初三英语语法

一、 主 要 句 式 (一) 知识概要 初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：① 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night.② 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English Chinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be…句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall 其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow. 在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：① 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算；如： This pair of glasses is good My glasses are broken. ④有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here 这样的词还有 Police， 如果要讲一个警察时，应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen ⑤　所有不定代词 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything， someone， something … 要作为单数如： Someone is waiting for you  在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有： and not only … but also，　neither … nor，　either … or 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并列连词有： but 和 yet， 如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true 表示选择关系的连词有：or， either … or，如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列连词有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam  在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。①　在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I knew that he was a good man 这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常常被省略。如： I am sure (that) she has passed the exam ②if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时，要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not 　③　what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如： I don't understand what you said (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如： I asked him what made him sick (what 在宾语从句中作主语)。④　who，它也和what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for? ⑤　whose 如： I want to know whose book this is? ⑥　which 如： Do you know which book is mine? 在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词，①　how 它的应用最广，如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old …。如： How much does it cost? ②　when 它只是连接时间状语，如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③　where 它连接地点状语，如： Where are you from? ④　why 它要连接的是原因状语从句，如： The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school. 在考试中常见到的考点是： 宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。①　主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态， 如： I know he didn't come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。　②　主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如： 一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如： I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun  状语从句主要有时间状语从句，其连接词有：after， before， when， as， as soon as， until (till)， while， since， by 其中较难掌握的有以下几点： ①　until (till) 直到，在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back ②　由 since， for， by， before 来引导的时间状语从句。 since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如： I have studied English since １９９０ 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时， ago 则多用于一般过去时，如： He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago ③　在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如： If it rains, they won't go to the park　on Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如： I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow  在原因状语从句中主要是①　because， 应译为"因为"。它表达的因果关系最强，如： He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard ②　since 应译为"既然"，如： Since you were ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk ③　as 应译为"由于"，如： As it is too hot we'd better go swimming since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： He studies hard, for he wants to go to college  在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as … as， 如： This book is as good as that one 要注意的有两点：①　as … as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。②　用形容词还是副词，如： Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为 not as (so) … as， 如： They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如： He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示"越来越"这一概念时有两个句型：①　比较级＋and＋比较级，如： The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful ②　定冠词 the ＋ 比较级＋ the ＋ 比较级，如： The harder you study, the more you can learn  方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句，如： Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如： Please do it as I 而 like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Please do it like me  结果和目的状语从句主要有 so … that， so that， in order that等几种用法。①　so … that 用在单数可数名词前，so ＋ 形容词 ＋ a ＋ 名词 ＋ that，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such ＋ a ＋ 形容词 ＋ 名词 ＋ that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her ②　在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such， 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如： They are such good players that they should win the game.　③　在much， many， few， little 之前只能用so， 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it ④　so … that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such， 如： It is so good that I want to buy ⑤　so that 其后接从句，如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus  （二）　正误辨析 ［误］ The stories in that book was written many years ago ［正］ The stories in that book were written many years ago. ［析］ 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份，如： book 作了 of 的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。 ［误］ To read many books are good for you ［正］ To read many books is good for you ［析］ 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。 ［误］ What he said are right ［正］ What he said is right ［析］ 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。 ［正］ The rich is not always happy ［误］ The rich are not always happy ［析］ 形容词＋定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数，如： The young are very interested in study and sports  ［误］ The school master and writer are coming ［正］ The school master and writer is coming ［析］ 本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而 The school master and the writer are coming 则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass 这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如： the husband and wife 夫妻二人。 ［误］ You or she go to get some water for us ［正］ You or she goes to get some water for us ［析］ 由 or 连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有 either … or，neither … nor， not only … but also 也有人称作"就近原则"。 ［误］ The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom ［正］ The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom ［析］ 真正的主语是 the teacher， 而 with 短语是伴随状态，不影响主语的数。 ［误］ My glasses is broken ［正］ My glasses are broken ［误］ This pair of glasses are good ［正］ This pair of glasses is good ［误］ These kinds of butter is good. ［正］ These kinds of butter are good  ［析］ 英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： glasses 眼镜， shorts 短裤等。如没有量词在前时，要用复数谓语动词，但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。 ［误］ One of the boys are going to take part in the match ［正］ One of the boys is going to take part in the match ［析］ One of 结构应以 one 来计算主语的数。 ［误］ Half of the work are done ［正］ Half of the work is done ［误］ Half of the books is read ［正］ Half of the books are read ［析］ 在小于1的数量词作主语时，如： ２ ３ ，８０％，０．３５… ＋ of ＋名词，这时主语的数应按 of 后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数，则谓语动词要用单数，如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。 ［误］ Each sides are full of trees ［正］ Each side is full of trees ［误］ Both side is full of trees ［正］ Both sides are full of trees ［析］ each， either 其后都要加单数名词，而 both 后要加复数名词。 如： each， either， another， little， a little， much等作主语时，谓语动词全部要用单数形式。 ［误］ The boys each has an apple ［正］ The boys each have an apple ［析］ each 作同位语时，不影响句子的主语。 ［误］ Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert ［正］ Every one of us has a ticket for the concert ［析］ everyone， someone， everybody … 在作主语时都不能加 of 结构。 ［误］ Girls like dancing very much， but few likes playing football ［正］ Girls like dancing very much， but few like playing football ［析］ few 虽然含意上是"几乎没有"，但作主语时仍要当作复数。 ［误］ The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred ［正］ The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred ［析］ the number of 意为：某某的数字是…… 如： the number of students 学生人数， the number of players 运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 a number of 与 many 意思相同，其后加可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。如： A number of students are playing on the grass  ［误］ The rest of the students is here ［正］ The rest of the students are here ［误］ The rest of the work are done ［正］ The rest of the work is done ［析］ the rest of 的用法与２／３，一半，８０％＋ of 的结构一致， of 后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词，为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有 lots of， a lot of， plenty of。 ［误］ The news in today's newspaper are not bad ［正］ The news in today's newspaper is not bad ［析］ 有些以 s 结尾的名词要用作不可数名词，它们是：news， physics， mathematics， thanks， … ［误］ The Chinese is kind and friendly ［正］ The Chinese are kind and friendly ［析］ Chinese 作为中文来讲是单数名词，但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如： one Chinese， two Chinese … 而 The Chinese ＝ The people of China 要用复数谓语动词。 ［误］ This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars are a big sum for me ［正］ This dictionary is too expensive for me Ten dollars is a big sum for me ［析］ 表示一段时间，一笔金钱，一段距离，都应看作单数名词。 ［误］ Who are going to take part in our football match? ［正］ Who is going to take part in our football match? ［析］ 用 who 提问时，习惯上用单数谓语动词，但 which 则要视其情况而定，如： which are better these shoeses or those shoes? 又如： which is better this one or that one? ［误］ What a hot weather it is! ［误］ How hot the weather it is! ［正］ What hot weather it is! ［正］ How hot the weather is! ［析］ 感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由 what 与 how 作句子的开始，判定是用 what 还是用 how 的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句，比如： What the hot weather it is! 应转换为： It is the hot weather 那么句子的起点是单词 it。 再来看感叹句中 it 前有不可数名词 weather， 则只能用 what。 再看第二句 How hot the weather is! 转为陈述句时为： The weather is hot 这时句子的开始单词为 the weather， 再来看感叹句在 the weather 前只有形容词，所以应用 how。 至于是用 what a 还是 what 要看名词的具体情况而定，单数可数名词加 what a 其余的加用 what。 ［误］ We have to sing this， have we? ［误］ We have to sing this， haven't we? ［正］ We have to sing this, don't we? ［析］ 在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外，有一些例外： Let's go home， shall we? Let us go home， will you? She had to leave， didn't she? Do your homework at once， will you? There is not much good news in today's newspaper， is there? Neither of them are right， are they? I think he will come to the party won't he? think 后的宾语从句，与其他宾语从句不一样，在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语，其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词，而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定，如： I don't think he is coming to our party， is he? ［误］ I want to know where does he live ［正］ I want to know where he lives ［析］ 宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序，而不用疑问语序。 ［误］ - I haven't got a ticket for the football match  - Nor I have ［正］ - I haven't got a ticket for the football match  - Nor (Neither) have I ［析］ nor， neither 用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用so， 如： I do my homework very quickly， So does Mary  ［误］ Look! Here the bus comes! ［正］ Look! Here comes the bus! ［误］ Look! Here comes he! ［正］ Look! Here he comes ［析］ 在 there， here 打头的句子中，如果主语是名词，则要采用倒装语序；如果是人称代词则用一般语序。 ［误］ Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us? No， I don't hope so ［正］ Do you want Mary to go to the cinema with us? No， I hope not ［析］ 我不这样想，可用 I don't think so 但 hope 的否定简答句只能用 I hope not 这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的，如： I think so. I hope so  ［误］ That is difficult for us to learn English well ［正］ It is difficult for us to learn English well ［析］ It 这里的语法作用是形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用 it 而不能用 that， 如： I think it difficult to learn English well it 在这句中是 think 的形式宾语。  （三）　例题解析 1  There ＿＿＿ a pencil box on the desk． A .is  B.　are  C. has  D. have ［ 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 ］ A. ［析］ There be 句形中的 be 动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定，如： There are two books and a pencil on the desk 但却可以讲 There is a pencil and two books on the desk  2  Could you tell me ＿＿＿ ? A  Mrs King where lives B  where does Mrs King live C  where Mrs King lives D  Mrs King lives where ［答案］ C. ［析］ 宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。 3  Your brother came to see you， ＿＿＿ ? A  does he B  doesn't he C  did he D  didn't he ［答案］ D. ［析］ 前句是肯定句，后面反意疑问句要用否定句，同时 came 为过去时态，所以应用 didn't he  4  It's getting cloudy， ＿＿＿ ? A  does' it B  doesn't it C  is it D  isn't it ［答案］ D. ［析］ 要区分's 是 has 还是 is， 这里由 getting 得出's 是is。 5  ＿＿＿ keep me waiting so long． A  Not B  Won't C  Don't D  Not to ［答案］ C. ［析］ Don't ＋ 动词原形为祈始句的否定句。 6  Mr Green hasn't been to Beijing, ＿＿＿ ? A  has he B  hasn't he C  did he D  didn't he ［答案］ A. ［析］ 此句 has 是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。 7  You have your lunch at school, ＿＿＿ ? A  have you B  haven't you C  do you D  don't you ［答案］ D. ［析］ 这里的 have 是实意动词"吃"，而不是助动词。 8  ＿＿＿ sunny day! Let's go out for a walk． A  How a B  How C  What a D  What ［答案］ C. ［析］ 这个感叹句是个省略句，其真实的句子应为 What a sunny day it is! 9  - Can you tell me ＿＿＿ ?   - Sure She's a nurse  A  where is your sister B  where your sister is C  what is your sister D  what your sister is ［答案］ D. ［析］ who 问的是姓名，如： Who is he? He is Smith 或 He is my father What 问的是职业，如： What is he? He is a teacher  10  John likes listening to the radio， ＿＿＿ ? A  does he B  doesn't he C  doesn't John D  does Johe ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当名词作主语时，反意疑问句应用代词。 11  Neither you nor I ＿＿＿ on the team． A  are B  were C  am D  is ［答案］ C. ［析］ 由 neither … nor … 作连接词作主语时，其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应。 12  ＿＿＿ delicious food! I'd like some more． A  what a B  How a C  What D  How ［答案］ C. ［析］ 因 food 为不可数名词。 13  ＿＿＿ there a cat under the chair? A  Are B  Is C  Has D  Have ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这是 there be 句型的疑问句。 14  Could you tell me ＿＿＿ ? A  when the train will arrive B  when the train arrived C  when did the train arrive D  when does the train arrives ［答案］ A. ［析］ could 用于现在时疑问句表达了口气的委婉，并不是过去时态。且宾语从句要用陈述语句。 15  - ＿＿＿ bad weather! - Yes， But it's going to be fine soon， I think  A  How B  What a C  What an D  What ［答案］ D. ［析］ weather 为不可数名词。 16  - Could you tell me ＿＿＿ ? - Yes， They ＿＿＿ to the library  A  where are the twins， have been B  where were the twins， have been C  where the twins are， have gone D  where the twins were， have gone ［答案］ C. ［析］ have been to 是去过什么地方，而现在回来了。 have gone to 是到某地去了，人现在不在这里。 17  Go and ＿＿＿ the TV quickly The volleyball match will begin right away． A  turn off B  turn down C  turn up D  turn on ［答案］ D. ［析］ 这是个祈使句，它由 and 连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。 18  Let's go for some tea， ＿＿＿ ? A  shall we B  will we C  do we D  don't we ［答案］ A. ［析］ Let's go …， shall we? Let us go …， will you?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。 19  Joan's short， ＿＿＿ ? A  wasn't she B  hasn't she C  isn't she D  doesn't she ［答案］ C. ［析］ 在此句中应视's为is，而不是 has 或 was。 20  I don't know ＿＿＿ to read the word． A  which B  what C  whose D  how ［答案］ D. ［析］ 因不定式 to read 中的 read 是及物动词，已有自己的宾语 the word， 所以应用疑问副词 how。 21  He didn't go to school， ＿＿＿ he was ill． A  for B  but C  and D  so ［答案］ A. ［析］ 这里是表示因果的关系，从句表示原因，所以用 for，放于句尾，且常常前面有一个逗号。so 引起的是结果状语从句，如： He was only twelve， so he couldn't join the army  22  The young woman can hardly ride a bike， ＿＿＿ she? A  doesn't B  does C  can't D  can ［答案］ D. ［析］ hardly 为否定词，所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定句。 23  Tom never goes to the cinema on Sundays， ＿＿＿ ? A  does he B  doesn't he C  isn't he D  is he ［答案］ A. ［析］ never 也是否定词，所以应将句子看作否定句。 24  Mother said to him， "Don't ＿＿＿ on football．" A  spend too much time B  to spend too much time C  spend too many time D  to spend too many time ［答案］ A. ［析］ time 作为"时间"讲为不可数名词，应用 much 来修饰。当作"次数"讲是可数名词，如 three times 三次，而 Don't … 这一句是祈使句的否定句。 25  Mr White， together with some Japanese friends， ＿＿＿ visit our school this afternoon． A  are going to B  is going to C  have D  has ［答案］ B. ［析］ 句子的主语是Mr White， 而together with … 是伴随状况，不影响句子的主语。 26  There is little water in the glass， ＿＿＿ ? A  is it B  is there C  isn't it D  isn't there ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这是 there be 句型的反意疑问句。 27  Ampere was thinking about a maths problem， ＿＿＿ ? A  didn't he B  wasn't he C  did he D  is he ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这是进行时态的反意疑问句。 28  She had a good time yesterday， ＿＿＿ she ? A  wasn't B  didn't C  hasn't D  isn't ［答案］ B. ［析］ had 这里是实意动词而不是助动词。 29  We'll make ＿＿＿ for you in the front of the car． A  a room B  room C  rooms D  some rooms ［答案］ B. ［析］ room 此处为不可数名词，意为"地方，空间"。 30  Neither she nor I ＿＿＿ to the Great wall before． A  has gone B  have gone C  have been D  has been ［答案］ C. ［析］ 由neither … nor 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词应与相临近的那个主语相呼应。 31  Help me collect these books， ＿＿＿ ? A  are you B  will you C  do you D  shall you ［答案］ B. ［析］ 祈使句的反意疑问句应用 will you， 而Let's go 例外，其反意疑问句为 shall we? 32  The number of deer， mountain lions and wild roses ＿＿＿ change much if people leave things as they are． A  don't B  doesn't C  isn't D  didn't ［答案］ B. ［析］ the number of 为"……的数量、数目"，所以谓语动词用单数形式。