吐蕃时期建筑的形式与风格

吐蕃时期建筑的形式与风格 吐蕃时期建筑的形式与风 格 每一个民族在 发展 其自己 历史 与文化的过程中～都留下具有其自己特点的物质遗存～这类遗存往往成为我们探讨该民族文化、地理、 经济 等各方面特征的物质材料依据。包括建筑遗存在内西藏古代文化是高原民族历史的产物。 西藏古代建筑具有显著的高原文化特征～并且这种特征从卡若新石器文化到举世闻名的布达拉宫都能充分体现出来。 到底这一时期的建筑～有些什么特点、有什么样的风格、规模等则没详细准确的记载～所幸近年来西藏考古工作有了一些新发现～也有很多学者专家撰文论及西藏的古代建筑～故笔者在此试图以考古资料及他人 研究 为基础～作一尝试性探讨。 一、吐蕃时期的宗教建筑 吐蕃时期最宏伟～最壮丽的宗教建筑其典型代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 应是桑for examination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, the borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agent signature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by himself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor due to special reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized power of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified by the notary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_00102). Rule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented window screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized person, and keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and signed by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, fill in the contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of empty pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so be sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1-and 2-story model can be displayed. Click the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will automatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide book makers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015-3-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-time debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, decreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and interest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll over loans, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; Second, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a one-year personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan terms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been accepted 耶寺～它不仅是西藏佛教史上的第一座真正具有佛、法、僧的寺院～而且也是当时印、藏、汉文化交流的结晶。约建于公元763年一774年的桑耶寺～其平面结构与佛教密宗的“坛城”,即曼陀罗,相似～或可说是曼陀罗的立体造型。全寺中心的乌孜大殿象征着宇宙中心之须弥山～其四方各建一殿～象征四大部洲～四方各殿的附近～又各有两座小殿～象征八小洲。主殿两侧又建两座小殿～象征日、月～主殿四周建红、黑、绿、白四塔～意在镇服一切凶神恶刹～防止天灾人祸的发生。此外还有其他一些建筑～如护法神殿、僧舍、住房、仓库等。全建筑由一道椭圆形围墙包括～象征铁围山～四面各开大门一座～东大门为正门。“乌孜”大殿即“祖拉康”～是桑耶寺的中心殿～“其地基高厚而大～所备之原材料精致完好～如同螺碗盛满玛瑙一般”。建筑面积6000多平方米～座西朝东～殿高三层～式样别致～独具风格。每层殿堂的空间很高～一般在5(5—6米之间。而且第二层～第三层均在殿堂前建有低于大殿的宽敞阳台～这既使大殿内得到充分原光线～同时外观也显得更加壮丽恢宏～底层采用藏族建筑形式～中层采用汉族建筑形式～上层采用印度建筑形式。这种藏、汉、印诸文化合璧的建筑风格～在西藏建筑史上是非常罕见的～所以有人据此又称其为“三样寺”。 桑耶寺这种有轴线贯穿的均称平面布局建筑多建在河 pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so bempty by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of e e contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signaturein th igned by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, filland keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and sson, indow screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized perRule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented w 0102).clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_0otary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are the n er of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified byecial reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized powto sp imself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor duenature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by hnt sige borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agexamination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, thfor eterms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedr personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan yea-neSecond, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a o, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; loans terest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll overcreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and intime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, de-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-kers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015ook matomatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide bClick the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will austory model can be displayed. -and 2-sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1 2 谷～山间的平缓地带～建筑平面外廊围墙分为方形与圆形两种～主体建筑居中～附属建筑呈十字放射状展开～或居四角多以城墙起。俨似城堡式的建筑～无疑对后世的寺庙～建筑产生了久远 影响 ～是吐蕃早期寺院建筑的典型布局形式。 松赞干布时修建的大昭寺、十二镇魔寺～帕热路甫石窟寺等宗教建筑～均是不同于桑耶寺的 艺术 风格。从地域分布特点来看～这类宗教建筑主要集中在今山南和拉萨地区～如乃东县的吉如拉康、玉意拉康～琼结县的若康～扎囊县的康松桑康林～措杰那木措～桑日县的巴廊却康～拉萨墨如宁巴的藏巴拉康～药王山上的帕热路普石窟寺等均属此例。另外～近几年考古工作者在全区性的文物普查时发现了另一类大致也属于这个时期的古建筑～如吉隆县境内的强准祖布拉康。帕巴寺～康马县的艾旺寺。乃东曲德寺。山南隆子县境内的仲嘎尔曲德寺。日当寺等为我们研究吐蕃时期的佛教文化和建筑艺术提供了宝贵的资料。从功能上看～吐蕃王朝时期的这类建筑主要是用镇魔驱邪供奉塑像的小庙。