(外研版)初中英语笔记 初二(下)

(外研版)初中英语笔记 初二(下) (外研版)初中英语笔记 初二(下) ,外研版,初中英语笔记 初二 ,下, Module 1 Hobbies 1. 基本句型: ?主语+系动词+ 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语,+状语, Tom is very happy today. ?主语+谓语,不及物动词,,+状语, The first book came out in 2003. ?主语+谓语,及物动词,+宾语,+状语, He wrote a book in senior high school. ?主语+谓语,及物动词,+间接宾语+直接宾语,+状语, His hobby has brought him enjoyment. ?主语+谓语,及物动词,+宾语+宾语补足语,+状语, I didn’t want you to work too hard. ?there be+主语+状语 There is a very nice cup on the table. There are many story books in his schoolbag. 一般来说～臵于句首的多是时间、条件和原因状语～臵于谓 语部 分之后的是地点、方式、原因、目的、时间和伴随成分。 2. tidy up “整理,收拾”。当宾语是代词时～要放在tidy 和up中间, 当宾语是名词时～既可放在中间～也可放在其后。如: Your room is untidy. Can you tidy it up? The students tidied up the classroom. ,类似的还有turn on, turn off, put on, write down等 动词+副词形式, 3. listen to sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事。 I often listen to him play the violin. (类似于see, hear等后面可以接不带to的动词不定式) 4. 当play后面接表示乐器的名词时～需要在该名词前加上 定冠词the; 如:play the piano, play the flute,笛子, 当play后面接表示球类的名词时～该名词前不接任何冠词。 如:play basketball, play football 5. as well as “也,还,并且” A as well as B ,强调A而不是B,～如: She is clever as well as pretty. We all want to visit Beijing as well as Shanghai. 6. come out “出版,出现,,秘密等,传出,结果是” 7. as a result “结果”～相当于so,前者用逗号隔开～后 者反之。 He had some bad meat. As a result, he felt ill. as a result of “因为……” 8. collect v.收集, collector n.收集者 have a collection of… “收集……” 如:I have a collect of dolls. 9. take up 占用,时间、空间, The job takes up all my time. The big desk takes up too much space. 10. at the end of 在……末尾 11. ?sth. +happen+时间/地点 “某时,某地,发生了某 事 The story happened in Beijing in 2008. ?sth. happen to sb. “某人出了某事,常指不好的,” A car accident happened to her this morning. ?sb. happen to do sth. 或It happens/happens that… 某人碰巧做某 事。 I happened to meet a friend of mine in the street yesterday. Module 2 Friendship 1. 宾语从句,即放在动词后面作宾语的句子,: ?宾语从句的三要素: 引导词:that～if/whether～疑问词 语序:陈述语序,较特殊的如: , 时 态:?主句的时态是现在时～从句可用任意所需时态。如: Please tell us where he is. ?主句的时态是过去式～从句要用相应的过去式。如: He told me that he was tired. ?从句叙说普遍真理或客观规律时～则用一般现在时。 如:The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun. ?that引导的宾语从句:,多数可省略, 谓语动词表肯定概念～接that引导的从句的谓语动词不可 有疑问的含义～多是表示观点、看法、意念、要求等方面概 念的词～ 如:believe, feel, hear, hope, expect, explain, prefer, promise, report, say, see, tell, think, understand, wish, warn等。 Betty thinks (that) trees improve the air. I hope that it will be snow this winter. ?whether/if引导的宾语从句: whether/if“是否”～常表达不确定概念。如: He asks whether/if we will go fishing on Sunday. whether与if一般可通用～但以下情况只用whether: ?和or not连用: I don’t know whether he will come or not. ?动词不定式前: He didn’t know whether to stay or not. ?介词后: I’m not interested in whether she will go shopping. ?宾语从句位于句首, ?带有discuss,讨论,、decided,决定,、doubt,怀疑, 等词。 ?疑问词引导的宾语从句:,who, when, where, what, why, how…, 注:在疑问词引导的宾语从句中～一定要用 陈述句语序。 He asks how we can help protect the environment. They haven’t decided where they should go for the holiday. 2. a couple of“一些～几个”, They will be back in a couple of weeks. a couple of作主语时～谓语动词用单数: There is a couple of boys waiting for you. 3. day by day “一天比一天地,每天,日益”～指不断发 生变化的。 He grew stronger day by day. day after day “一天天地”～指不断重复的。 4. ?remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事。 I remember meeting her at a party once. ?remember to do sth. 记住要去做某事。 