而 a number of 要加复数名词，其谓语动词也用复数。 33  She's had breakfast， ＿＿＿ ? A  is she B  isn't she C  hasn't she D  has she ［答案］ C. ［析］ 这里的's应视为 has  34  I wonder ＿＿＿ ． A  whose bicycle is it B  it is whose bicycle C  is it whose bicycle D  whose bicycle it is ［答案］ D. ［析］ wonder 后的宾语从句应用陈述语序。 35  It is good for us ＿＿＿ morning exercises． A  do B  to do C  did D  done ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这里的 it 是形式主语，而真正的主语是不定式 to do … 36  Peter has sports very often， ＿＿＿ ? A  does， Peter B  doesn't he C  doesn't Peter D  does he ［答案］ B. ［析］ has 这里是实意动词，而主语为名词时其反意疑问句中的主语要用代词。 37  Mr Black said， "Jenny， don't be late tomorrow " Mr Black told Jenny ＿＿＿ ． A  don't be late tomorrow  B  didn't be late tomorrow C  not be late next morning  D  not to be late the next day ［答案］ D. ［析］ tell 一般要加双宾语，其间接宾语是 Jenny， 直接宾语是不定式。而这里用的是不定式的否定形式。 38  Li Mei read the newspaper to the granny， ＿＿＿ ? A  does she B  didn't she C  did she D  wasn't she ［答案］ B. ［析］ read这里是过去时态，因其主语是第三人称单数，而 read 并未加 s 所以是过去时态。(read 的过去时与过去分词都是 read，只不过读音不同)   二、 定 语 从 句 （一） 知识概要 定语从句并不属于中考范围，但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到，这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生，想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平，但总是碰到一些问题，百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平，无法提高，但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的，所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难，也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路，特用这一节讲述定语从句，不是从语法上讲述，而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。 对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了，如： a good book， 形容词 good 用来修饰书 book。 我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词，这种句子叫做形容词性从句，它起修饰名词的作用，又被叫做定语从句(The attributive clause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前，而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 这句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科学家吗?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是：你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里 scientist 叫作先行词，而 who 叫作定语从句的引导词。 who 在定语从句中起主语的作用， who 的数与它的先行词相同。又如： You must do everything that I do 这里先行词是 everything， 而 that I do 是定语从句，此句应译为：你必须作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定语从句的引导词，在句中作 do 的宾语。 引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词： that， which， who， whom， whose 和关系副词 when， where， why， how。不论关系代词还是关系副词，都应放于先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用，充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语，而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。①　that 的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly 这里先行词是 machine 而 that 是关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。这句译为：飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如： I like the book (that) you lent me yesterday 这里先行词是 book， 关系代词用 that， 它在定语从句中作 lend (借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterday ②　which 关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 这里 shop 是先行词， which 在从句中作主语。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 这里主句是 The book was wonderful 而定语从句是修饰主句的主语 book， 即我昨晚读的那本书，which 在定语从句中作 read 的宾语，可以省略。 ③　who， whom， whose who 在定语从句中作主语， whom 是 who 的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，而 whose 则是形容词性物主代词，在从句中作定语，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。 Who 在定语从句中作主语。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而 whom 作定语从句中介词 to 的宾语，可以省略，而在现代英语中，句首的 whom 也常常可用 who代替。 This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school 这是我们的同学玛丽，她的家离我们学校不远。 为了便于理解，我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。 １．　 I saw the man. He closed the door  I saw the man who (that) closed the door 2．　 The girl is happy She won the race  The girl who won the race is happy 3．　 The students are from China They sit in the front row  The students who sit in the front row are from China (要注意的是先行词是 students 则 who 的数也应看作复数。) 4．　 We are studying sentences They contain adjective dause  We are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause 5．　 The taxi driver was friendly He took me to the airport  The taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly 6．　 The book was good I read it  The book that I read was good  The book I read was good 7．　 The people were very nice We visited them yesterday  The people we visited yesterday were very nice 8．　 The man called the police His wallet was stolen  The man whose wallet was stolen called the police 9．　 I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of years  I come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years 10．　 I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meeting  I have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如： That was the room in which we had lived for ten years 或可以写作： That was the room which we had lived in for ten years  He was the man whom(who) you were looking for 要注意的是此句的关系代词 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是短语动词也不可将 for 放于定语从句之前。that 作关系代词作介词宾语时，不能紧跟介词，而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school 这时不可用 about that … 请看下面例句： 1．　 The meeting was interesting I went to it  The meeting that I went to was interesting 2．　 The man was very kind I talked to him yesterday  The man who I talked to yesterday was very kind 3．　 I must thank the people I got a present from him  I must thank the people who I got a present from 4．　 The picture was beautiful She was looking at it  The picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful 5．　 The man is standing over there I told you about him  The man who I told you about is standing over there 除关系代词外，还有关系副词， when， where， why， 其中 when用来指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如： I never forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而 where 则指地点，如： This is the house where the old man lives 请看下面例句： 1．　 The city was beautiful We spent our vacation there  The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful 2．　 That is the restaurant I will meet you there  That is the restaurant where I will meet you 3．　 The town is small I grew up there  The town where I grew up is small 4．　 That is the drawer I keep my newpapers there  That is the drawer where I keep my newspapers 5．　 Monday is the day We will come then  Monday is the day When we will came 6．　 ７∶０５ is the time My plane arrives then  ７∶０５ is the time when my plane arrives 7．　 １９６０ is the year The revolution took place then  １９６０ is the year when the revolution took place 8．　 July is the month The weather is usually the hottest then  July is the month when the weather is usually the hottest 在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 ①　限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉的话，主句的意思就不完整，意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词，如： I was the only person in my office who was invited  ②　非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切，只是对其附加说明，也就是讲即便去掉定语从句，句意也不受影响，仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制性定语从句，如： Abraham Lincoln， who led the United States through these years， was shot on April １４，　１８６５ at a theatre in washington Ｄ．　Ｃ．　又如：Galileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high  （二） 正误辨析 ［误］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English ［正］ I won't tell you the name of the person who teaches me English ［析］ 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，从它本身看不出其数的形式，这时要由它的先行词决定。这里who 应由 the person 单数决定，应该用单数谓语动词。又如：I who am a student want to find a spare time job 这里的 who 应与 I 是一致的，所以其谓语动词应该用am。 ［误］ We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War ［正］ We talked about the things and the people that we met during the Second World War ［析］ 这里的关系代词不要用 who， 因为其先行词有两个一个是 things (物)，而另一个是people (人)，这时既不可用 who， 又不可用 which， 因前者只能用于先行词是人的情况下，而后者则用于先行词是物的情况下，所以只能用 that， 因为它的先行词既可以是人又可以是物。 ［误］ The book， that I bought yesterday， was very good ［正］ The book， which I bought yesterday， was very good ［析］ 先行词与定语从句被逗号分割开来时，即作为非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句中 which， when， who， whom， where， when， whose 等都可以和限制性定语从句中的作用一样，而独有 that 不易用于非限制性定语从句。 ［误］ The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool ［正］ The dictionary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool ［析］ 关系代词在定语从句中是要起语法作用的，它不是作主语就是作宾语。虽然在作宾语时它的位置由原来的宾语位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原宾语位置上不能再出现宾语。 ［误］ The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America ［正］ The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America ［析］ the one， anyone， those 作代词并且是指某人、物时，其关系代词不能用 which 应用 who。 ［误］ This is the room in that the old man lives ［正］ This is the room in which the old man lives ［正］ This is the room which the old man lives in ［正］ This is the room that the old man lives in ［析］ that 不能紧跟在介词后作介词宾语，但如果介词不前置仍放于句尾，则可用 that 作引导词，而且可以省略。如： This is the room the old man lives in  ［误］ I can do everything which is good for you ［正］ I can do everything that is good for you ［析］ 在先行词是 all， much， little， something， everything， anything， nothing， none， the one 等不定代词时，虽然它们指的是物体，但不要用 which 而用 that 作定语从句的引导词。 ［误］ The only thing which the students can do is studying hard ［正］ The only thing that the students can do is studying hard ［析］ 在先行词前有 only， any， few， little， no， all， one of 等词修饰时，虽然先行词指的是物，也不要用 which 作关系代词，而要用 that。 ［误］ This is the first American film which I've ever seen ［正］ This is the first American film that I've ever seen ［析］ 在先行词是序数词，或由序数词修饰时，其关系代词不可用 which 这样的用法还有在形容词最高级修饰的先行词之后，如： This is the best book that I have ever seen ［误］ He is from Africa, that we can see from the colour of the skin ［正］ He is from Africa, as we can see from the colour of the skin ［析］ 当 as 或 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，它可能没有明确的先行词，它们所指代的是前面整个句子。如例题应译为他是从非洲来这个事情是可以从其肤色上看出的。 三、 常见习惯用语 （一）　知识概要 由于英语国家的语言习惯与中国的语言习惯有许多不同之处，所以造成了许多同学在做选择或书写，或与人交谈中造成误用中国方式来对英语的问句作解答。例如一个小女孩十分好看，可爱，外国人见到时会讲： You are so beautiful 这时的答语应该是 Thank you 如果外国人发现你的英语不错，他们会讲： Your English is very good 这时中国人常常会说：不，我说的不好。这纯是一种礼貌的答语，但是不符合英语习惯。它正确的答语应是 Thank you 虽然交际英语有一些规律可讲，但更重要的是学习外国的生活习惯，了解他们的文化背景，历史渊源，这样才能真正的学好一门外语。  （二）　正误辨析 ［误］ - What can I do for you? - Yes， please help me ［正］ - What can I do for you? - I'd like to buy a sweater ［析］ What can I do for you? 这一问语实际上用于的情景很多，要根据具体情况而定。如在商店中售货员讲这句话应译为：您想要点什么?在其他场合也可以被译为：我能为您做些什么?它的答语应是直接讲出想让对方提供的帮助。 ［误］ - Which colour do you like? - Sorry， I don't like ［正］ - Which colour do you like? - I prefer blue ［析］ 由 which 来提问的问句是要回答具体的选择，而不能泛指，泛泛的回答。如 Yes， I like it  ［误］ Do you like to come with us tonight? ［正］ Would you like to come with us tonight? ［析］ Do you like … 问的是对方的习惯，如： Do you like swimming? Do you like collecting stamps? 而 would you like … 则是一次性的邀请、提议。邀请的英语表达法还有如下几种： Shall we go? 我们走吧! Let's go? 让我们走吧! How about having a cup of tea? 喝杯茶如何? What about a cup of coffee 喝杯咖啡如何? Why not buy it? 为什么不买呢? 其肯定答语一般为Certainly， Yes， O．Ｋ．　All right， With pleasure  ［误］ Sorry， I've kept you waiting  Not at all ［正］ Sorry， I've kept you waiting  Never mind ［析］ "介意不介意"这一问法与答语在中英文中有所不同。如： - Do you mind my smoking here? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ Ａ．　Yes， do it please  Ｂ．　No， of course not  Ｃ．　Yes， take it please  Ｄ．　No， you can't take it  这时正确的选择应是B。 其意为：不介意，当然不。而A选项则自相矛盾了，它应译为：是的我介意，请抽吧。而D选项是：不介意，你不能抽。当向对方争求意见时，可以有以下问法： Do you mind if I open the door? Would you mind mailing the letter for me  其答语如果是同意应为： Certainly not， not at all 而不同意时应为 Yes， 或 I'm sorry  ［误］ What's that man? He is Mike ［正］ What's that man? He is a teacher ［正］ Who's that man? He is Mike (He is Mike's father ) ［析］ 由 what 提问是问的职业，由 who 提问问的是姓名或身份。 ［误］ - How much are they? - Half a kilo， please ［正］ - How many bananas do you want? - Half a kilo Please ［析］ How much are they? 问的是价格而不是实际物品的多少。 ［误］ I'm sorry， but is this the way to the park? ［正］ Excuse me， but is this the way to the park? ［析］ I'm sorry 是对已经做错了的事向对方道歉时的开始语。而 Excuse me 是在打扰对方之前表达歉意的话。 ［误］ - Have a good time tonight! - You are the same ［正］ - Have a good time tonight! - The same to you ［析］ The same to you 是表达我也祝您有个愉快的夜晚，它是美语中的习惯用法。 ［误］ - What's the problem? - I've got a headache ［正］ What's wrong with you? I've got a headache ［析］ What's wrong with you? 是询问对方身体状态如何，而 What's the problem?是问对方遇到了什么麻烦。 ［误］ - Now， I'm back Can I play? - Perhaps You'd better do your homework first ［正］ - Now， I'm back Can I play? - I'm afraid not You'd better do your homework first ［析］ Perhaps 是表示对一种拿不准的事态的推论，如： Am I right? Perhaps 而 I'm afraid not 则表达一种不同意的态度。 be afraid 的几种用法有： I'm afraid that you are right  其后直接加宾语从句。 - Will you come to my birthday party? - I'm afraid not I have to go to see my father He is in hospital  其后＋not，表示否定。 - Sorry， I don't want to go there alone， I'm afraid of the dog  其后＋名词，表示对某人，某物的害怕。 Mary is afraid of making mistakes in the exam  其后＋ of ＋ 动名词，表示害怕做某事。 Mary is afraid to see the teacher because she didn't do well in the exam  其后＋ 不定式，表示不敢去做某事。 ［误］ - How soon will you be ready? - Two days ［正］ - How soon will you be ready? - In two days ［析］ 此题关键是要根据情景，身临其境，要注意的是对方问了什么，就应答什么。或答了什么就应问什么。 How soon 问的是"还有多久才能作完"，这时要用 in two days， 即在两小时之内即可以作完。如用 How long 提问，则答语可以用 two days。 ［误］ - Would you mind if I have some time off? - I don't mind  - Monday and Tuesday of next week ［正］ - Would you mind if I have some time off? - When exactly  - Monday and Tuesday of next week ［析］ 有的对话是复杂的，稍有不慎就有可能选错，而且英语中如选错了答案是不容易找出错来的。 I don't mind 是可以用来回答 Would you mind…这一提问的，但如仔细看一看则会发现我们要选用的不是陈述句而是疑问句。根据下面一句的答语来判定要用 when exactly? 什么时间，这样才能与下句中具体的时间相符合。 ［误］ Suppose your name is Tom The phone rings and you pick it up The first word you say will probably be "Who are you?" ［正］ Suppose your name is Tom The phone rings and you pick it up The first word you say will probably be "Hello? This is Tom speaking?" ［析］ 在英语学习中，习惯用法实际上在某种情况，或某种意义上讲比语法更为重要。如果只从句子的角度上去分析，它们可能都是对的。比如，当你拿起电话时，如果你想知道对方是谁，可以问"Who's that(speaking)?"但不要讲"Who are you?"如果你想先介绍一下自己可以讲"This is ×××× speaking"而不要讲"I'm　××××"也不要讲"My name is ×××××．"　就语法而论，"Who are you?" "I'm ×××× ""My name is ××××× "并不错，也是英语中可用的句子，但就打电话这一场合，就不宜用了。 ［误］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend? - I don't hope so ［正］ - Do you think it's going to rain over the weekend? - I hope not ［析］ 由于初学者对实际英语口语中表达感情意愿的答语不熟悉，如在肯定答语中 I think so I hope so I believe so 是相同的，但在否定句中却常用 I don't think so 但I don't believe so 和 I don't hope so 则意为：我不信此事和我不希望此事发生。而 I believe not 和 I hope not 则为：我想可能不会发生吧! ［误］ - Is anybody there? - No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave ［正］ - Is everybody there? - No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave ［析］ 许多学生在写作和选择答语或问句时总要语法在前，而不是习惯用语在先。所以总是要拘泥疑问句中的不定代词，用 anybody。 但是Is anybody there? 在英语中为：这里有人吗?而Is everybody there?为：全都到齐了吗?所以首先要考虑的是其答语。 No， Bob and Tom have asked for leave  ［误］ - Your handwriting is very good! - No， my handwriting is very poor ［正］ - Your handwriting is very good! - Thank you ［析］ 中国人遇到别人称赞，总是以谦逊为美德。但英美人则往往认为自信是美德。所以当别人夸奖你或赞美你时，就应说： Thank you 又比如中国人见面时常讲 Where are you going? 或 Have you had your breakfast yet?而英美人则认为你过多的干预别人的私生活了。而他们见面时往往问一些无关紧要的话，如： Hello! How are you going? (你过得怎样) Morning! 等。而 good morning 和 How do you do 则被认为是较正规的问候语，在日常生活中则十分少见。 ［误］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： "Excuse me I'll go first " ［正］ When you have had dinner with an American friend and want to leave you may say： "Excuse me I have to go " ［析］ 这两句答语都是正确的，其关键不是语法，而是习惯问题。如果在这样的场合你讲 I'll go first 朋友们会迷惑不解，而 I have to go 则表示由于外界的特殊原因而造成的你要离去，而你本人则十分不愿做此事。 ［误］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - I'd like to， and I'm too busy ［正］ - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - I'd like to， but I'm too busy ［析］ I'm too busy 与 I'd like to 在意义上正好相反。所以要用转折连词。这里考查了对词义合乎逻辑的表达能力。所以要强调语言环境，更要强调在语言的基础上的词语辨析。 ［误］ - Where's Deter? - Deter will come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet ［正］ - Where's Deter? - Deter may come with us tonight but he isn't very sure yet ［析］ 由于 but 所引出的句子可以看出 Deter 的来与不来是十分不确定的，所以应用 may 来表达一个不肯定的事件。 ［误］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine! - Great You look well too ［正］ - Hi， haven't seen you for ages! You look fine! - Thanks You look well too ［析］ 要注意的是 Great 在口语中多表示惊叹，而 Thanks 则表示感谢对方的称赞。 所以对情景谈话要有准确的判定，要根据情景，身临其境，上下对照，周密思考，弄清场合，注意英美人的风俗习惯，注重语义上的词语辨析，并要进行大量的语言实践练习，扩大实际交际能力。  （三）　例题解析 1  - Would you like to have some rice? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  Yes， I like B  Yes， please C  of course D  Yes， I have ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当对方对你发出邀请的问语时，如果你想接受则讲 Yes， please 如不想接受则用No， thanks  2  - Nice to see you - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  Good morning B  Happy to meet you， too C  Nice to see you， too D  Pleased to meet you， too ［答案］ C. ［析］ 虽然A、B、D三个选项都可以作为某种问候语的答语，但英语中问候语的答语多用重复对方的话，以表达同样的心情。 3  - Would you please give me some water? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  Yes， I would B  Certainly C  No， thanks D  Yes， please ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当对方发出十分礼貌的请求帮助的问语时，一般的回答是肯定的。而Yes， please 为"是的，您请做某事吧"。这一含意显然不对。 