Listen to heart sounds, blood pressure, electrocardiogram

Listen to heart sounds, blood pressure, electrocardiogram Listen to heart sounds, blood pressure, electrocardiogram The test tube is marked "for red" and "for qing". "Red" and "be cleared", respectively, with red blood cells and serum from the legal system. Take a pair of concave slides and write "red in the red" in the upper left corner. Dropper respectively from "red" and "qing" 1 drop in on the left side of the concave, then respectively dropper from "qing" and "red" 1 drop on the right side of the concave inside, use a toothpick at both ends, respectively. 4.10-30 minutes after observing the results, such as the absence of agglutination on both sides, the blood type should be matched and the blood transfusion was possible. Matters needing attention The dropper should not be used for operation. When the naked eye is not visible to the naked eye, it should be observed under the microscope. The red blood cell suspensions should not be too strong and too weak, or there may be false negative reactions. 4. Must pay attention to distinguish between red blood cell stack even phenomenon and agglutinate phenomenon, and the former by blending or shaking, string of red blood cells can be separated, and the latter will never change. The blood supply must be operated strictly according to the clinical laboratory assay, such as the laboratory is not equipped to do the cross-blood test. [there is] If there are standard type A red blood cells and standard type B red blood cells, can you conduct blood type identification without standard serum? Why do blood transfusions between people with the same blood group still need to be cross-matched? Cardiophony and blood pressure measurements The heart of the experiment is the sound of the vibrations produced by the closing of the heart valve and the vibration of the heart muscle. A stethoscope can be heard in front of the thoracic wall, and can be heard in each cardiac cycle. Low tones of one mind: (audio is 25 ~ 40 times/SEC) and lasted longer (0.12 seconds), sound louder, is made up of atrioventricular valve shut and ventricular vibration generated by muscle contraction. Because of the atrioventricular valve closed and ventricular systolic began to occur almost at the same time, so the first heart sound is a sign of ventricular systolic, its loudness and qualitative change, often can reflect the strength of ventricular muscle contraction and functional status of atrioventricular valve. Disloyalty sound, tone is high (audio for 50 times per second) and lasted shorter (0.08 seconds), the sound is ringing, mainly caused by vibration generation semilunar valve closed. The second heart is a sign of ventricular diastolic, since the closing of the half-moon flap occurs almost at the same time as the ventricular diastole. Its loudness often reflects the pressure of the arteries. Clinical listening area: Mitral dictation area: the apex of the heart, the fifth intercostal interline of the medial line of the left clavicle. Tripetal listening area: the fourth rib of the right margin of the sternum, or the sternum of the sternum. Aortic listening area: the second costal margin of the right margin of the sternum. The 3rd and 4th intercostal area of the thoracic artery, the second listening area (also known as the fifth), is the loudest noise of aortic valve closing. Pulmonary lobe listening area: the second costal margin of the left margin of the sternum. Determination of arterial blood pressure is the most commonly used method in the body is the indirect pressure measuring method, it is the use of blood pressure cuff outside the arterial pressure, arterial blood pressure is measured according to the variation of vascular tone. Normally the blood flows through the blood vessels without sound, but the sound can occur when the blood vessels are pressed to narrow the blood vessels and create a blood eddy. With the cuff on the upper arm to brachial arterial pressure, when the pressure in the cuff over the artery systolic blood pressure, artery blood flow is blocked completely, this time with a stethoscope in the brachial artery can't hear any sound. Such as the pressure in the cuff lower than within the artery systolic blood pressure and higher than diastolic blood pressure, when the heart contracts, arteries blood flow through, relax, no, blood through in an intermittent compression vascular stenosis, form vortex and sound. If the pressure in the cuff is equal to or less than the diastolic blood pressure, the blood flow in the blood vessel passes continuously, and the tone of the note that occurs is lost. It is the equivalent of systolic blood pressure (that is, when the first sound occurs). There is also a small amount of blood flow through the maximum cuff pressure (i.e. the tonal mutation) in the diastolic blood flow, which is the equivalent of diastolic blood pressure. Experimental goal The method of listening to the sound of the heart sounds, and the principle of the normal heart sounds and the principle of its production, to recognize the first and second heart sounds. To understand and grasp the principle and method of blood pressure in the human body, observe the effect of exercise on arterial blood pressure. Subject man Laboratory equipment and medicine stethoscope, blood pressure gauge Laboratory steps and observation projects One, heart sounds: The subjects sat quietly and showed their chest. If the patient wears a stethoscope, the ear of the stethoscope should be in the same direction as the outer ear canal (forward). To the right hand index finger and thumb and middle finger gently hold the stethoscope chest side close to the subjects needle chest skin, and in turn (mitral valve auscultation ? to aortic valve auscultation area ?, pulmonary valve auscultation area ? - > tricuspid auscultation area) listen to heart sounds,Notice the difference between the two hearts. It is difficult to distinguish between the two heart sounds, but it can also be used to palpate the heart and carotid pulse. In the meantime, the sound of the heart is the first sound. Then, from the pitch of the heart tone and the length of the diachronic period, the two heart sounds are identified until they are accurately identified. The sound of two hearts in different parts of the body is strong. Blood pressure measurement: The participants sat for five minutes and took off their right arm. Remove the screw from the balloon and remove the air from the sleeve and tighten the screws. The cuff is wrapped in the right upper arm of the subject and the lower margin should be about 3 centimetres on the elbow joint. The subjects' palms were flat on the stage and the cuff should be at the same