Remember to close the windows before you go out. 5. find+复合宾语 ?find+宾语+名词 The teacher finds the girl a good singer. ?find+ 宾语+形容词 I find English grammar very difficult. ?find+ it+ 宾语补足语+动词不定式 He found it very hard to answer the question. ?find +宾语+介词短语,或过去分词～现在分词, I found the cat under the bed. 6. good luck with sth. good luck to sb. 7. by the way 顺便说 in the way 挡 路,妨碍 on one’s way/ on the way 在路上 8. worry about=be worried about “担心……” Don’ t worry about me. I am not a child any moer. 9. ?far away “遥远的”～在句中做表语、状语和后臵定 语。 (be) far away from 远离…… The school far away from my home. ?faraway “遥远的”～可做名词的前臵定语。 He lives in a faraway village. 10. lonely “孤独的”～指心理感受,alone独单,独自,无 旁人, I’m not lonely though I am alone. 11. make friends with 与……交朋友 12. be close to 离……近 Module 3 on the radio 1. to +v.与v.-ing作宾语: 一般来说～不定式表示将来的动作或行为～而v.-ing形式 表示经常性的、一般性的动作或行为及正在进行的动作或行 为。 2. 答谢时常用的表达方式: Don’t mention it. Not at all. You’re welcome. That’s all right. It’s my pleasure. 3. ? look out=watch out=be careful “小心,当心” ?look out for sb. / sth.“留心某人或某物”。. Look out for snake! ?look out of 向外看, look down 向下看,look up 向上看。 4. need to do sth. 需要做某事。 We need to speak English well. need doing sth. =stn. need to be done. 某物需要…… Her room needs to be cleaned. 5. keep doing sth. 一直做某事,继续做某事。 They kept talking about it. 6. ?prepare sth. 准备某物。 Mother was preparing dinner in the kitchen. ?prepare for sth.=get ready for 为……做准备 ?prepare to do sth. 准备做某事 7. ?explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某物 The teacher explained the problem to class. ?explain+从句 He explained why he was late for school. 8. seem 做 连系动词～“似乎,好像,看起来” ?seem+名词。 Lucy seems a very clever girl. ?seem+形容词。 He seems quite happy. ?seem+ 动词不定式。 The man seemed to be ill. ?seem+ 介词短语。 They seem in high spirits. ?it seems +that从句=sb. seems to do sth. It seems that she’s right. ?it seems(ed)+as if/ as though从句 It seems as if it’s going to rain. 9. ?noise 噪音,吵闹声 Don’t make any noise in class. ?voice “声音～噪声”～多指人的声音。 The singer’ s voice is so sweet. ?sound “声音,声响”～大自然的声音,人声～鸟声～机 器轰鸣, The story sounds interesting. Module 4 New technology 1. if 从句??? if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果”。 ?if从句+祈使句: if从句用一般现在时～祈使句的谓语动词用动词原形;if从句可 以放在主句之前～也可以放在主句之后。如: If you want to go, please tell me. Look at our website if the camera does not work. ?if从句+陈述句: if从句中用一般现在时～表示将来的一种条件～从句中可以加时间状语,当if表将来条件时～主句用一般将来时～从 句用一般现在时。 If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the Great Wall. If I play games on it, it will go wrong. 2. connect“连接” connect sth. to/ with… 如: Could you connect the printer to the computer? 3.“ bite (hit) sb. on/ in the+ 身体部位名词”～表示 咬,打,某人某部位。一般柔软多肉的部位用in～如:face, leg, stomach, eye; 一般坚硬结实的部位用on～如: foot, hand, head, nose, shoulder。 They hit him on the head. 4. ? lend sb. sth.=lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人, Betty lent her MP3 player to Mars. ?borrow…from… 借入, Allen borrowed ,2000 from her parents yesterday. ?keep—kept—kept ,借多久～是延续性动词～可与时间段 连用。 He has kept the book for two weeks. 5. save one’s life “挽救某人的生命” The doctors saved that boy’s life. The doctors saved people’s lives. 6. ?be / get ready for sth. 为某事做好准备。 ?be/ get ready to do sth. 乐于/愿意去做某事。 He is always ready to help others. Module 5 Problems 1. ?rather than “是……而不是……”“与其……不如……” 而我比你是胜利者。 是你而不是我要去要野营。 ?rather A than B “B肯定不会做A将要做的事”如: Rather you than me! 你行～我可不行: ?would rather (do) than (do) 或 would (do) rather than (do) “宁愿……而不愿”。 