4  - Thank you very much for helping me  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  You're welcome B  It doesn't matter C  No need D  Don't say that ［答案］ A. ［析］ You're welcome 译为中文为：不用谢。而 It doesn't matter 则为：没关系。 5  - Hello， Lucy How are you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ And you? A  Fine， thanks B  Yes， I am C  Glad to meet you D  Good afternoon ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在正常交往中一定要避免所问非所答。所以对 How are you? 的答语应为"很好，谢谢!" 6  - Help yourself to some meat  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  It sounds nice． B  Yes， please． C  Yes， Let's help each other． D  Thank you． ［答案］ D. ［析］ Help yourself to some meat． 你自己拿些肉吃吧。其意为主人劝客人不要客气，像在家里一样。 7  - Oh， I am not feeling well I've got a cold  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  Fine， How are you? B  Never mind Take care C  Well， I 'm sure to get weel soon． D  I'm sorry to hear that ［答案］ D. ［析］ 这是美国、英国的习惯用语，而B、 C则是中国人常讲的答语。 8  - Meimei you speak English very well  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  No， I don't think so B  Thank you very much C  Not good enough D  That's all right ［答案］ B. 9  - "Kate， could you answer the telephone， please?" - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ , Mum I'll get it． A  Yes， I could B  No， thanks C  O K D  Yes， but I have no time ［答案］ C. ［析］ 要注意 could 用于口语中是为了讲话的口气委婉，但它不是过去时态，也不是助动词，而应看作情态动词。所以在答语中则不应这样用。 10  - Could you look after Polly for me while we're away? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  No， thanks． B  With pleasure． C  I'm not afraid． D  I'm sure you will． ［答案］ B. ［析］ With pleasure 是英语中的一句十分客气的答语，用在当对方因你的帮助或你的许诺向你道谢时，表达自己十分乐意为对方效力的口气。 11  - Hello! Could I speak to the headmaster， please? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  Hold on， please． B  That's the headmaster， please． C  Who are you ? please． D  Sorry I'm not the headmaster． ［答案］ A. ［析］ hold on， please 是指请对方等一等不要将电话放下的用语。如果要讲我就是的话不能用 that， 而要用 this， 在电话用语中 that 指对方， this 指自己。 12  - Happy birthday! - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  Thank you． B  The same to you． C  Good luck． D  Congratulations． ［答案］ A. ［析］ the same to you 是同样祝贺对方的意思，不能用于生日这一祝贺语，除非两人的生日在同一天。 13  - I'm sorry I don't know the way， either You'd better ask that policeman for help  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  Good night． B  That's nothing． C  Very well． D  Thank you all the same． ［答案］ D. ［析］ 当向对方求助时，对方无能为力，这时的感谢语则为 Thank you all the same 意为不管如何还是要谢谢你。 14  - I fell and hurt my leg last week， So I can't do anything  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  I'm sorry B  Don't worry C  Good luck D  Bad luck ［答案］ D. ［析］ 如果用A则要用 I'm sorry to hear that 而不能单用 I'm sorry 因I'm sorry 是向对方道歉。而 bad luck 为真是不幸啊。 15  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ - I have got a cough  A  What's your trouble? B  What have you got? C  Why did you come here? D  Have you got a cough? ［答案］ A. ［析］ What's your trouble? 多用于问对方有什么问题、麻烦或得了什么病。这种用语还有 What's wrong with you? 16  - Would you like to go shopping with me? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  Yes， I'd love to． B  That's right． C  Yes， please． D  Quite well． ［答案］ A. ［析］ 表示愿意作某事应讲：I'd love to I'd like to  17  - What's the weather like today! - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  It's nice for a walk． B  I like autumn best of all． C  It will be fine tomorrow． D  It's rather cold today． ［答案］ D. ［析］ 本题要注意问的是什么，不要所问非所答。因问题是今天的天气怎样，所以只能选D 18  - Is Jane in ，please? I want to speak to her  - Sorry， she is out You'd better ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  visit her in the office B  call her later C  see her this afternoon D  speak to her yourself ［答案］ B. ［析］ call her later 晚些时候再来电话。 19  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ - Very well， thank you， and you? A  How do you do? B  Good morning C  How are you these days? D  How do you like English? ［答案］ C. ［析］ 本题是由答语来推断问话，所以应熟悉英语的问答习惯： How do you do? 的答语应为 How do you do? 20  - How is your mother? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  She is old． B  She is no better than she was． C  She is kind hearted． D  She is in her forties． ［答案］ B. ［析］ How is your mother? 问的是你妈身体如何，而B选项则是"她不比以前强"。而其他三个选项则是所问非所答。 21  - Thank you very much for your help  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  You're welcome B  Please don't C  There's no trouble D  No， no ［答案］ A. 22  Your uncle has taken you to the cinema Afterwards you thank him He says " ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ．" A  It was nothing B  I'm glad you enjoyed it C  Don't say it D  No， needn't ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这是英语的答语，千万不要选A，因它是中文习惯的答语。 23  - Thank you for your good present  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  It's not good B  No， no C  My pleasure D  Never mind ［答案］ C. 24  When someone did a good deed for you， you should say ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A.you are too good B.It's very kind of you  C.you are very kind D.I'll thank you ［答案］ B. 25  - I am very sorry I am late for dinner - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A.No， you aren't B.That's all right  C.Yes， you are D.No， you don't ［答案］ B. ［析］ That's all right 没关系。 26  - I'm sorry if I hurt you  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  I'm sorry B  It's not true C  It doesn't matter D  Don't say sorry ［答案］ C. 27  - I should have gone to see the exhibition with you - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  I'm sorry B  What a pity C  It doesn't matter to me D  That's terrible ［答案］ B. ［析］ What a pity. 真遗憾。第一句应为我真该和你一起去展览会。 28  - Help yourself to some fish  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  You are very kind B  Yes， I'm helping myself C  Thank you D  Yes， don't worry about me ［答案］ C. 29  - Are you ready? -______ ． A  I'm very sorry B  Try to be patient C  Not yet， wait a minute D  Do you have the time， please? ［答案］ C. ［析］ not yet 意为还没有完成。 30  - Mum， I have passed the exam  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  That's all right B  Congratulations C  You are luck D  Good luck to you ［答案］ B. 31  - I think I have to leave I hope we can get together again  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  All right B  That's all right C  O K D  I hope so， too ［答案］ D. 32  Must I wait till he comes back? ． A  No， you needn't B  No， you mustn't C  No， you may not D  No， you can't ［答案］ A. ［析］ must 提问表示必须这样做吗?而肯定句要用 must， 表示必须做，而否定句则要用 needn't 表示没有必要做。 33  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ I pay you the house rent right away? - Yes， you have to do it  A  Shall B  Way C  Must D  Have ［答案］ C. 34  - Don't you think this colour is too bright? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  Yes， I agree． B  Yes， but I don't think so． C  Yes， of course not． D  Yes， what's wrong? ［答案］ A. 35  - It was cold yesterday  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  So was it B  So it was C  I believe not so D  I believe not ［答案］ B. ［析］ 当答语只是重复对方讲的话时，则不用倒装。因 so it was即为：是的，天气昨天很冷。而当讲前面讲的动作也适合于另一个人时，则要倒装。如： I went to the cinema yesterday So did I 表示对方去了电影院，我也去了。 36  - What do you think of the song? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  I like music very much B  I like it too C  With pleasure D  It sounds sweet ［答案］ D. ［析］ sound 在这里是系动词，为听起来很甜美。系动词后要用形容词，而不要用被动语态。 37  Do you like tea or coffee? ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  Yes， I do B  Thank you C  That's fine D  Either will do ［答案］ D. ［析］ either will do 为两者哪个都可以。 38  I like your sweater very much  ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  No， it's ugly B  Sorry C  Thank you D  You're welcome ［答案］ C. ［析］ 这是英美语言的习惯。 39  He likes travelling by train ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  So do I B  I dos C  I like so D  I like it， neither ［答案］ A. 40  - How do you like your school? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  I like it very much B  It's very beautiful C  I doesn't like it D  Very well ［答案］ B. ［析］ How do you like … 是问你们学校是怎样值得你热爱的。也就是为什么你热爱你的学校。 41  What a nice day! ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ A  You're right． B  No， isn't it? C  Yes， isn't it? D  Really? ［答案］ C. ［析］ Yes， isn't it 是的，难道不是个好天气吗? 42  - Hello， ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ? - This is Della speaking  A  Who are you B  Are you Tom C  Who is that D  Please tell me who are you ［答案］ C. ［析］ 电话用语中 that 指对方，而 this 指自己。 43  -What's he like? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  He likes English B  He is old C  He is like a farmer D  He is tall and this ［答案］ D. ［析］ 要区分 What's he like? 