level as the heart. _____ at the brachial artery pulse chelidon find subjects, left hand holding the stethoscope chest side on top (note: do not press hard, but also can't contact with loose and couldn't hear the sound). The right hand holds the balloon, and it pressurized the sleeve, while listening to the sound changes, and then pressurizing 30mm of mercury after the sound is gone. Open then twisting balloons of screw, slowly deflated (don't too fast), can be heard at this time a series of changes in vascular tone, voice from scratch, from low and high, and then suddenly became low, finally disappear completely. Once again twist the balloon screw, continue to pump the pressurization, repeatedly listen to 2 ~ 3 times. Repeat the operation and note the mercury and sound changes. Slowly deflated decompression, the first time I heard the mercury in the vascular sound height represents systolic blood pressure, blood vessels in the sound suddenly change from strong to weak mercury column height that is representative of the diastolic blood pressure. After recording the measurement, put the air out of the sleeve and bring the pressure down to zero and reevaluate it again. But open the cuff and inspection of pressure gauge hose connector (note not to get off cuff), the subjects in the outdoor running jump after 2 minutes, will immediately joint connected and the determination of blood pressure, observe changes of blood pressure after exercise. ???? considerations The laboratory must be kept quiet. The ear should be in the same direction as the outer ear canal, and the rubber tube may not cross and twist. The rubber tube should not rub against it, lest the friction sound, affect the hearing. The effect of a breathing tone on the hearing can cause the subject to pause for a moment. The sleeves are wrapped around the same level of the heart and can't be compressed by the sleeve. When the pressure is repeated, the air in the sleeve should be put in place to reduce the pressure to zero. When blood pressure is found to be above normal, the subjects should be allowed to take a 10-minute break. During the rest period, the cuff can be removed. After the use of the blood pressure gauge, the gas in the sleeve should be put away. [there is] This describes the difference between the heart sounds and the different listening areas. What factors do you think can affect the measurement of blood pressure according to your operation? Body surface electrocardiogram (ecg) The experimental principle Ecg (electrocardiogram) heart in each cardiac cycle, sinus node, atrium and ventricle were excited, with the change of bioelectricity, around and through the heart of the conductive tissues and fluids to the surface. This electrodynamic electrocardiograph (ECG) is an electrocardiogram (ECG), which leads to various forms of electroencephalogram (ECG). Electrocardiogram can reflect the electrical changes in the production, conduction and recovery of the whole heart. The most widely used ecg is a regular electrocardiogram and 24-hour electrocardiogram. Normal electrocardiograms include P, QRS, and T waves, and P waves indicate the presence of the atrial depolarization, and the QRS indicates the interpolarization of the ventricles, and T waves indicate the repolarization of the ventricles. Experimental goal Understanding the principle of electrocardiogram, the measurement method, the form of each wave and interphase and its meaning Subject man Laboratory equipment and medicine electrocardiograph, conductive fluid, alcohol cotton ball Laboratory steps and observation projects ? Turn on the power when the ground is connected, in case the ac is interfering and the patient is safe. ???? The subjects took off their glasses, watches and other electronic products, such as their watches, and their mobile phones. 3-5cm above the lateral wrist of the wrist, and 3 to 5cm above the inner ankle, use the alcohol cotton ball degreasing, apply the conductive fluid and put the electrode on. Pick up the body and the chest guide and the right wrist - the red left wrist - the yellow left ankle - the green right ankle - black Thoracic guide V1: probe the electrode in the 4th costal margin of the right margin of the sternum. V2: the probe electrode is placed in the fourth rib of the left margin of the sternum. V3: the probe electrode is placed in the middle of V2 and V4. V4: the probe electrode is placed in the interlock of the clavicle and the fifth rib. V5: the probe electrode is placed between the left axillary line and the 5th rib. V6: the probe electrode is placed on the junction between the middle and 5th ribs of the left axillary. ? 5.Adjust the baseline position, gain amplitude and record speed of the electrocardiograph. 6. Check baseline and smooth, no electrical grid disturbance, in turn, record, limb lead ? ?, ?, aVR, aVL, of aVF and chest lead V1, V2, V3 and V4 and V5 and V6 of 12 lead electrocardiogram (ecg). ???? When the record is finished, turn off the power switch, mark the name on the record paper, measure the time and so on. Matters needing attention Allow the person to lie down for a few minutes before taking an electrocardiogram. Relax the muscles of your body and should be done in a warmer environment in the winter, which reduces the disturbance caused by muscle tremors. ? The check in electrocardiogram (ecg), (2) for the first time to make some explain work before operation, and states that it is not painful, no danger, to reduce and eliminate the psychological tension. The person who is under the control of the exam is usually in bed. As in iron bedstead, insulation, should be paid attention to the body does not contact with any other conductive metal, can be in bed mat rubber or plastic sheeting, also can't contact with the wall and ground, so as to avoid interference. In the end of the year. Place the electrodes on the extremities and the chest, scrub the skin clean and apply the conductive liquid to keep the skin and the electrode in good contact and electrical conductivity. Note: the standard guide consists of three guides. ? lead to two electrodes, respectively, on his right arm and left arm; ? lead on his right arm and left leg; ? lead in the left arm and left leg. The pressurized monopolar body guide puts the probe into the right arm, called the pressurized single extreme right arm (aVR). The probe is placed on the left arm, which is called the pressurized monopolar left upper limb (aVL). The probe electrode is placed on the left leg, called the unipolar pressure left leg guide (aVF). To consider What is the meaning of the ecg waveform and the parts? What are the causes of ecg? Why is the electrocardiogram recorded by different guides different from the waveform?