如:I would rather watch TV at home than go to the park. The children would walk there rather than take a bus. ?prefer doing sth. to doing sth. “宁愿……而不愿”。 2. ?warn sb. about 提醒/警告某人注意某人某事。 He warned me about pickpockets. ?warn sb. (not) to do sth. 提醒/警告某人,不要,做 某事。 We warned Tony not to drive so fast. 3. 口语中表示“真遗憾:/多可惜啊:”～如: It’s a sham. / That’s a sham. / what a sham (pity). 4. (be) proud of “以……为荣,为……感到自豪” Jack is very proud his model plane. 5. go wrong 出毛病,出故障,出错 6. be angry with sb. 生某人的气 7. at least 至少 8. beat和win “赢” ?beat—beat—beaten “击败”～后接人sb.～团队team～ 国家a nation。 I believe Joke will beat all the runners. ?win后接事物～比赛、奖项、战争…… We won the game. 9. refuse to do sth. 拒绝做某事。 The singer refused to sing to the rich woman. 10. ?such 形容词“如此,这样”～后接名词。 如: such (beautiful) flowers ?so 副词“如此地,这么”～后接形容词或其他副词 如: so lovely a place, so happy ?such和so后接单数可数名词时～词序不同: so+ adj. +a (an) +n. / such+ a (an) +adj. +n. 如:so nice a coat = such a nice coat ?后接名词复数或不可数名词时～只用such。但后有much, little, few等修饰时～只用so. 11. “特殊疑问词+动词不定式”构成不定式短语～可做主 语、宾语、 表语等。 12. 辨析: ?another “,不定数目中的,另一个～再一个” My cell phone is old. My father buys another cell phone for me. ?other adj.“别的”～泛指其余的人或物～后接 可数名词的单复数。如:other people. ?the other ,两个中的,一个……另一个…….～ 常见形式:one…the other… 如: Mr. Lu has two sons. One is teacher, the other is a nurse. ?others n.泛指其余的人或物～其后不接可数名词单复 数。与some对比使用时～意为“有些”。如: Some work hard, others don’t. ?the others “其余所有的”～表示在某一范围内的其他 全部。 There are 30 students in our class, 20 passed the exam, and the others all failed. 13. 辨析: ?sometimes= from time to time “有时”～频度副词 ?some times “几倍,几次” ?some time “一段时间”～常与for连用。 It takes sb. some time to do sth. ?sometime “不确定的时间”～可用于将来时或过去时。 ?one day “总有一天”～用于将来时 Module 6 Entertainment 1. 直接引语和间接引语的转变?: ?一般现在时的陈述句转述～间接引语多数用that的宾语 从句表 示,如: He said (that) it was time for lunch. ?人称要随主语做适当变化。 口诀如下:一随主～二随宾～ 第三人称不更新。,解释:?直接引语中的主语为第一人称～ 变为间接引语是人称要随句子主语的人称而变化,?直接引 语的主语,或宾语,是第二人称时～间接引语的人称要和主 句的宾语一致,?直接引语的主语,或宾语,是第三人称时～ 间接引语的人称不变化,。如: Tom said, “I like apples.” ?Tom said he liked apples. Bob said to Kate, “You are my good friend.” ? Bob said to Kate she was his good friend. ?谓语动词时态的变化: 如果引述动词为一般过去时～间接引语中动词的时态一般推移 到过去时间。 如:Tony said, “It is an exciting film.” ?Tony said (that) it was an exciting film. ?其他变化: He said, “I’” ? ,注:转述有即时转述和过后转述之分。如果是即时转述～从句中的时间、地点不用变化,如果是过后转述～且转述时～时间、地点都发生了变化～那么间接引语中的时间和地点都要随之变化。, 2. be worried about =worry “担心” 3. look after “照顾”～动词+介词的短语～宾语放在介 词后。 look after …well = take good care of… 照 顾好 4. face to face (with) “,与……,面对面”～副词短语～ 修饰动词。 I would like to talk to you face to face. They come to face to face with some terrible men. 5. ?fight against ……与……作斗争 ?fight for 为……而战 fight for freedom/ peace/ honor ?fight with 与……并肩作战,和……打架。 The two boys are naughty, they often fight with each other when they meet. 6. (be) true to life “真实的反映生活” 7. in one’s opinion “在某人看来” In my opinion, you are right. 8. although= though “虽然,尽管” 英语中although～though不与but连用～但可以与yet～still 连用。 Although they are pool, they are happy. 9. ?except for “除……之外”～指从整体中除去一个细 节、一个方 面。如: Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. ?except “除……之外”,后跟句子主语的同类～指除去同 类中众多的 一个。如: The office is open every day except Sundays. ?besides= as well as “除……之外～还有…..” I have five magazines besides this. ?but “除……外～再也没有……”～后常接名词、代词或动词不 定式。 Nobody was late but you. 10. ?advise sth./ sb. 