如 What does he like? 前者为：他长得什么样?而后者是：他喜欢什么。 44  How did you do your job? Not very well， ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  I'm sure B  I am afraid C  Thank you D  I'm sorry ［答案］ B. ［析］ I am afraid 我恐怕是，我想是。 45  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ your aunt? -She is a principal of a middle school  A  What does B  Where does C  What is D  Whom is ［答案］ C. 46  - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ - He is my boss  A  What's the man? B  Who is the man? C  How is the man? D  What does the man do? ［答案］ B. 47  - May I have your name? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  No， no B  You're polite C  Call me John D  It's kind of you ［答案］ C. 48  - Shall I make coffee for you? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  Yes， thank you B  No， don't trouble C  Don't trouble this， thank you D  No， don't make it ［答案］ A. 49  - Could you show me the way to Mr Buown's office? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  Not at all B  I'm sure C  All right D  I can do it ［答案］ C. 50  - Shall we go swimming tomorrow afternoon? - ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ． A  It's very kind of you B  You are so thoughtful C  That's a good idea D  Yes， we'll go ［答案］ C.   四、 完形填空与阅读 （一）　知识概要 完形填空是一种在语意封闭的情况下考察学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。 学生应根据语义完整、语法正确的原则进行通篇阅读。借助文章的现成文字，通过逻辑思维，联系上下文，推断出可能的答案。然后再从所给选择答案中逐空选出在通读全文时脑海中已出现的答案填入空内。试推想在小学五六年级时去读"西游记"，"水浒传"，你也并非每个字都认得，每句话都能真正理解。但你还是可以明了全文的意思，读得有滋有味。这就是语言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字，不认得字、词语的情况下，能否全面理解文章的正确意思，然后选入适当的词语。在选择后还要前后彼此呼应反复验证所选答案。有时答案一时不易验证，不要急于顺序填写，可能在填出后面答案时，而得到前面的答案。有时则需运用所学的词法、句法、时态和固定搭配等知识对4个选项进行分析，比较、排除干扰项，确定正确的答案。 待答案全部选定后，一定要复读全文以验证：①　所选答案是否能使全文流畅，逻辑推理是否正确。②　具体实事是否成立，前后关系是否理顺。③　语法是否正确，其中包括时态的选择、 词汇 英语3500词汇语境记忆pets3考试词汇二年级反义词和近义词初中词汇词汇大全考研英语二高频词汇表 选择、固定搭配等。在通读全文时最好在可能的条件下将所选答案填入文章中，反复阅读。而不要在文章空中只写选项的代号，这样影响全文的理解，不易找出错误之处。在做完形填空时，应注意以下几点： （１）　重视首句，首段的开篇启示作用，读懂了第一句，或第一段有可能预测到全篇大意。 （２）　一定要顾及上下文间的语意联系。在完形填空的设计中，一般是以语义为第一要素同时兼顾语法。有的4个选项单独填入这个单句中全是正确的，但拿到文中从下文联系起来看，则文理不通。为此要通篇考虑，顾及上下文的联系是十分重要的。 （３）　要坚持语意第一的原则，而语法应放于第二位。完形填空形式上是一种单项选择式的考察。但实质上也是一种阅读能力和学生重建文意能力的考察。它一般是利用语法的正确性与内容排斥性的矛盾而命题的。所给答案大都是离开上下文均可说得通的。但语意上辩析、排斥才能找到答案。例如： It took Charlie Mui several months to save up seven dollars He wanted to ______ a model plane and went to the shop with the money  A  sell B  buy C  hold D  bring 这里肯定需要一个动词，所给答案也都是动词，但只能从意义上考虑而选B项。 （４）　要认真注意细节，做到语法正确。一些答案在意义上讲都是正确的，但从线索上看要找出语法正确的答案。如： Ｍr Evans is an old man of about sixty His wife died a few years ago His chi ldren ______ him by then． A  left B  would leave C  have left D  had left 答案应为D。这句话正确的语意都是"离开"，但仔细发现有 by then 之说，由此可得出这是个动作的截止时间，应选为 had left 过去完成时态。 下面再看一些例子。 （１）　语意第一原则 A young father was visiting an old neighbour They were standing in the old man's garden and talking about ______ ． A  trees B  flowers C  children D  old people 那么他们谈论的中心是什么呢?可能是树、花，由于他们是在花园里谈论。但如果前后的段落配合看，则其谈论的也可能是孩子和老年人。这就是要求我们切勿望文生义。 （２）　语法正确，注意细节的原则 在语意正确的前题下，还要根据学过的语法知识，及词语的固定搭配，选择正确答案。 如： One night the dog began to bark suddenly It made Mr Erens ______ ①______ to sleep He had to get up and tried his ______ ② ______ to stop it， but the beast wouldn't stop， and kept on ______ ③ ______   ①　A  go not B  not go C  not to go D  to not go ②　A  well B  good C  better D  best ③　A  bark B  to bark C  barking D  barked 以上3个小题中所给答案从语意上都是正确的，这就要求选择语法正确的那一个。 第一空中根据句子结构，要填一个宾语补足语。而动词 make 后面的定语补足语应省去不定式符号 to， 且其否定式 ＋ not，即不定式的否定式为 not to do， 而省去 to 后则应为 not do． 在动词前直接＋ not 故应选B。 而第二个空显然是一个固定搭配。语意上为： Mr Erens 尽力地阻止狗叫，所以应选D。 try one's best 是尽力而为之意。 第三个空显然是 keep on doing something 连续不断之意，应选 ing 的动词形式。其答案为C。 （３）　根据所给答案的不同词类，从不同角度分别考虑选择 完形填空所给的词往往是不同类的，这就要求对不同词类作不同考虑。如果所缺的是动词，那么首先在选择语意正确的前提下，考虑动词的时态、语态和是否是要填入非谓语动词。若是介词或副词则要考虑是否固定搭配，以及介词、副词在结构和意义上的选择。若是连词，则应更多地从句子结构和上下文的连接上选择。若是代词，则应考虑性、数、格等方面，以及形容词和副词的比较级和最高级等。 例如： A man and his wife had a small bar near a station They often worked late into the night， ______ ① ______ people came to drink there while they were ______ ② ______ trains  At two o'clock one morning， one man was still at a table in the small bar He was asleep The bar man's wife wanted to leave She looked ______ ③ ______ the bar several times， and each time the man was ______ ④ ______ there Then at last she went to her husband and said to him， "You ______ ⑤ ______ that man six times， George ， ______ ⑥ ______ he isn't drinking anything " ①　 A  as soon as B  because C  so D  though ②　 A  catching up with B  getting on C  looking after D  waiting for ③　 A  at B  for C  into D  out of ④　 A  always B  often C  still D  already ⑤　 A  have woken B  wake C  had woken D  will wake ⑥　 A  and B  but C  yet D  too 从文中看，第一选项，由于给了不同的连词，从意义选择应为B。第二选项均为分词形式，也应从语意上选择，其答案是D。 第三选项给了四个介词，而 into 则是从外向里观看，所以应选C。第四项是副词 still 意为仍然，从意义上应选择C。 而第五项所给的是同个动词，只是时态不同。从故事情景看，只能选完成时态A。 而最后一个选项是连词，由于句意则只能用 but 转折连词。 从目前完形填空初中阶段的考察看，除语意第一外，更多地选择了单词的用法及意义，动词的时态，短语和惯用法等。为此，要做好完形填空题目，除有较好的阅读能力外，更要有扎实的语言基础知识及日常生活的逻辑推理能力。 阅读理解能力在教学大纲中有明确的要求。它是目前条件下考查学生英语运用能力的常规题型之一，也是分值最高的题型之一。学生的阅读理解能力如何， 标志 禁止坐卧标志下载饮用水保护区标志下载桥隧标志图下载上坡路安全标志下载地理标志专用标志下载 着学生继续深入学习的潜力有多大，它是集语法，词汇，逻辑推理背景知识于一体的综合语言能力的测试。它除对学生的阅读理解的正确性进行测试外，同时从阅读速度、技巧、文化背景常识等方面对学生进行测试。 从近年各地中考题分析看，阅读类测试除为一般常规测试题型外，在试题中所占分值较大，为此应引起学生特别注意。 如何做好阅读理解题呢?首先要求考生有足够的基础知识和较好的阅读速度以及技巧方面的训练。同时还要注意以下几个方面的问题。 1  要了解阅读测试的重点 如上所述，阅读过程是一个综合作用的过程，为此阅读的测试就不能仅将着眼点放在语言结构的测试上，而是通过看，通过阅读获取信息的能力。 在阅读一篇文章时，我们首先会想到：①　文章说的是什么事情(即中心思想是什么)。②　事情发生的时间、地点、人物是什么。③　作者所持态度如何。④　结论是什么。 有些说明性信息在文章中容易获取，如：时间、数字、地点、人物等。有些信息如作者的态度，事件的结论，中心思想，文章的标题，则需通过文中线索，说明信息等等去分析推断才能获取。而这些说明性及内隐性的信息正是阅读理解的测试重点内容。而其难点在于理解、推断、得出结论时，应从英语国家的风俗习惯、语言习惯、宗教信仰、民族问题等方面来考虑，而不是仅从中国人的语言习惯来作推论。这也是这方面的难点之一。 例： John drove a taxi through the busy streets of Boston every day  John was ____________ A  a manager B  a driver C  a policeman D  a dustman 由此我们应能由drive a taxi 来得出结论约翰是位出租车司机而不是别的什么人。 例：Mrs Barker's sister was ill  She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday， but not at the weekend， so every Friday evening Mrs Baker used to go off to spend the weekend at her home in a neighboring town… This meant that Mr  Baker … First he had to drive home from the station  Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train  Who was ill? ____________   A  Mr Baker B  Mrs Baker C  Mr  Baker's sister D  Mrs Baker's sister 从这些只言片语中可以看出有三个人物出场，而问题的设计是表浅的，只要细心即可。 ［答案］ D. 从中考阅读命题中，由于考虑到考生的能力有限，和大部分学生毕业的要求，语言结构的测试占很大一部分比重。但对于要考入重点中学的学生来讲，仅仅几分较高要求的题目可能会决定他们的升学命运。因为这一部分分值是往往使学生棘手的那些隐性问题的测试。如： Like many other families in 1870， Katie Olson and her family had come to the grassy plains of Kansas  Katie liked the prairie and their new sold house  But with no friends to play with， she was very lonely  Besides her mother and father， she had only her little brother， Matt， for company  She missed their old home in Wisconsir  Then one day her father had exciting news  Some settlers had bought the farm near the Olson's land  Katie became so excited on hearing the news that she thought she might burst  She begged her father to let her ride over with him to greet their new neighbors  The two rode across the prairie  They found Mr  and Mrs Laski were hard at working building their sod home  Katie was disappointed  She had hoped there would be some children to play with  But soon Mr Laski called out " Anna， and Carl,　come out of the wagon " A boy and a girl  jumped down and came over to Katie  Katie didn't believe it  Her wish had come true  1  Who was the most important person in the story? A  Matt B  Katie C  Mr Laski D  Anna and Carl 2  What was Katie's problem in the story? A  She had no friend. B  She didn't like Kansas. C  She couldn't ride a horse. D  She didn't like Anna and Carl. 从上文中看，信息的获得不是直接的，而是必须通过整个文章的阅读，理清人物关系，掌握中心思想，才能作出正确的判定。如第一问故事中人物众多，但一直到读完才知，故事讲述了一个女孩Katie的事情。则她是故事的中心，所以应选择B  第二问是测试通过阅读是否了解了人物的心理情绪。这些信息必须通过线索，综合判定，从而其结论是A。 2  阅读理解的解题思路和 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 阅读理解的测试点是在通过由于阅读所能够获取信息的能力上，所以解题思路的重点应放在： (1) 通读全文，了解文章的主题和大意；了解作者的写作目的、对事件的态度上。 