按其形制来看～这类小寺庙的建筑艺术的风格多倾向于古朴的民间建筑～规模较小～大多为一院一殿～没有僧舍也没有经堂。从总体上看～这一时期宗教建筑其风格艺术也不统一～大体上可以分以下几种。 he authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, fill in the coopies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and signed by teep cen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized person, and kset of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented window scre 2 2ndcontent is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_00102). Rule ic of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are clear, they publrney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified by the notarons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized power of Attol reasu may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor due to speciacontract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by himself, yoe of and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agent signaturand approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, the borrower for examinationapply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedloan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan terms. 5.7 year personal-thin one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a oneg to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; Second, wicordincond, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll over loans, acoan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and interest. Setime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, decreasing l-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-loping period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015: devey outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide book makers[layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will automaticallstory model can be displayed. Click the -and 2-elect [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1t of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so be sure to sts outies to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of empty pallespecification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature by the par ntract3 第一种:以于公元641—650年的大昭寺为代表。大昭寺庭院呈正方形～总面积为2500余平方米～主殿在庭院的东面～由上下两部分构成～下部以花岗岩砌干墙高3—5层～下大上小～逐级收分。第1—3层以60余间房子围成庭院～在1、2层～内庭院上盖平层顶为中央大殿～通高二层～围绕大殿四周除西面底层正中为中门外～是20余个小型佛殿的护法神殿～底层东面正中为释迦牟尼殿～是主殿的中心～通高4层～第2层的西、南、北三面环大殿作回廊～回廊三面联通殿房～西面正中,在中门楼上,是松赞干布殿～高2层～第3层南面两侧正中分别“慈尊四亲”殿的观音殿～并在释迦牟尼殿～松赞干布殿～“慈尊四亲”殿和观音殿上分别建造了汉式木构架歇山式金瓦顶～殿的柱梁纵向排列～密助平顶构架～在平屋顶上四周出金顶～以及红墙怪柳女儿墙檐～为传统的藏式建筑艺术～主殿初高2层～只有8间佛殿～11世纪整修时增加一层～并将中央佛殿扩建同中门连接起来～中门是大昭寺最初的寺门～门内两侧尚有泥塑四天王像～主殿中央部分的形制与其他藏传佛教寺院相同～抬高一层作侧面采光天窗～主殿内～周围廓殿之间的柱子～梁架～殿门等满布雕刻和壁画～两层廊有雕塑伏兽～主殿顶层的4个汉式歇山金顶～构架和外檐斗拱都采用汉式～释迦殿金顶～屋脊、檐角的吻兽、山花、檐板、以及墙角四角的雄狮都为铜制镏金～金顶飞檐饰物为雕刻的神仙、法轮、宝塔、倒钟、莲盘、金幡、龙、 sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1 pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so bempty by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of e e contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signaturein th igned by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, filland keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and sson, indow screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized perRule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented w 0102).clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_0otary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are the n er of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified byecial reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized powto sp imself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor duenature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by hnt sige borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agexamination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, thfor eterms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedr personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan yea-neSecond, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a o, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; loans terest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll overcreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and intime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, de-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-kers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015ook matomatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide bClick the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will austory model can be displayed. -and 2-4 凤、狮、鸟等～既有中原汉地镏金术的运用～同时也吸收了印度、尼泊尔寺庙的顶饰风格～整体建筑风格表现出融藏、汉、印度～尼泊尔诸文化特点于一体～又体现了藏族建筑的独特风貌～开创了藏式平川式寺庙风格。是蕃善时期宗教建筑的典型代表。 第二种:是以吉如拉康为代表的建筑类型。这类拉康以一方形佛堂为其主殿～内立木柱～“关于这类拉康建筑～藏族建筑史上有所谓～四柱八梁三十三的说法”～木结构有比较硕大、古朴原始的特点～柱、椽大都只是稍加斧斫～基本上保持了 自然 形态～托木的正面雕凿龙、风、狮、虎或花卉图案～吉如拉康与其他镇魔小寺相比较～可能算是吐蕃时期最早的～真正意义上的佛殿。