READING SKILL: Context Clue to Word Meaning II
Besides context clues, semantic (about the meaning of words) relationships
are helpful in guessing unknown words. The two common semantic relationships
are class relationship and contrast relationship. By analyzing these relationships,
you can infer the meaning of a word you are not familiar with.
? Glass relationship. Look at the following diagram:
Chinese cities (A)
Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, etc. (B)
Here Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, etc. are Chinese cities. This is the same as
1
saying they are members of the class, Chinese cities. In this class-member
relationship, Chinese cities is the higher-level term; Beijing, Shanghai,
Nanjing, etc. are the lower-level terms. The higher-level term (A) includes
the lower-level terms (B). Now read this example: "Mr. Johnson's paintings
Show his attention to geometric shapes of all kinds. The paintings contain
circles, squares, triangles, pirrles, etc." The word pirrles must be unknown
for you since it does not exist. Suppose you did not know this, and came
across it in your reading. If you recognize the class relationship that exists
between geometric shapes and circles, squares, etc., then, without using a
dictionary, you know what pirrles means ?some kind of geometric shape.
Contrast relationship. Quite often a writer creates some opposite
situa-
tion by using an antonym (a word with opposite meaning), like hot and cold
or left and right. Contrast relationship helps you guess unfamiliar words.
Now read this example; "There was no filip seats available, so they had to buy
expensive ones." The word filip in fact does not exist. Suppose you did not
know this, and came across it in your reading. Recognizing the contrast
relationship that exists in the sentence, you may reason out the meaning of
filip: it probably means "cheap" or "inexpensive." In the sentences contain-
ing contrast relationship, the following words are often used: unlike, however,
while, nevertheless, despite, although, even though, and on the other hand.
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