NFPA 221-1997 Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls

NFPA 221-1997 Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls NFPA 221-1997 Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls NFPA 221 Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls 1997 Edition National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, PO Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101 An International Codes and Standards Organization The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw4>#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing Copyright ?? National Fire Protection Association, Inc. One Batterymarch Park Quincy, Massachusetts 02269 IMPORTANT NOTICE ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides, of which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a consensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on fire and other safety issues. 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It was issued by the Standards Council on July 24, 1997, with an effective date of August 15, 1997, and supersedes all previous editions. Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule in the margin of the pages on which they appear. These lines are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes from the previous edition. This edition of NFPA 221 was approved as an American National Standard on August 15, 1997. Origin and Development of NFPA 221 The Technical Committee on Building Construction undertook a project to develop a new document to govern fire walls in 1991. At the time, no standard existed to assist code author- ities, architects, or engineers on the criteria that was necessary to properly design and con- struct a fire wall. The first edition of NFPA 221 was issued in 1994. It contained information on various types of fire walls including basic design criteria, proper protection of penetra- tions, and special design practices for exterior protection features. The 1997 edition of NFPA 221 contains several changes including the addition of specific criteria for treatment of seismic separation assemblies; additional criteria for proper protec- tion of raceway penetrations; and the addition of several suggested protection schemes for properly protecting an egress door located in a fire wall. The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 221–2 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS 199 Technical Committee on Building Construction Jack L. Kerin, Chair State of California, CA [E] Rep. Nat’l Conference of States on Building Codes & Standards, Inc. Robert M. Berhinig, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., IL [RT] Brenda L. Bronson, U.S. General Services Administration, CO [U] John P. Chleapas, Framingham Ctr, MA [SE] Richard J. Corcovilos, WV State Fire Marshal, WV [E] Rep. Fire Marshals of North America Richard J. Davis, Factory Mutual Research Corp., MA [I] Alan J. Dopart, Willis Corroon Corp., NJ [I] Bruce A. Edwards, Wausau HPR Engr, WI [I] Rep. The Alliance of American Insurers Sam W. Francis, American Forest & Paper Assn., PA [M] Daniel F. Gemeny, Rolf Jensen & Assoc. Inc., CA [SE] Richard G. Gewain, Hughes Assoc., Inc., MD [SE] Karl D. Houser, Gypsum Assn., DC [M] Harlan C. Ihlenfeldt, Kemper Nat’l Insurance Cos., IL [I] Gerald Kelliher, Westinghouse Savannah River Co., SC [U] Timothy J. Matey, Entergy Operations Inc., LA [U] Joseph J. Messersmith, Jr., Portland Cement Assn., VA [M] John D. Nicholas, Arcon Int’l, Inc., GA [SE] Brad Schiffer, Brad Schiffer/Taxis, Inc., FL [SE] Raymond S. Szczucki, CIGNA Loss Control Services, PA [I] Rep. American Insurance Services Group, Inc. Lyndon Welch, Ann Arbor, MI [SE] Robert J. Willis, American Iron & Steel Inst., AL [M] Rep. American Iron and Steel Inst. Peter J. Gore Willse, Industrial Risk Insurers, CT [I] Rep. Industrial Risk Insurers Alternates Jesse J. Beitel, Hughes Assoc., Inc., MD [SE] (Alt. to R. G. Gewain) Kenneth E. Bland, American Forest & Paper Assn., DC [M] (Alt. to S. W. Francis) Wayne Eng, Kemper Nat’l Insurance Cos., CA [I] (Alt. to H. C. Ihlenfeldt) David W. Frable, U.S. General Services Administration, IL [U] (Alt. to B. L. Bronson) Alfred J. Hogan, Reedy Creek Improvement District, FL [E] (Alt. to R. J. Corcovilos) Todd E. Schumann, Industrial Risk Insurers, IL [I] (Alt. to P. J. Gore Willse) Stephen V. Skalko, Portland Cement Assn., GA [M] (Alt. to J. J. Messersmith, Jr.) Robert E. Solomon, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of this document. NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves. Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on the design, installation, and maintenance of building construction features not covered by other NFPA committees. This Committee does not cover building code requirements, exits, protection at openings, vaults, air conditioning, blower systems, and so forth, which are handled by other committees. 7 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing CONTENTS 221–3 Contents Chapter 1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 1-1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 1-2 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 1-3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 Chapter 2 Fire Walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 2-1 Types of Fire Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 2-2 Structural Stability and Strength . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 2-3 Cantilevered/Freestanding Fire Walls . . . . . 221– 4 2-4 Tied Fire Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 4 2-5 Double Fire Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 5 2-6 Fire Walls at Elevation Differences . . . . . . . . 221– 5 2-7 Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 5 2-8 Expansion, Seismic, and Control Joints . . . . 221– 5 Chapter 3 Fire Barrier Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 5 3-1 Design Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 5 3-2 Termination Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 5 3-3 Expansion, Seismic, and Control Joints . . . . 221– 5 Chapter 4 Fire Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 4-1 Wall Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 4-2 Penetration Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 4-3 Double Wall Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 Chapter 5 Protection of Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 5-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 5-2 Double Fire Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 Chapter 6 Penetrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 6-1 Pipes, Raceways, and Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 6-2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 6-3 Piping or Ductwork for High Hazard Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 Chapter 7 Exterior Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 7-1 Parapets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 7-2 Roof Surface Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 6 7-3 Roof-mounted Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 7 7-4 Roof Penetrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 7 7-5 End Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 7 7-6 Angle Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 7 7-7 Railroad Sidings and Truck Docks . . . . . . . 221– 8 Chapter 8 Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 8 Appendix A Explanatory Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221– 8 Appendix B Referenced Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . 221–13 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221–15 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 221–4 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS NFPA 221 Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls 1997 Edition NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter des- ignating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 8 and Appendix B. Chapter 1 General 1-1 Scope. This standard specifies requirements for the design and construction of fire walls and fire barrier walls. 1-2 Purpose. 1-2.1 This standard prescribes minimum requirements for fire walls and fire barrier walls for use in providing safety to life and protection of property from fire. These requirements shall apply to walls that are required to separate buildings or subdivide a building to prevent the spread of fire. 1-2.2 Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of alternate materials or devices, provided sufficient technical data is submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to dem- onstrate that the alternate method of construction or device provides equivalent strength and fire resistance. 1-3 Definitions. Angle Walls. Exterior walls intersecting at angles of 135 degrees or less at the end of a fire wall. Approved.* Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic- tion. Authority Having Jurisdiction.* The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, an installa- tion, or a procedure. End Walls. Exterior walls intersecting at angles of more than 135 degrees at the end of a fire wall. Fire Barrier Wall. A wall, other than a fire wall, having a fire resistance rating. Fire Damper. A device, installed in an air distribution sys- tem, designed to close automatically upon detection of heat to interrupt migratory airflow and to restrict the passage of flame. Fire Resistance Rating.* The time, in minutes or hours, that materials or assemblies have withstood a fire test exposure as established in accordance with the test procedures of NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Con- struction and Materials. Fire Wall. A wall separating buildings or subdividing a building to prevent the spread of fire and having a fire resis- tance rating and structural stability. High Hazard Materials. Materials that are combustible or flammable liquids, flammable gases, and combustible dusts. Listed* Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the author- ity having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of prod- ucts or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic eval- uation of services, and whose listing states that either the equipment, material, or service meets identified standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. Non–Load-Bearing Wall. A wall supporting only its own weight and no other vertical loads such as a floor or roof. Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required. Chapter 2 Fire Walls 2-1 Types of Fire Walls. Fire walls shall meet the require- ments of Chapters 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 and shall be one of the fol- lowing: (a) Cantilevered/freestanding fire walls (b) Tied fire walls (c) Double fire walls -2 Structural Stability and Strength. 2 2-2.1 Fire walls shall be designed and constructed to remain stable after the collapse of the structure due to fire on either side of the wall. Fire walls constructed in compliance with the requirements of Section 2-3, 2-4, or 2-5 shall be deemed to pro- vide the required stability. 2-2.2* Design Loads. All fire walls and their supports shall be designed to withstand a minimum uniform load of 5 psf (0.24 kPa) from either direction applied perpendicular to the face of the wall. All fire walls shall be non–load-bearing. Structural framing within the plane of the wall shall be permitted to be load-bearing. 2-2.3* Where the fire wall or fire protective covering of a structural member is subject to impact damage from moving vehicles or the handling of merchandise or other activity, pro- tection against impact damage shall be provided for an appro- priate height but not less than 5 ft (1.5 mm) from the finished floor. 2-3* Cantilevered/Freestanding Fire Walls. Cantilevered or freestanding fire walls shall be entirely self-supported and non–load-bearing. There shall be no connections to the build- ing(s) or contents on either side other than to the flashing. Such walls shall be erected where there is a complete break in the structural framework. The wall shall be secured to the foundation to resist overturning due to design loads. 2-4* Tied Fire Walls. Tied fire walls shall be centered on a sin- gle column line or constructed between a double column line. Structural framing on either side of the wall shall line up hori- zontally and vertically and shall support the roof. The frame- work on each side of the fire wall shall be continuous or tied together through the wall. The framework on each side shall be designed so that it can resist the maximum lateral pull that can be developed due to framework collapse in a fire on the oppo- site side. Tied fire walls shall be laterally supported by the build- ing framework with flexible anchors. Where centered on a single column line, structural framing (i.e., columns and beams or trusses) at the column line shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the fire wall. Where the wall is installed between double column lines, framing along the first column line immediately on each side of the fire wall shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than the required fire resistance rating of the fire wall. 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing FIRE BARRIER WALLS 221–5 2-5* Double Fire Walls. A double fire wall consists of two back-to-back walls. There shall be no connections, other than to the flashing, between the walls. [See Figures 2-5(a), 2-5(b), -5(c).] and 2 Each fire wall shall be laterally supported by the building frame on its respective side and shall be independent of the fire wall and framing on the opposite side. Figure 2-5(a) Double fire wall—no connections. Figure 2-5(b) Double fire wall—separate horizontal and vertical flashing sections. Figure 2-5(c) Double fire wall—separate flashing sections. 2-6 Fire Walls at Elevation Differences. Where the roofs on opposite sides of a fire wall are not of the same elevation, the fire wall assembly shall be arranged in either of two ways: (a) The two buildings shall be separated by a double fire wall. (b) *A cantilevered fire wall shall be constructed from the foundation to the top of the parapet for the lower roof. The upper wall section shall be permitted to have an exterior fire resistance rating of one hour less than the required fire resis- tance rating of the lower cantilevered portion but not less than a 2-hr rating. The upper wall shall be connected to the framework of the higher building and shall be structurally independent of the cantilevered wall. 2-7* Clearance. 2-7.1 Clearance to allow for expansion of unprotected struc- tural framework shall be provided. This space shall be pro- vided between cantilevered walls and structural framework on each side and between double walls. 2-7.2 In areas of moderate and high seismic risk, sufficient separation shall be provided between cantilevered walls and adjacent framing on each side and between double walls to allow independent movements of the elements without con- tact. 2-8* Expansion, Seismic, and Control Joints. Joints shall be provided to prevent cracking due to drying, shrinkage, or nor- mal building temperature change. The integrity of the fire resistance rating of the wall shall be maintained by the protec- tion of these joints. Protection for expansion and seismic joints shall be installed in accordance with tested design spec- ifications. Chapter 3 Fire Barrier Walls 3-1 Design Requirements. A fire barrier wall shall meet the requirements of Chapter 3, Chapter 4, 5-1.1, and 6-2.1. 