People sometimes change their way of doing business  In a village in Africa， people are using money for the first time  They're doing business with the world Before this tribe (部落) used money， people came to the market in the village to trade (交易) things they had for things they needed  Now people must use money to buy what they want  Before using money， people helped one another  Their father who was head of the family， gave food， and clothing to his sons and their families  In return， the sons worked for their father  Now people no longer work for one another free  Instead， they are paid for the work they do  When a new road was needed. Everyone in the village helped build it,　Now people must pay money to the village chief (首领) for roads and schools  The chief hires workers to build these new projects  More and better roads and schools are being built It is not easy for people to change a way of doing business  To change from trading goods to using money takes time  ①　 The story doesn't say so， but it makes you think that ____________. A  family members often quarrel (争吵) about money B  Africans do not change their way of doing business C  Africans refuse to use money D  families do not help one another in the same way now ［答案］ D. ②　 On the whole this story is about ____________   A  the life of some Africans B  changing from goods to using money C  people helps one another D  building roads across Africa ［答案］ B. 从以上的问题看，所设提问均不是对某个具体事实。而是真对整篇文章，由此可见通读全文，掌握中心和作者的态度的重要性。 (2) 要注重文句间的相互关系。既注重主要情节又不可忽视细节。中考中阅读命题很多情况下是对事件的某个细节而进行测试的。 例：… on Saturday afternoon they began with the back of the house  The next Saturday Tom went to a football match while his wife painted the front of the house  The next day they found they couldn't open any of the front windows  They get them open at last， but they broke three of the seven and they were very expensive to repair ①  They lasted for about ______ days  A  two B  three C  more than seven D  Less than seven ［答案］ A. ②  They had to get someone to make repair for ______ windows  A  seven B  four C  ten D  three ［答案］ D. 第一问中，如不分析第一句和第二句中的两个 Saturday， 很可能会选择答案C。事实上，他们只干了两个 Saturday， 而不是从这个星期六到下个星期六的7天时间。而第二问是他们弄坏了所有7个窗户中的3个，所以应选D。 (3) 特别注意首尾句在整个文章中的作用，以及它起到的启示和结论性作用。 例： Man has a big brain  He can think， learn and speak… …but no animal learns when we speak? Scientists do not really know  They only know that man can speak because he has a big brain  这篇文章只要我们注意了首尾句，即可得出结论，它是讲述人类大脑与语言的关系的。人脑的其中一个作用是使他拥有语言，也就是和动物 apes， dogs 有了根本的区别。这样这篇文章的许多细节可以迎刃而解了。 ①  In what way are men different from animals? A  Men can understand things quickly. B  Men can learn. C  Men have learned language. D  Men have brains. ［答案］ C. ②  Scientists now know ______ A  how children learn to speak B  why apes can learn a few words C  men's brain helps him to learn to speak D  what happens when men speak ［答案］ C. ③  What is the topic the writer wants to talk about? A  ape's language B  men's brain and language C  human brain D  animals' learning ［答案］ B. 以上只是做阅读练习中的一般分析，要取得优异成绩，还有赖于扎实的阅读基础和语言能力，以及平时的技巧训练和刻苦练习。要坚持每天至少读三四篇文章，以逐步提高自己的英语水平。 (二) 例题解析 通读下面短文，掌握其大意。然后从短文后各题所给的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。 Once there was a clever farmer  Though he was poor， he decided one day to take the king a roast goose (烤鹅) as a present  He had not had ____ 1 ____ to cat that day， and soon the ____ 2 ____ of the roast goose became too much for him as (当……时) he ____ 3 ____ it to the king， so he ate one of its legs  When he came before the king and gave him the goose， the king ____ 4 ____ saw that it had only one leg  Now， the king ____ 5 ____ was born with one bad leg， so he had never been able to ____ 6 ____ properly (正常地)  When he saw the goose with only one leg， he thought the farmer had ____ 7 ____ this to laugh at him  Of course he was very ____ 8 ____   　The farmer was told that if anybody laughed at the king， he would be ____ 9____ at once  "Where is ____ 10 ____ leg of the goose?" the king asked  " All the geese (goose 的复数) in this ____ 11 ____ of the country have one leg only， " the farmer answered  "Do you think I'm a fool(傻子)?" the king shouted  "____ 12 ____ ，" said the farmer， "if you look out of the window， you will see geese with one leg by the ____ 13____   " The king looked， and there the geese were ____ 14 ____ on one leg beside the water  The king at once told one of his men to ____ 15 ____ them with a big stick， and of course， they ____ 16 ____ their other legs and ran away  "There， " said the king  " You were lying(说谎)  That ____ 17 ____ that the geese here have two legs， like all other ____ 18 ____ in the country " "But it doesn't show anything，" answered the farmer， "if your men threw a big stick like that at me， I would grow two ____19 ____ legs myself to help me to run away ____ 20 ____   " 1  A  less B  all C  little D  much 2  A  head B  neck C  smell D  temperature 3  A  returned B  carried C  sent D  handed 4  A  at once B  at last C  by then D  on time 5  A  once B  really C  himself D  yet 6  A  come B  walk C  see D  eat 7  A  kept B  done C  made D  found 8  A  sorry B  worried C  sad D  angry 9  A  helped B  killed C  saved D  covered 10  A  other B  another C  that D  the other 11  A  city B  village C  farm D  part 12  A  Certainly not B  Of course C  That's nothing D  Never mind 13  A  hole B  forest C  lake D  house 14  A  swimming B  resting C  flying D  lying 15  A  fill B  lock C  hit D  keep 16  A  sent up B  put down C  did with D  moved away 17  A  shows B  talks C  sees D  knows 18  A  geese B  animals C  legs D  farmers 19  A  slower B  faster C  less D  more 20  A  more slowly B  more carefully C  faster D  earlier ［答案］ 1  D 2  C 3  B 4  A 5  C 6  B 7  B 8  D 9  B 10  D 11  D 12  A 13  C 14  B 15  C 16  B 17  A 18  A 19  D 20  C 其中1选 much是应能从文章字里行间中猜到的，它应为much food to eat  而将food 省略。2要知道 smell 可以作系动词，但也可以作名词，而4则为多个短语的词语辨析：at once 立刻， at last 最终， by then 到那时为止，on time 准时。所以应为at once  7则要熟悉英语的习惯用法，即干这件事要用do，而不用make  10之所以要用D则是因为鹅有两只腿，由于只剩一只而问另一只哪里去了，要用特指的定冠词。而 other 则为泛指的形容词，一般指复数， another虽然也指单数，但也应用于泛指的情况。而11题因其后有 of the country， 是在乡村的这个部分，所以只能用part  country 是不可数名词作"乡村"讲，作为可数名词则作"国家"讲。而作"乡村"讲时，前面的定冠词不可少。19则是要通读全文才知道鹅一只腿站立体息，而一被哄赶则放下另一只腿跑走了，人是两条腿站着，当被哄赶时那应是再长出两条腿奔跑着逃走。由此可见中考的难题越来越不在语法项，而在阅读和完形上用以选拔高质量的学生。 We were going to play a team from a country school  They didn't come until the game time arrived  They looked ____ 1 ____ than we had thought  They were wearing dirty blue jeans (仔裤) and looked like farm boys  We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before  We all sat down  We felt that we didn't ____ 2 ____ any practice (训练) against a team like that  It was already so late that no ____ 3 ____ could be given to them for a warm up  The game began  One of our boys ____ 4 ____ the ball and he shot (掷) a long pass to our forward (前锋)  From out of nowhere a boy in a dirty T shirt ____ 5____ the pass and with a beautiful form (姿势) he shot and got two points (分)  They ____ 6 ____ us  Then they got another ____ 7____ of points in a minute  Soon it was all over  The country team ____ 8____ us  We certainly learned that even though a team is good， there is usually another ____ 9 ____ a little better  But the important lesson learned was: One can't tell a man， or a team， by the ____10 ____   1  A  stronger B  younger C  worse D  less 2  A  get B  try C  use D  need 3  A  basket B  space C  ball D  time 4  A  got B  played C  missed D  carried 5  A  caught B  changed C  started D  stopped 6  A  surprised B  kept C  broke D  hit 7  A  half B  pair C  group D  double 8  A  won B  saved C  beat D  joined 9  A  just B  already C  about D  almost 10  A  T shirts B  clothes C  places D  points ［答案］ 1  C 2  D 3  D 4  A 5  D 6  A 7  B 8  C 9  A 10  B ［析］ 在1题中可以看出stronger， younger worse， less 四个选项全可以选，语法是正确的。从文章开始到这里并看不出其原因为什么要选择C，这时只能将其选择空出往后面看，所以提醒考生要注意的是千万不要一一对完形填空作出选择，有很多情况 是后面的情景决定了前面的选择。当看到 We even thought that they had never seen a basketball before 和 We felt that we didn't need (2) any practice against a team like that  则就肯定会得到第一个空的选项决不是比我们强壮，也不可能是少，更不可能是年轻、而是球技不佳，比我们差得很远。 而5题是要仔细考虑才能得到正确的结论。这四个动词都可以用在篮球运动中，但要注意的是，其后面的名词是pass，在这里应译为"长传"。而这个长传这里决不是开始，而是被截住了。所以这里应用stopped。 即"拦截了一个长传。"而 caught 的宾语应换为ball球就对了。B 选项为"改变"，用于这里就不合题意了。而7项虽然很多人都知道篮球规则，投一球按两分计算，但这里应选哪个词则拿不准了，主要在B选项与D选项之间发生了问题。不知double的真实意义是"加倍，翻一翻"之意，还是"一对，一双，两倍"之意。其困难点还有9项，它的选择应为 just，这是由全文所决定的。它的意思是不论一个队多么好，总会有一个队会比你强出一点儿，哪怕是仅仅一点点。这也就是完形填空不易拿满分之处。这里要提醒大家的是：语言是十分灵活的，要经常不断地学习思考才会有所进步。 Peter was a small boy  He lived with his parents in a small house near some hills  The people there were all poor  One night it was very dry and windy  When everybody was asleep， Peter suddenly heard some noise  It came out from the kitchen (厨房)  He got up and walked to the kitchen  He found that the wood beside the stove (火炉) was burning  There was no water tap (水龙头) in the house， so he could not put out (扑灭) the fire  He shouted loudly to wake up everyone in the house  Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up  They all left their houses quickly  At last the fire was put out by the firemen  Many houses were burnt  But nobody was hurt in the fire  1  Peter lived with his ______   A  sisters B  brothers C  uncles D  parents 2  One night he found that ______ beside the stove was burning  A  the table B  the wood C  the door D  the window 3 ______　 ， so he could not put out the fire  A  Everybody was asleep B  He couldn't shout loudly C  The kitchen was very big D  There was no water tap in the house 4  Peter knocked on the doors of many houses ______z  A  to wake the people up B  to get some water C  to find his classmates D  to visit them 5 ______　 hurt in the fire  A  People in other houses were B  Peter's parents were C  Nobody was D  Peter was ［答案］ 1  D 2  B 3  D 4  A 5  C ［析］ 本题属于表层理解阅读考查题目，因为完成其答案所需要的信息基本上可以直接从文章中获取，并不太多的需要推理和对环境，习俗的分析与了解。