NP N Infl V N Det N Can you e pass me the newspaper www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 18 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 c) Should the students report the incident? Deep structure CP C S VP NP NP Det N Infl V Det N the students should report the incident Surface structure CP C S VP Infl NP NP Det N Infl V Det N should the students e report the incident www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 19 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 d) What did you eat for lunch? Deep structure CP C S VP NP PP NP NP N Infl V P N N you did eat what for lunch Surface structure CP NP C S VP Infl NP PP NP NP N N Infl V P N N what did you e eat e for lunch www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 20 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 e) Who should this be reported to ? Deep structure CP C S VP NP PP VP NP N Infl V V P N this should be reported to whom Surface structure CP NP C S VP N Infl NP PP VP NP N Infl V V P N whom should this e be reported to e www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 21 Bbs.freekaoyan.Com 发布 f) What was Helen bringing to the party? Deep structure CP C S VP NP PP NP NP N Infl V P N Det N Helen was bringing what to the party Surface structure CP NP C S VP N Infl NP PP NP NP N Infl V P N Det N what was Helen e bringing e to the party www.enmajor.com / www.tem4.com 22