3-2 Termination Points. A fire barrier wall shall extend from the foundation or floor below to the underside of the roof or floor deck above. Any voids or gaps created by the meeting of the wall and floor below and the underside of the roof or floor deck above shall be filled with an approved material with a fire resistance rating at least equal to that of the fire wall. Exception: * The fire barrier wall shall be permitted to terminate at the underside of an individually protected structural member in the same plane. The structural member shall have a fire resistance rating of not less than that required for the fire barrier wall and shall prevent the passage of flame and hot gases. 3-2.1 Design Loads. All fire barrier walls and their supports shall be designed to withstand a minimum uniform load of 5 psf (0.24 kPa) from either direction applied perpendicular to the face of the wall. 3-3* Expansion, Seismic, and Control Joints. Joints shall be provided to prevent cracking due to drying, shrinkage, or nor- mal building temperature change. The integrity of the fire resistance rating of the wall shall be maintained by the protec- tion of these joints. Protection for expansion and seismic joints shall be installed in accordance with tested design spec- ifications. Minimum clear space (See Table A-2-7.) Fire wall Structural framework Double fire wall Structural framework Walls are tied to columns Fastener Separate horizontal and vertical flashing sections Hook strip Fastener Separate flashing sections Hook strip 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 221–6 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS Chapter 4 Fire Resistance 4-1* Wall Materials. The fire resistance rating of the wall assembly shall be as required by the applicable code or stan- dard. Assemblies shall be tested and rated in accordance with NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials. Exception: Assemblies calculated to have equivalent fire resistance shall be permitted, provided that the calculations are based on the con- ditions of acceptance and the fire exposure specified in NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construc- tion and Materials. 4-2 Penetration Seals. All through-penetration protection systems shall be tested and rated in accordance with ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops. The positive pressure difference between the exposed and unexposed surfaces of the test assembly shall not be less than 0.01 in. (2.5 Pa) water gauge. A through-penetra- tion protection system shall have an F rating (as defined by ASTM E814) not less than the required fire resistance rating of the fire wall or fire barrier wall. Exception: Concrete, mortar, or grout shall be permitted with maxi- mum 6-in. (153-mm) nominal diameter steel or copper pipe or steel conduit. Concrete, mortar, or grout shall be the thickness required to maintain the required fire resistance rating of the wall being penetrat- ed. The maximum opening size shall be 144 in.2 (0.094 m2). 4-3 Double Wall Assemblies. Double wall assemblies shall be considered to have a combined assembly fire rating as speci- fied in Table 4-3. Chapter 5 Protection of Openings 5-1 General. 5-1.1 All openings in fire walls and fire barrier walls shall be protected in accordance with NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows. The aggregate width of openings in each floor level shall not exceed 25 percent of the wall length. 5-1.2* Fire walls having a required fire resistance rating of 4 hours shall have each opening protected with two fire door assemblies, each having a minimum 3-hr fire resistance rating. 5-2* Double Fire Walls. Openings in double fire walls shall be protected using one fire door in each separate wall or two fire doors in a freestanding, fire-resistive vestibule. Chapter 6 Penetrations 6-1* Pipes, Raceways, and Cables. Pipes, raceways, and cable trays (regardless of size) penetrating fire walls having a required 3-hr or greater fire resistance rating shall be posi- tioned to pass through the wall no more than 3 ft (1.0 m) above the finished floor level. A steel sleeve of adequate size to allow an approximate 1-in. (25-mm) clearance between the sleeve and the pipe or raceway shall be provided for each pipe or raceway. The space between the sleeve and penetrating item (annular space) shall be filled as required in Section 4-2. Joint reinforcement shall be provided in the horizontal mor- tar joints immediately above and below sleeves in concrete masonry walls, and all hollow spaces of concrete masonry walls immediately adjacent to the sleeve shall be filled with con- crete, mortar, or grout. The center-to-center spacing between adjacent pipes or raceways shall be not less than three times the larger pipe or raceway outside diameter. Horizontal clear space between adjacent openings for cable trays shall not be less than three times the width of the opening. Vertical clear space between adjacent openings for cable trays shall not be less than three times the height of the opening. Exception: The limitation on the height of penetrations above the floor and other requirements of Section 6-1 shall not apply where the structural framework of the building has a fire resistance rating equal to or greater than the required fire resistance rating of the fire wall; only compliance with Section 4-2 shall be required. 6-2 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems. 6-2.1 Fire dampers shall be installed and maintained in accor- dance with NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Condi- tioning and Ventilating Systems. 6-2.2 Fire walls having a required fire resistance rating of 4 hours shall be protected with two minimum 3-hr–rated fire damper assemblies. 6-2.2.1 One fire damper shall be provided in each wall assem- bly with a fire rating suitable for the respective wall of a double fire wall, and a slip joint connecting the sleeves between the walls shall be provided. The minimum fire resistance rating of each damper shall be 1 1/2 hours. 6-3* Piping or Ductwork for High Hazard Materials. 6-3.1 Piping or ductwork that is used to convey high hazard materials shall not penetrate fire walls that have a required fire resistance rating of 4 hours. 6-3.2 Piping or ductwork that is used to convey high hazard materials and that penetrates fire walls with a required fire resistance rating of less than 4 hours shall be protected with approved devices or with systems designed to terminate the flow or movement of the materials through the fire wall upon fire detection. Chapter 7 Exterior Protection 7-1* Parapets. Fire walls shall be provided with parapets at least 30 in. (0.76 m) high. The parapet height shall be mea- sured from the top surface of the roof being protected. Roofs sloped greater than 1/4 in. per ft (6 mm per 305 mm) down- ward toward the wall shall be provided with a minimum 36-in. (0.9-m) parapet. 7-2* Roof Surface Protection. 