例如1题可直接从文章中 He lived with his parents in a small…中获取。2 题则可以从 He found that the wood beside the stove was buring 获取答案。3 题几乎是文章中的原句， There was no water tap in the house  所以得分率会很高。4 题也可从文章中：Then he ran out of his house and knocked on the doors of many houses to wake the people up  直接找出答案。5题的答案则可以从文章中最后一句获得，如： But nobody was hurt in the fire。 这样的阅读题目，是属于表层理解题目，也就是为了那些获取毕业成绩的分数所设计的。其目的在于对普通同学给予适当的分以求达到毕业之目的。这样的题目虽然容易，但还是要小心为好，不要粗心大意，以免不必要的丢分。 "You're just in time， Joe  We're going to play cowboys (牛仔) and Indians， and you can be the Indians， " one of my cousins (堂兄弟) said  "How many Indians?" I asked  "Oh， about a thousand，" he answered， and before I could say no， I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians  Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind  The shouts of "After them  Let's catch the killers!" and other such TV play language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car  "We've got him,　boys  Let's go and catch him!" But no one wanted to come to get me  All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with me  It was quiet outside  And I went out of the car to have a look  Just then I heard a shout， "Bring the rope (绳子)， and we can burn him " "Only Indians burn people  Cowboys …，" I stopped just in time  I had almost said， "Cowboys hang (绞死) people " I was tied to a tree， and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called， "We're leaving now " "Untie me，" I shouted  "We're going " "Why did Bobby want matches (火柴)?" Mum asked when we were in the car  "He was asking Dad whether he had any " "Oh， he was just going to matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches?" Mother was quite sure， and I didn't say any more  1  How many children played the Indians? A  One thousand. B  One hundred. C  One group. D  One. 2  Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because ______   A  there were not enough children for the game B  the game was just going to start C  none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians D  they were waiting for Joe 3  Joe didn't say "Cowboys hang people " out because ______  A  he was tied to a tree B  that would make things worse C  he was caught by the cowboys D  that would make the cowboys angry 4  Which of the following is TRUE? A  One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches. B  Dad didn't want to give the children any matches. C  Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father. D  Mum didn't think children should play with matches. 5  The name of the story should be "______ "  A  Joe and his cousins B  Who knows what danger is waiting there C  Cowboys and Indians is a favourite children's game D  How cowboys and Indians fought in the past ［答案］ 1  D 2  C 3  B 4  A 5  B ［析］ 本文在阅读过程中会感到难度，而其问题与选项的设计更为困难。其难点不仅在于要阅读好文章，而且要对问题和问题中的选择项作深入仔细地阅读。如1题的问句之意是有多少个孩子在游戏中扮演印第安人。而文章中又有"How many Indians?" I asked 当作者问到有多少印第安人时，其答语为" about a thousand " 这对于看不懂全文，而只认识个别单词的人就是一种很强的误导作用。因题目中问的是 How many，而文章中的数字是 a thousand  但如果认真往下看则会发现： I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians  我被推入了黑暗之中变成了一千个印第安人。所以文章暗示了一个小孩来扮演一千个印第安人。这种题目的得分率自然不会很高。紧接而来的2题则更困难，问题问的是 Joe 的堂兄说他来的正是时候，是因为 ______。这是要认真去推理来判定的。由文中的句子 and before I could say no …这显然暗示了作者并不想扮演这样的角色，所以可以推论是没有人愿意扮演这个角色，但正在这个时候 Joe 来了，而且不由分说把 Joe 推入了角色之中。而3题则更加困难，其题目之意是"Joe 没有说出牛仔是绞死人"的这一句话是为了什么 ______。从文章中 Joe 被一群孩子追逐后被抓住，十分不高兴，想从中解脱出来。因其他孩子讲我们可以烧死他。所以 Joe 为了摆脱困境而要讲出的话是："只有印第安人才烧人，而牛仔是用绳子绞死人。"后半句没有讲出来，是因为他看到如果要烧死人还需要找柴，找火柴，还是要一段时间的，但绳子就在他身上，如果绞死人那几乎是立刻马上之事。所以其答案选择了B。　这样的话可能会使事情更糟。4 题的题目是简单的，即下面陈述中那个是真实的。由于中考英语答案是唯一的，所以只有一个是符合标准的。这时可以采用选取正确答案的方法，但实际上更好的办法是排除法。把不正确的排除后再对其他项进行对比，作出选择。这叫作所谓的排除法。首先排除的应是C选项，因文章中讲在他们上车回家的路上妈妈问他："为什么 Bobby 要火柴，他问爸爸是否有火柴。" 这里的爸爸显然指的是 Joe 的爸爸而不是 Bobby的爸爸。而其他三个选项则都处于可选之例：如A项应为 Joe 的一个堂兄在找火柴。B项是爸爸不想给孩子任何火柴。D项是妈妈认为孩子们不应玩火柴。而B项，在文章中根本没有进述Joe 爸爸的态度，所以应首先放弃，而D项是可以从推理中得到的，要不然他的母亲不会在车上问这个问题，但是文章中并未直接提出来，所以只有A是对的。因其妈妈讲 Bobby 是向 Joe的爸爸寻找火柴。而5项则更是要全文反复阅读才可能领会到其中的原由的。文章的题目要概括全部文章内容，但更重要的是从中抽取最重要的，也就是作者的主要意图。从文章的最后两句，当作者反问他妈妈时说："他真的在找火柴?火柴、你敢肯定他是在找火柴吗?"妈妈表示十分肯定，而作者再也不讲什么了。显然他感到如果玩下去危险的存在。所以其答案是B。这也就是中考中要求较高的题目，虽然分数不多但对要进入重点高中的学生来说，这是个关键问题，也就是成功与失败的焦点所在。 例：We spent a day in the country and picked a lot of flowers  Our car was full of flowers inside! On the way home we had to stop at traffic lights， and there my wife saw the bookshelf  It stood outside a furniture (家具)shop  "Buy it，" she said at once  "We'll carry it home on the roof rack(车顶架)  I've always wanted one like that " What could I do? Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer， and the bookshelf was tied on to the roof rack  It was tall and narrow， quite heavy too  As it was getting darker， I drove slowly  Other drivers seemed more polite than usual that evening  The police even stopped traffic to let us through  Carrying furniture was a good idea  After a time my wife said， "There's a long line of cars behind  Why don't they overtake(超车)?" Just at that time a police car did overtake  The two officers (警官) inside looked at us seriously when they went past  But then， with a kind smile they asked us to follow their car through the busy traffic  The police car stopped at our village church(教堂) One of the officers came to me  "Right， sir，"he said "Do you need any more help now?" I didn't quite understand "Thanks， officer，" I said  "You've been very kind  I live just down the road " He was looking at our things: first at the flowers， then at the bookshelf  "Well， well，" he said and laughed  "It's a bookshelf you've got there! We thought it was－er something else " My wife began to laugh  Suddenly I understood why the police drove here  I smilcd at the officer  "Yes， it's a bookshelf， but thanks again " I drove home as fast as I could  1  From the story we know that ______  A  the writer was poor and didn't buy the bookshelf for his wife  B  the writer's wife didn't like the bookshelf at all C  the writer was always glad to buy something for his wife D  the writer was not very glad to buy the bookshelf for his wife 2  What made the writer think that carrying furniture was "a good idea"? A  He could drive slowly and it was safe  B  Other drivers would let him go first  C  His wife could use a new bookshelf  D  He could save a lot of money and time 3  Why were the police and other drivers so kind to the writer? A  Because they thought the writer liked studying very much and needed a bookshelf B  Because they didn't think it was polite to overtake a car with a bookshelf on it  C  Because they thought somebody in the writer's family had died and he needed help D  Because they thought it was dangerous to carry a bookshelf on a car 4  Why did the writer's wife begin to laugh? A  Because now she knew what mistake the police had made  B  Because at last her husband understood why the police had driven to the church C  Because the officer was always looking at the flowcrs and the bookshelf  D  Because the police had helped them a lot 5  When did the officers begin to realize(意识到)they had made a mistake? A  Before they arrived at the church  B  Before they overtook (overtake的过去式) the writer's car  C  After one of them looked at the flowers and the bookshelf carefully at the church D  After the writer's family left the church ［答案］ 1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 C ［析］ 这篇文章有英国幽默的味道。英国的幽默是十分特别的，它一般都是讲述一个故事，但当结尾时仅几句话则道出天机来。对于这样的文章要从头认真看到尾，不要在考场中为了赶时间自认为是全懂了，其实则不然。造成不必要的丢分。从1题可以看出作者十分不情愿地为其妻子买了个书架呢。第二段则出现"Buy it "这样的祈使句。初学者不易看出里面的原委。要知道祈使句在对话中常常带有命令，或不客气之意，所以从这里开始已看出作者的情绪了。其后的What can I do?又是一句抱怨的话，"我还能作什么吗?"其后又是一句风趣的抱怨：Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer 即暗示十分不情愿地又花了20美元。所以其答案是D。其后2题则是推理题，从作者买了书架之后一连串的奇怪事情发生了。首先是其他的驾驶员开车对他十分的礼貌，甚至警察阻挡其他车辆让他先行。所以其答案是B。第3题则一句道破天机。因为前两件事已使作者感到奇怪了。后来警察竟然亲自驾驶汽车为他开道。而且警察并不知道他要去什么地方就把他带到教堂来了。这是因为英美人一生三件大事都要在教堂做：其一是出生时在教堂洗礼，其二是结婚，其三则是死亡。所以警察不问其由而将他带到教堂是为了帮助他。所以答案是C。当警察讲到We thought it was …er something else?时，显然有个词是不好意思讲出口的，所以道出了文章的真实情况。这时不难对5题作出答复其答案是C。