建议某人某物 I have tried to advise her but she won’t listen. ?advise doing sth. 建议做某事。 He advised leaving early. ?advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 ?suggest +n. /that 从句 “建议……” ?suggest +doing 建议做某事 The doctors suggested taking a week’s . 11. plenty of= a lot of= lots of “许多,大量”～ 12. 反身代词的搭配: enjoy oneself 玩得高兴,hurt oneself 伤着自己, teacher oneself= learn… by oneself 自学, help oneself to 随便吃,lose oneself in 沉醉于, look after oneself 照顾自己,say to oneself 自言自语～心里想, leave one by oneself 把……单独留下 Module 7 Time off 1. 直接引语和间接引语? ?祈使句的转述: 变为间接引语时一般转化为tell sb. (not) to do sth.或ask sb. (not) to do sth.的结构。 ?若直接引语中含有please～间接引语中谓语动词一般用ask等表要求的 单词 英语单词 下载七年级上册英语单词表下载英语单词表下载深圳小学英语单词表 下载高中英语单词 下载 。如: He said to Doming, “Please bring some food.” ? He asked Doming to bring some food. ?一般情况用tell～语气再强用order,命令,。如: “Go and wash your hands.” Mother said to Tom. ? Mother told Tom to go and wash his hand. ?时态:略 ?一般疑问句的转换:?用连词whether或if引导～用陈 述语序,?主句谓语动词是said时～改为ask。?主句没有 间接宾语时～可根据内容加一个间接宾语me, his等。 She said, “Are you interested in chemistry?” ? She asked if I was interested in chemistry. ?特殊疑问句的转换～亦用陈述语序。如: He asked me, “What are these?” ? He asked me what those were. ?直接引语表述客观真理～原时态不变。如: The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east.” ? The teacher said the sun rise in the east. 2. whole 与all “整个的,全部的” 当与定冠词或形容词性物主代词连用时～all应放在这些词 前～ whole放在这些词后。 如:all (the) day= the whole day; all my life= my whole life 3. rest v. / n.休息～ the rest 剩余部分。 4. ? time off 指的是“,正式规定的,休假,放假”～如: If you’re feeling tired, you should take some time off. ?take / have+ 时间名词+off “放几天假” We have three days off for my May Day holiday this year. 5. as if= as though 好像, She spoke to me as if she knew me. 6. hope for 希望,盼望。 We were hoping for good weather. Module 8 Public holiday 1. 状语从句?: ?when连接的时间状语从句: when “当……的时候”～如: When the weather is fine, many families go out for a walk. It was raining heavily when we arrived. ?while连接的时间状语从句: while “在……时候”, ?由于while从句表示一个持续的 行为～所以从句中要用持续性动词或状态动词～并且持续性 动词常用进行时态。如:Do not make any noise while I am recording. ?当两个表示延续的动作同时发生且有对比意义时用 while。如: I was listening to music while my mother was cooking. ?before/ after 连接的时间状语从句: ? before表示“在……之前”～before主句时态可用一般 过去时或过 去完成时,如: He had worked on a farm for five years before he went to college. ?after表示“在……之后”～如: I will go out play basketball with you after I finish my homework. ?as soon as连接的时间状语从句: as soon as 表示“一……就……”～通常主句用一般将来时～ 从句用一般现在时。如: We began to work as soon as we got there, I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. ?until连接的时间状语从句: ?until表示一个动作一直持续到某一时刻～即“直到……”。 如: He waited until all the people left. ?如果主句的动词是非延续性动词～主句常用否定形式 not…until…“直到……才……”.如: I didn’t go to bed until my mother came back. 2. depend on 依靠……生活～依赖,相信～信赖。 His families depend on him. Please depend on me. 3. count down 倒数 4. ? make resolutions / (a resolution) to do sth. 决 定做某事。 He made resolutions to stop smoking. ?make a list 列清单。 We’d better make a shopping list before we go out. ?a list of 一列,一栏. 5. help sb. out 帮助某人渡过难关 We should help the people in Sichuan out. 6. promise (not) to do sth. 决定,不,去做某事。 7. not all “并非所有的”～表部分否定。 However, not all countries celebrate in the same way. none of (sb./ sth.) “没有一个”,all of “全部”. None of the students will go to the concert. 8. ? in the same way 用相同的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 。 ?a way to do / (of doing) sth. 做某事的方法。 Could you tell me the way to study English? 9. see (sb.) off 告别。 Module 9 Heroes 1. 状语从句??: ?原因状语从句 一般表示原因的连词是because～同一句中不与so连用,why 提问用because来回答,as, since, for 也可引导原因状 语从句。 He failed in the exam because he was too careless. Since everyone is here, let’s begin our class. ?目的状语从句: ? so that “目的是,为了” I got up early so that I could get to school on time.,由于目的都是表示将来的行为～所以从句中一般用表示未 来可能性的时态。如:could, will, can, would等。, ?in order to +v. “为了”。如: They got to early in order to see the sunrise on Mount Tai. ?结果状语从句 so“所以”～表已经发生的事情。 He worked too hard so he fell ill again. ?so…that… 表示程度结果状语从句: so…that…“如此……以致……”,so后接形容词或副词～ 表程度,that后接从句表示这一程度造成的影响。 He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep that night. ?让步状语从句 “尽管……～,但是,……” 常见的引导词有though, although, even though, even if, wh-ever……。,,不与but共用,。 Although Tony works very hard, he makes very slow progress. Whatever you do, you should do it well. 2. imagine sb. doing sth. 想象某人做某事, imagine sth. / doing sth. 想象做某事。 3. avoid n. / doing “避免……” 4. give one’s life to+ n./ v-ing 为……而献身 He gave his life to saving others. 5. on one’s own 独立地,单独地,独自地。 She’s been living on her own for ten years. 6. in spite of 尽管～不顾 In spite of s bad storm, the plane landed safely. 7. ?die in 死于…… He died in last battle(战斗). ?die of “因……而死” hungry,饥饿,、 cancer,癌症,、poison,毒害,、cold等。 Her mother died of cancer last year. ?die from “因…… 而死”accident,事故,、overwork,过度疲劳,、smoking ,吸烟,、drinking,喝酒,。 The old man died from a traffic accident. 8. perform operations on sb. 或operate on sb. “为某人动手术”。如: I’m afraid that they’ll operate on my head. 9. ?keep+adj. 保持…… keep open ?keep on doing sth. “反复不断的做某事”。 Don’t keep on asking foolish questions. ?keep (sb.) doing sth. “让某人一直做某事” I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. ?“阻止某人某物做某事”: keep sb./sth. from doing prevent sb./ sth. from doing sth. stop sb. from doing sth. We must keep the farmers from cutting down the trees. 10. ?neither… nor… “既不……也不……”;“……和….. 都不…...” Neither you nor I am a teacher. ?either… or… “要么……要么……”,“不是……就 是……” Either Jack or Tom is a teacher. ?both… and… “……和……都……” Module 10 my perfect holiday 1. would+ v. 表示猜测想象“想,会” I would meet my pen pal this holiday. 2. ?“我也是”～表示前面所说的情况也适合后者。 肯定:so+ be动词 /情态动词 /助动词+主语 I like swimming, so does he. 否定:neither /nor + be动词/情态动词/助动词+主语 Jane can’t speak Chinese, nor can Alice. ?“的确如此” : so +主语+ be动词/情态动词/助动词 3. Stay /keep in touch. “保持联系”。 lose touch 失去联系,get in touch 取得联系 4. so +adj./adv.+that从句 such +名词复数+that从句 “如此……以致……”, 如: The baby is so lovely that we all love him. They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 5. as +adj. /adv. +as “和……一样”。 not as/ so… as 不如…… He is not as/ so tall as I . 6. fill… with… “用……填”～主语为人。 He filled my glass with orange. be filled with =be full of “充满,填满”,主语为物。 The basket is full of fruit. 7. dress sb. 给某人穿衣服 dress oneself 自己穿衣服 8. not… at all 一点也不…… I don’t know her at all. 9. 比较级的用法: ?比较级+and+比较级 “越来越……” Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. ?the+比较级…, the+比较级… “越……(就)越…..” The more difficult the problem is, the more careful we should be. ?more than 多于,not more than 不多于, less than 少于, not less than 不少于, less+形容词+than “不如……～不像……” It is less cold today than it was yesterday. That’s all. 荐落花(300字)作文 荐三、聂丫丫篇(1100字)作文 荐谜之城(350字)作文 荐有时～我也想做只逆流而上的鱼(1600字)作文 荐假如世界上没有了摩擦(600字)作文