7-2.1 Built-up roofs shall be surfaced with gravel or slag for at least 25 ft (7.6 m) on both sides of the fire wall. The applica- tion rate shall be at least 4 lb/ft2 (19 kg/m2). Table 4-3 Fire Resistance Ratings for Double Wall Assemblies Fire Resistance Rating of Each Wall Equivalent to Single Wall 3 hours 4 hours 2 hours 3 hours 1 hour 2 hours 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing EXTERIOR PROTECTION 221–7 7-2.2 All single-ply membrane roof coverings shall be protected by noncombustible paver blocks, or No. 3 [nominal 1-in. to 2-in. (2.54-cm to 5.08-cm) diameter] gravel ballast in accordance with ASTM D448, Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction. Complete membrane coverage shall be provided at a rate not less than 10 lb/ft2 (48.8 kg/m2) for at least 25 ft (7.6 m) on both sides of the fire wall. 7-3* Roof-mounted Structures. Combustible structures or equipment such as monitors, penthouses, or cooling towers not more than 20 ft (6.1 m) in height above roofs shall be located at least 50 ft (15.2 m) from fire walls required to have a fire resistance rating exceeding 2 hours. Roof-mounted structures over 20 ft (6.1 m) high shall be provided with a greater separation distance acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. -4 Roof Penetrations. Heat and smoke vents, skylights, and 7 unprotected roof penetrations for air-handling equipment or smoke control systems shall be located at least 25 ft (7.6 m) from fire walls requiring a fire resistance rating of more than 2 hours and at least 4 ft (1.3 m) from fire walls requiring a fire resistance rating of 2 hours or less. 7-5* End Walls. 7-5.1 The length and arrangement of end walls shall be in accordance with Table 7-5.1 and Figure 7-5.1(a) or 7-5.1(b). The fire resistance rating of the end walls shall be from the outside and shall be a minimum of 1 hour but shall be not more than two hours less than that of the fire wall. Figure 7-5.1(a) End wall exposure protection—end walls tied to struc- tural framing. Figure 7-5.1(b) End wall exposure protection—end walls not tied to structural framing. 7-5.2 The following alternative to 7-5.1 shall be permitted for Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard (Group 1 or 2) occupan- cies as defined in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprin- kler Systems. The fire wall shall extend to a distance of at least 30 in. (0.76 m) beyond the exterior face of the exterior walls. (See Figure 7- 5.2.) Figure 7-5.2 Alternative end wall exposure protection. 7-6 Angle Walls. The length of fire-resistive angle walls, Y, [see Figure 7-6(a)] shall be 20 ft to 35 ft (6.1 m to 10.7 m), depend- ing on the severity of exposure. (See Table 7-6.) The fire resis- tance rating of the angle walls shall be from the outside and shall be not more than one hour less than that of the fire wall. In addition, construction of each wall and eave shall be non- combustible beyond the fire-resistive construction for the min- imum distances outlined in Table 7-6. Figure 7-6(a) Angular wall exposure protection. Elevation differences perpendicular to fire walls shall be protected as angle walls. [See Figure 7-6(b).] Table 7-5.1 Length of End Wall Protection* Height of Exposing Area [ft (m)] Length of End Wall Protection [ft (m)] Up to 40 (12.2) 6 (1.8) 41 to 70 (21.3) 10 (3.1) 71 (21.6) and over *Protection shall consist of blank, fire-rated construction. 14 (4.3) Fire wall Construction joints Fire-rated blank construction, freestanding Exterior walls X X Note: X represents required length of end wall exposure protection. X Fire wall Construction joints Exterior walls Fire-rated blank construction Note: X represents required length of end wall exposure protection. Construction joints Fire wall Exterior walls Min. 30 in. (0.76 m) Main fire wall Y Y Blank fire-rated construction The distance noted in Section 7-6 on either side if stable under normal and fire conditions. If either wall is susceptible to collapse from fire, both walls shall be provided. 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 8 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS 221– Figure 7-6(b) Exterior wall protection. 7-7 Railroad Sidings and Truck Docks. Railroad sidings par- allel to end walls and truck dock openings shall not be located within 20 ft (6.1 m) on either side of a fire wall. Chapter 8 Referenced Publications 8-1 The following documents or portions thereof are refer- enced within this standard as mandatory requirements and shall be considered part of the requirements of this standard. The edition indicated for each referenced mandatory docu- ment is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this standard. Some of these mandatory documents might also be referenced in this standard for specific informational purposes and, therefore, are also listed in Appendix B. 8-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Associa- tion, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269- 9101. NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 1996 edition. NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Fire Windows, 1995 edi- tion. NFPA 90A, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, 1996 edition. NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Build- ing Construction and Materials, 1995 edition. 8-1.2 Other Publications. 8-1.2.1 ASTM Publications. American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM D448, Standard Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction, 1986. ASTM E814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Pen- etration Fire Stops, 1994. Appendix A Explanatory Material This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA docu- ment but is included for informational purposes only. A-1-3 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, proce- dures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evalu- ate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the author- ity having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdic-tion may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items. A-1-3 Authority Having Jurisdiction. The phrase “authority having jurisdiction” is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor depart- ment, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the author- ity having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction. A-1-3 Fire Resistance Rating. ASTM E119, Standard Test Meth- ods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, and UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, are similar to NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials. A-1-3 Listed. The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization concerned with product evalu- ation; some organizations do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. The authority having jurisdiction should utilize the system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product. A-2-2.2 Other loads, such as seismic loads or interior pressure differences due to wind, can govern and should be considered in accordance with local code requirements. Parapets should be designed for wind loads, including appropriate pressure coefficients. Table 7-6 Angle Wall Protection Occupancy Hazard* Length of Fire-Resistive Angle Walls [ft (m)] Length of Noncombustible Construction Beyond Fire-Resistive Construction [ft (m)] Light 20 (6.1) 60 (18.3) Ordinary Group 1 30 (9.1) 75 (22.9) Ordinary Group 2 35 (10.7) 100 (30.5) Extra Group 1 and 2 *As defined in NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. 35 (10.7) 100 (30.5) Angular exposure protection needed End wall exposure protection needed 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing APPENDIX A 221–9 A-2-2.3 Where the potential exists for the collapse of building materials or contents or the impact of vehicles on a fire wall requiring a fire resistance rating of 4 hours, the fire wall should be constructed of materials that are of adequate strength. A-2-3 Walls intended to be used as cantilever fire walls in the future and used as temporary exterior walls will be vulnerable to wind damage. Such walls should be designed to resist required wind loads. If the future cantilevered wall is tempo- rarily fastened to the building frame until the additional build- ing is built, care should be taken to ensure that all ties to the wall are fully cut when new construction is completed. A-2-4 Tied fire walls [see Figure A-2-4(a)] are fastened to and usually encase members of the structural frame of the build- ing. To remain stable, the pull of the collapsing structural members on the fire side of the wall must be resisted by the strength of the structure on the other side. Figure A-2-4(a) Typical tied fire wall used with continuous building framework. Since a fire can occur on either side of the wall, the wall preferably should be located at the center of strength of the building frame. The center of strength is the plane within the building frame in which the structural framing on either side has equal resistance. In small structures, the center of strength generally is in the middle of the building. [See Figure A-2-4(b).] In large buildings, the center of strength might lie midway between two double-column line expansion joints. [See Figures -2-4(c) andA-2-4(d).] Single-column line expansion joints uti- A lizing beams with slotted connections do not break the conti- nuity of the building frame. [See Figure A-2-4(e).] Bolts with nuts and washers may be permitted to be used to tie framework across a double-column line. In order to prevent the defeat of the purpose of the expansion joint created by the dou- ble-column line, nuts should be backed off slightly about 3/4 in. (19 mm). Where the primary roof framing is perpendicular to the fire wall, two bolts should tie the roof framing together over each column to provide concentric load distribution. Figure A-2-4(b) A tied wall at the center of a continuous steel frame. The pull from collapsing steel on either side must be resisted by the lateral strength of steel on the other side. Figure A-2-4(c) Tied wall where framing is not continuous throughout the building. Figure A-2-4(d) Double-column line expansion joint. Figure A-2-4(e) Single-column line expansion joint frame is continuous. Where the primary roof framing is parallel to the fire wall, sin- gle bolts may be permitted to be used; however, intermediate ties might be needed between column lines. A registered civil or structural engineer should be consulted to provide more exact details. [See Figures A-2-4(f) and A-2-4(g).] Floor Footings or foundations, as required Section at columns Fire-resistive coating or enclosure 30-in. (0.75-m) parapet Flashing Slag or gravel surface Transverse beam-frames into longitudinal beam Longitudinal beam Column ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? Roof deck Tied fire wall Column encased in fire wall Columns Double-column line expansion joints Columns Secondary steel Columns Primary steel Column Beam seat Clear space for expansion Slotted bolt holes Sliding connection on this side allows limited beam movement due to building expansion and contraction Beam (primary steel) Single-column line expansion joint Frame is continuous 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 221–10 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS Figure A-2-4(f) Through-wall tie—primary roof framing perpendicu- lar to wall. Figure A-2-4(g) Through-wall tie—primary steel parallel to fire wall. If the wall is not located at the center of strength, the lateral resistance of the frame on either side of the wall should be suf- ficient to resist the maximum horizontal component of the force that could result from collapsing structural framework on the opposite side. The horizontal force at each tie should be computed by using the following formula: where: H = horizontal pull per tie [lb (kg)] w = dead load plus 25 percent of the live load of the roof [lb/ft2 (kg/m2)] L = span of the structural member running perpendicu- lar to the wall [ft (m)] B = distance between ties [ft (m)] S = sag in ft (m) that may be assumed as 0.07L for open-web trusses 0.09L for solid beams 0.06L for wood trusses [See Figure A-2-4(h).] Figure A-2-4(h) Tied fire wall with ties at each beam. A-2-5 Where there is an uncontrolled fire on either side of a double wall, one building frame will collapse, pulling the wall on that side with it. The other wall, supported by structural framework on the protected side, will remain in place to stop the spread of fire. Since there should be no connections between the walls, particular attention should be paid to the details at openings in the walls. A double fire wall is most adaptable where an addition to a plant requires a fire wall between an existing structure and a new building. The existing wall, which is secured to the building frame, is altered, if necessary, to provide the proper fire resistance. Another fire wall is then constructed adjacent to the existing one and secured to the new building frame. A-2-6(b) The exterior fire-rated wall above the cantilevered wall should not overlap the cantilevered wall on the side of the lower building. It can be permitted to be installed above the cantilevered wall or overlap the cantilevered wall on the side of the higher building [see Figures A-2-6(a) and A-2-6(b)]. In either case, the integrity of the fire resistance rating of the fire wall should be maintained by protecting the joint between the cantilevered wall and the exterior fire wall attached to the higher building. In some cases, the parapet may be permitted to be omitted from the higher wall only; however, such a judgment should consider the severity of exposure from the occupancy in the lower building and the elevation difference between the exposure and the top of the higher wall. Gusset plates Angle clipBeam flange Web of beam Section A-A A Angle clipGusset plate A Beam Fire wall Note: Columns are needed but not illustrated. Secondary steel Primary steel Fire wallColumn H wBL 2 8S --------------= Beams spanning perpendicular to fire wall B 2 B 2 L B Fire wall 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing APPENDIX A 221–11 Figure A-2-6(a) Fire wall arrangement at elevation difference (double wall). Figure A-2-6(b) Fire wall arrangement at elevation difference (cantile- ver wall). -2-7 Table A-2-7 is based on steel framework. This table pro- A vides clearances that are conservative for other types of frame- work materials. It is based on an average temperature of 800?F (427?C) in two adjacent bays. Adequate clearance should be provided between storage and fire walls to prevent damage to the wall that might result from swelling of absorbent materials due to contact with water. Source: FMRC DS 1-22, Criteria for Maximum Foreseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separations. A-2-8 The fire resistance of expansion, seismic, and control joints in fire walls may be determined from tests such as NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Con- struction and Materials. All components of the joint system should be exposed to a positive furnace pressure condition during the fire test. Development of a fire test specification for building joint systems is currently underway at ASTM. A-3-2 Exception. The fire resistance rating of the fire barrier wall is based on specific criteria in NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials. It is based on both structural stability under the fire and hose stream tests and criteria for temperature transmission through the wall that are designed to prevent ignition of combustible materials on the unexposed side of the wall. The exception recognizes that fire barrier walls may be permitted to termi- nate at the underside of an individually protected structural member that has the same fire resistance rating as the wall. In the case where the fire resistance rating for the structural member is the same as that for the wall, no additional temper- ature transmission criteria is needed to prevent ignition of combustible materials. However, in the event that the structural member does not have a solid web or solid surface along its length for the full height of the structural member, such as an open-web mem- ber, the fire protective covering for the structural member must be continuous for the full height of the structural mem- ber, to prevent the passage of flame and hot gases over the top of the fire barrier wall. A-3-3 The fire resistance of expansion, seismic, and control joints in fire barrier walls may be determined from tests such as NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Build- ing Construction and Materials. All components of the joint system should be exposed to a positive furnace pressure condition during the fire test. Development of a fire test specification for building joint systems is currently underway at ASTM. -hr fire wall 3 Lower roof Parapet always needed on lower roof 3-hr fire wall supported by framing of higher building Parapet may be needed, depending on the elevation difference and exposing occupancy Higher roof Flashing and counterflashing 4-hr fire wall Lower roof Parapet always needed on lower roof 2- or 3-hr fire-rated construction supported by framing of higher building Flashing and counterflashing Higher roof Parapet may be needed, depending on the elevation difference and exposing occupancy Table A-2-7 Minimum Recommended Clearance for Thermal Expansion Between Unprotected Structural Framework and Fire Walls or Between Double Fire Walls Length of Bay Perpendicular to the Fire Wall Minimum Clearance Between Wall and Structural Framework and Between Double Walls (ft) (m) (in.) (cm) 20 (6.1) 2 1/2 (6.4) 25 (7.6) 3 1/4 (8.3) 30 (9.1) 3 3/4 (9.5) 35 (10.7) 4 1/2 (11.4) 40 (12.2) 5 (12.7) 45 (13.7) 5 3/4 (14.6) 50 (15.2) 6 1/4 (15.9) 55 (16.8) 7 (17.8) 60 or longer (18.3) 7 1/2 (19.1) 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 221–12 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS A-4-1 Methods for calculating the fire endurance of assem- blies can be found in the following publications: (a) Concrete and Masonry ACI 216R, Guide for Determining the Fire Endurance of Con- crete Elements. Concrete and Masonry Industry Firesafety Committee, Analytical Methods of Determining Fire Endurance of Concrete and Masonry Members — Model Code Approved Procedures CRSI, Reinforced Concrete Fire Resistance PCI, Design for Fire Resistance of Precast Prestressed Concrete (b) Steel AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Columns AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Beams AISI, Designing Fire Protection for Steel Trusses (c) Wood AFPA, Design of Fire-Resistive Exposed Wood Members UBC, Methods for Calculating Fire Resistance of Wood-Framed Walls, Floors and Roofs A-5-1.2 Figures A-5-1.2(a) and A-5-1.2(b) show two methods of arranging a means of egress through a 4-hr fire wall. Figure A-5-1.2(a) Swinging door and sliding door configuration for egress purposes in a fire wall. Figure A-5-1.2(b) Vestibule arrangement for egress purposes in a fire wall. -5-2 An example of an arrangement where the alternative of A providing two fire doors on a freestanding, fire-resistive vesti- bule is used and where the opening is not used as part of the means of egress is shown in Figure A-5-2. Where this alterna- tive is used and where the opening is used for egress, the ves- tibule should be long enough to allow both doors to swing in the same direction and open completely. Figure A-5-2 Double doors on a freestanding vestibule. A-6-1 Location of Combustibles. Combustibles should be kept at least 1 ft (0.3 m) away from pipes, ducts, plates, and raceways where they penetrate the wall. Alternatively, a pene- tration seal with a T rating (as defined by ASTM E814, Stan- dard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops) of not less than 1 hour should be provided. Mechanical connections, such as double-threaded elbows (see Figure A-6-1) or flexible-braided steel pipe, that are accept- able to the authority having jurisdiction and that will limit stress on the wall should be considered. Steel-faced fire walls with gypsum board core or gypsum board on stud fire walls should be provided with a concrete stanchion where pipes, raceways, or cables penetrate fire walls with a required fire resistance rating of 4 hours. A-6-3 High hazard materials transported by piping or ductwork passing through fire walls have been shown to be a significant ave- nue of fire propagation across the fire wall and should be avoided. DoorDoors Opening Minimum 7 ft (2.13 m) Guide 6–12 in. (15–30 cm) 1 layer building paper Top of fire-resistive vestibules with fire-resistive supports at each end Opening height Bracket Floor Doors 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing APPENDIX B 221–13 Figure A-6-1 Pipe penetration. Where necessary for these systems to penetrate a fire wall with a fire resistance rating of less than 4 hours, the flow of the high haz- ard materials must be interrupted or otherwise protected by engi- neered devices or systems specifically designed for such purpose and approved by the authority having jurisdiction. Devices that may be permitted to be used for this protection include, but are not limited to, excess-flow valves and fire-safe shutoff valves, pneu- ces, matic knife or gate dampers, blower/vacuum shutdown devior encapsulation of the piping or ductwork and its supports with material having a fire resistance rating at least equal to that required of the fire wall. High hazard materials include flammable gases and com- bustible and flammable liquids used in piping systems and combustible dusts used in air conveying systems. A-7-1 Where a higher building or higher portion of a building adjoins a lower building at a fire wall, the lower building should always have a minimum 30-in. (0.76-m) high parapet. A parapet may be permitted to be omitted on the higher build- ing if there is at least a 15-ft to 50-ft (4.6-m to 15.2-m) elevation difference, depending on the severity of the fire exposure from the lower building. (Also, see NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, Table 2-4.) Where the parapet is not needed, the exterior fire-rated wall construction should extend at least up to the gravel stop. Gravel surfacing or equivalent is still recommended for at least 25 ft (7.6 m) from the fire wall in each direction on the higher and lower roof. A-7-2 For existing construction where the roof strength is not adequate to support gravel surfacing, the roof should be struc- turally reinforced to support the gravel. As an alternative, or for new or existing construction where the roof slope is exces- sive for gravel, the roof should be coated with an approved, lightweight, exterior grade, fire-resistant coating. For single-ply roofs, where the roof is not adequate to sup- port the specified weight of the ballast stone or paver blocks, it should be similarly reinforced, or the top surface of the roof should be protected with an approved coating, as described previously, if the roof membrane is totally adhered. Mechani- cally attached, single-ply roof covers normally flex between fas- teners, which could cause cracking of a coating. -7-3 Where required separation is not practical, a minimum A of 25 ft (7.6 m) of separation should be provided, and fire- rated barriers should be constructed on the exposed side of the roof projection. The fire resistance rating should be a min- imum of 2 hours if a 4-hr fire wall is required and 1 hour where fire walls of 3 hours or less are required. A-7-5 An example of such an end wall configuration is a 4-hr fire wall with 2-hr end walls. Appendix B Referenced Publications B-1 The following documents or portions thereof are refer- enced within this standard for informational purposes only and are thus not considered part of the requirements of this standard unless also listed in Chapter 8. The edition indicated here for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this standard. B-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Associa- tion, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269- 9101. NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 1996 edi- tion. NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures, 1996 edition. NFPA 251, Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Build- ing Construction and Materials, 1995 edition. NFPA 252, Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, 1995 edition. B-1.2 Other Publications. B-1.2.1 ACI Publication. American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333. ACI 216R, Guide for Determining the Fire Endurance of Concrete Elements, 1989. B-1.2.2 AISI Publications. American Iron and Steel Institute, 1133 15th Street NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005. Designing Fire Protection for Steel Columns, 1980. Designing Fire Protection for Steel Beams, 1984. Designing Fire Protection for Steel Trusses, 1981. B-1.2.3 ASTM Publications. American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. ASTM E 119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 1995 a edition. ASTM E 814, Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of Through- Penetration Fire Stops, 1994 b edition. B-1.2.4 Concrete and Masonry Industry Firesafety Commit- tee, 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077-1083. Document No. SR267, Analytical Methods of Determining Fire Endurance of Concrete and Masonry Members—Model Code Approval Procedures. B-1.2.5 CRSI Publication. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Insti- tute, 933 N. Plum Grove Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4753. Reinforced Concrete Fire Resistance, 1980. Fire wall Steel sleeve Listed firestop material Direction of force on pipe due to collapse of structure Elbow up Close nipple Elbow to the right facing fire wall so that other elbow will tend to loosen during collapse of structure 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing 221–14 FIRE WALLS AND FIRE BARRIER WALLS B-1.2.6 FMRC Publications. Factory Mutual Research Corpo- ration, 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike, Norwood, MA -9102. 02061 Approval Guide, 1997. Data Sheet 1-21, Fire Resistance of Building Assemblies, 1977. Data Sheet 1-22, Criteria for Maximum Forseeable Loss Fire Walls and Space Separations, 1993. Data Sheet 1-23, Protection of Openings, 1976. Specification Tested Products Guide. B-1.2.7 GA Publications. Gypsum Association, 810 First Street, NE, Suite 510, Washington, DC 20002. GA 219, Recommendations for Installation of Steel Fire Door Frames in Steel Stud-Gypsum Board Fire-Rated Partitions, 1989. GA 600, Fire Resistance Design Manual, 1994. B-1.2.8 IRInformation Publications. Industrial Risk Insurers, 85 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06102. IRInformation IM.2.2.1, Fire Walls, Fire Barriers and Fire Parti- tions, 1992. IRInformation IM.2.2.2, Fire Doors and Through-Penetration Protection, 1991. B-1.2.9 AFPA Publication. American Forest & Paper Associa- tion, 1250 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036. Design of Fire-Resistive Exposed Wood Members, 1985. B-1.2.10 PCI Publication. Precast Prestressed Concrete Insti- tute, 175 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604. Design for Fire Resistance of Precast Prestressed Concrete, 1989. B-1.2.11 UBC Publications. International Conference of Building Officials, 5360 South Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601. Uniform Building Code, Standard 7-7, Methods for Calculating Fire Resistance of Wood-Framed Walls, Floors and Roofs. B-1.2.12 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. UL 10B, Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, 1993. UL 263, Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, 1992. UL 1479, Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops, 1993. Fire Resistance Directory, Vol. I, 1997. Fire Resistance Directory, Vol. II, 1997. B-1.2.13 Warnock Hersey Publication. 8431 Murphy Drive, Middleton, WI 53562. Inchcape Testing Services/Warnock Hersey Certification Listings, 1995. 1997 Edition The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing Index 。 1997 National Fire Protection Association The copyright in this index is separate and distinct from the copyright in the document which it indexes. The licensing provisions set forth for the document are not applicable to the index. This index may not be reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the express written permis- sion 0 1' the National Fire Protection Association , Inc. -A- Angle walls.................. „„ ........................................ ........................7毛 Definition ..„„„„.........„„.........„„...............„............1-3 Approved (def;mition) ..............................................................1-3, A-I-3 Authority having jurisdiction (de届世 tion) ...............................1-3 , A-I-3 -c- Cables, fire WaIl penetration of ...............................................6-1, A-6-1 Cantilevered f;rre wa\ls..„„ ......................................................2-3, A-2-3 Clearance ........................................................................................ 2-7 Elevation differences of roofs...................................2-6(b) , A-2-6(b) Collapse, protection against..„„„„........„.......„.......„ .A-2-2.3 Combustibles, location of .............................................................. .A-6-1 -D- Definitions....................... .......„„„„..........„„ „ .......1-3, A-I-3 Design loads Fire barrier wa\ls .„„....„........„„„„............„„............ 3-2.1 日re wa\ls ......................„.......„„„ ..................2-2.2, A-2-2.2 Double fire waIls ...................................„.......................„ „...2-5, A-2-5 Clearance........................................................ .. „ „ ..........2-7 ， A由各7 Elevation differences of roofs.„„...„„...............................2-6(a) Fire dampers........ „„„„„„„.....................................6- 2.2.1 Fire resistance of assemblies.......................................................... 4-3 Openings, protection of ........„ ...........................................5-2, A-5-2 Duc臼， fire WaIl penetration of ......„......„.............. 6-3, A-6-1 , A-6-3 -E- Elevation differences of roofs Fire walls.. „„„„„„„„„„........„.........„ ...............2 毡， A-2岳(b) Parapets ............„........„........„.......„„E „........„„ ...................A-7-1 Endw划 ls.....................„ ............................................................7-5 ， A-7-5 Definition ........„„„„„.................................... .................... 1-3 Exterior protection ..............................................................Chap. 7, A与 Angle walls............................................... „„„„........„„„ .........7-6 End walls.. „„„„„...„„„„„„„„„.........„............ 7-5, A-7-5 Parapets ..........................................„„?„........„„.............. 7-1 , A-7-1 Railroad sidings .....„„...............„..........................................„„.7-7 Roofs..........................„.. ... ........ ..... .......'„„„„„ ....seeRoofs Truck docks .................„-„ .........................................................7-7 -F- Fire barrier WaIlS ........................„„„ ..........................Chap. 3, A-3 Definition ..........................„„„„........„.......„..................„„„.1-3 Design loads .........„................„.....................................„.........3-2.1 Design requiremenω.................................„„„.....„„„„...... -1 3 Fire resistance rating...... .......„.........„„„ ...................3-2, A-3-2 ]oints (expansion , seismic , and control) ............................3-3, A-3-3 Openings, protection of ...................................................5-1 , A-5-1.2 Termination points. „„„„„„„„..................3-2, A-3-2 Fire dampers .....„„„„................„„„............................................ 6-2 Definition ........„.........„„........................„..... ....„.........„ .........1-3 Fire doors............................„.........................„„„..........Chap. 5, A-5 Fire resistance ra由tg .........„.........„..........„„„„„ Chap.4, A-4 Ca\culation of fire endurance .. .......... .......... ..........„„..4-1, A-4-1 The Standard is downloaded from .bzfxw#ff66ff'> Standard Sharing Cantilevered fire walls.............................................................. 2-6(b) Definition „„„„„ ...........................................1-3, A-I-3 Double wall assemblies................................ „„„...............4-3 日re barrier walls.........„...„„.....„?„.......„„ ..........3-2 , A-3-2 Penetration seals ..........„„...........„„.........................„..............4-2 Tied fire walls.. ...................„-„.........„., -.............„..„„ ..........2-4 Wall materials .................„„....................„„.......„.........4-1, A-4-1 Fire walls. „...........„................................................. Chap. 2, A-2 Cantilevered or freestanding................... see Cantilevered fire walls Clearance ..............................................................................2与， A-2-7 Definition. „.......„„ ..............................................................1-3 Design loads. „.......„„?„„........„ .....................2-2.2, A-2-2.2 Double „„.......................„.......„„?„.............. .............2-5 , A-2-5 At elevation differences .......„„„„„ ..........................................2-6 Exterior protection ..........„„.... ........ ...... see Exterior protection ]oin臼 (expansion ， seismic, and control) „„.......„„ .............2-8 Openings, protection of ................................................ Chap. 5, A-5 Penetration of „„„„„...... see Penetrations, wall Structural stability and strength .................................................... 2-2 Tied .......................................................................................2-4, A-2-4 Types of..„„.......„..„.......„„„..............„.........„ .......2-1 Freestanding ??rre walls........„..................„ . see Cantilevered fire walls -H- Heating, ventilating，阻d 创r conditioning (HVAC)可 stems............. 6-2 High hazard materials „.........„„........„„-„„.......„..„......Definition.„- ...........1-3 Piping or ductwork for..„u „.......„„...„„.......„............6-3, A-6-3 -1- Impact damage, protection 鸣创nst.....„........................ 各2.3 ， A-2-2.3 -J- Joints (expansion, seismic, and control) Fire barrier walls..„ ........................................................... 3-3, A-3-3 Firewalls ......„.......„„............„„„„ ............... ...............2-8 -L- Listed (de??mition).................... „........„„...........„„„..... ............„ 1-3 -N- Non-load-bearing walls (de??mition) ........„„........„„„„„.......1-3 -0- Openings, protection of ...........„................ .„„...... Chap. 5, A-5 -p- Parape 臼..........„.........................„..................„ ....... ..........7-1 ， A-7-1 Penetration seals ..„..„?„....„...................„....„.........4-2 Penetrations, wall... „........„„.............„.......... Chap. 6, A-6 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems ....... 6-2 High hazard materials , piping or ductwork for.„.......6-3, A-ι3 Pipes, raceways, and cables. „......„„„„..............D-l ， A-ιI Pipes and piping, fire wall penetration of..........„„...... 6-1 , A-6-1 High hazard material , piping for .....„„„„„ 6-3 , A-6-3 Plates, f;rre wall penetration o f...................„.................„............ A-6-1 Purpose of standard ..........„.......„.............„„...............„„ .. ......1-2 -R- Raceways, ??rre wall penetration o f.............................. ............ 6-1 , A-6-1 Railroad sidings. „„.......„„„.........„.........„„„...............7-7 Referenced publications... „.......„..........„ .....Chap 白， App.B Roofs Penetration of..„„.....„-„„„„„ ...........................7-4 Rooιmounted structures............ „.......„..............„.... 7-3 , A-7-3 Surface protection....„„„.........„„.............„„.......7-2, A-7-2 -s- Scope of standard ..........................„.........„..„.......„?„......1-1 Seismic risk Clearance for fire walls ...............................................................2-7.2 ]oints, seismic „..........„„„„ .........2-8, 3-3, A-3-3 Shall (de??mition) .....................„„...................„.......„ .............1-3 Sho时d (de??mition) .....„„...........„...„............................ 1-3 „„?„ Storage, clearance from.....................„................................„.....A-2 -7 -1工 Termination points, barrier wall „....„„.......„?„.......„ 3-2, A-3-2 Tied ??rre walls... „........„„„„........„..............„................ 2-4 , A-2-4 Truck docks .......................„..............................„...... .......... 7-7 平 Vestibules, freestanding......................................................... .... 5-2, A-5- Chapter??1 ??General 1-1 ??Scope. 1-2 ??Purpose. 1-3 ??Definitions. Chapter??2 ??Fire Walls 2-1 ??Types of Fire Walls. 2-2 ??Structural Stability and Strength. 2-3 *??Cantilevered/Freestanding Fire Walls. 2-4 *??Tied Fire Walls. 2-5 *??Double Fire Walls. 2-6 ??Fire Walls at Elevation Differences. 2-7 *??Clearance. 2-8 *??Expansion, Seismic, and Control Joints. Chapter??3 ??Fire Barrier Walls 3-1 ??Design Requirements. 3-2 ??Termination Points. 3-3 *??Expansion, Seismic, and Control Joints. Chapter??4 ??Fire Resistance 4-1 *??Wall Materials. 4-2 ??Penetration Seals. 4-3 ??Double Wall Assemblies. Chapter??5 ??Protection of Openings 5-1 ??General. 5-2 *??Double Fire Walls. Chapter??6 ??Penetrations 6-1 *??Pipes, Raceways, and Cables. 6-2 ??Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems. 6-3 *??Piping or Ductwork for High Hazard Materials. Chapter??7 ??Exterior Protection 7-1 *??Parapets. 7-2 *??Roof Surface Protection. 7-3 *??Roof-mounted Structures. 7-4 ??Roof Penetrations. 7-5 *??End Walls. 7-6 ??Angle Walls. 7-7 ??Railroad Sidings and Truck Docks. Chapter??8 ??Referenced Publications 8-1 ??The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard as mandatory... Appendix A?? Explanatory Material Appendix B?? Referenced Publications