根据《巴协》记载～“其中的释迦堂大致是建于公元8世纪20至30年代～是赤德祖赞和金成公主为于阗到吐蕃避难的僧侣们修建的佛殿～当时称为格如拉康～现存的吉如拉康是后代多次修缮后的建筑～由佛堂、经堂～门廊等部分组成。殿堂内保存着吐善时期的古老经架和雕塑～佛堂内的四根立柱柱托上的浮雕图案大器浑然～具有明显的动势～颇有汉唐之风～但从吉如拉康整个的建筑形制上 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ～它仍具有藏地本土的建筑样式。这类拉康在吐蕃时期寺庙中比较具有代表性～其数量也最多。 specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature by the par ntracthe authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, fill in the coopies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and signed by teep cen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized person, and kset of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented window scre 2 2ndcontent is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_00102). Rule ic of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are clear, they publrney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified by the notarons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized power of Attol reasu may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor due to speciacontract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by himself, yoe of and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agent signaturand approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, the borrower for examinationapply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedloan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan terms. 5.7 year personal-thin one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a oneg to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; Second, wicordincond, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll over loans, acoan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and interest. Setime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, decreasing l-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-loping period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015: devey outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide book makers[layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will automaticallstory model can be displayed. Click the -and 2-elect [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1t of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so be sure to sts outies to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of empty palle5 第三种:木结构的楼阁式塔形建筑。这类建筑以吉隆县境内的强准祖布寺和帕巴寺为代表。这两座古建筑具有一个共同的特点就是两者均为木结构的楼阁式塔形建筑。楼阁为方形～高四层且每层都逐级向上收分～塔内中空～设有木制楼梯可至顶层～各层均有挑檐及门窗～每层屋檐四角均有铜制套饰挑生飞檐。其中强准祖布寺为松赞干布时期升修十二镇魔寺的四大重镇寺之一～称为“降振格吉庙”。其塔式楼阁建筑据考古工作者推断为具有唐代佛塔的建筑特点～但其柱造型古拙～为覆盆式～雕以宝莲辨～是藏地本土建筑形制。但因为吉隆古镇是吐蕃古代通道之所在～是当时国际 交通 道。因而推断其艺术风格与喜玛拉雅南坡的文化有一定关联。而帕巴寺据说是松赞干布迎请赤尊公主时修建的镇边寺～其建筑风格中自然颇有些尼泊尔的风格。 第四种:见有别于寺庙建筑的石窟寺～它是吐蕃时期宗教建筑的一个重要组成部分～其中具有代表性的～是拉萨药王山上的帕热路甫石窟寺。窟形颇接近早期的“支提”式石窟。近几年考古工作者在藏南靠近锡金的岗巴县发现了一处石窟,乃甲切木石窟寺～据考证判定为是吐蕃时期。证明西藏开凿石窟为寺至少在吐蕃时期就已是一种宗教建筑的形式。综上所述～我们不难发现吐善时期的宗教建筑与其后西藏寺庙建筑～,如萨迦县的萨迦寺、江孜县的白居寺等,尤其 igned by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, filland keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and sson, indow screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized perRule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented w 0102).clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_0otary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are the n er of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified byecial reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized powto sp imself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor duenature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by hnt sige borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agexamination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, thfor eterms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedr personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan yea-neSecond, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a o, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; loans terest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll overcreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and intime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, de-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-kers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015ook matomatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide bClick the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will austory model can be displayed. -and 2-sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1 pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so bempty by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of e e contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signaturein th6 是与近代的经院式寺庙建筑,如格鲁派的各大寺庙,相比既有明显的区别～如无论在建筑规模～建筑格局～还是功能与风格都很不相同～但其形式～艺术风格又对后期宗教建筑产生了一定的影响。 二、吐蕃时期宫殿城堡的建筑特点 藏区民间流传着这样一种说法,“地方莫早于雅砻～房屋莫早于雍布拉康～国王莫早于聂赤赞普”。砻部落的第一代赞普是聂赤赞普～而雍布拉康是聂赤赞普所建造的宫殿这一说法虽然其中传说成份较多～但我们可以肯定的一点是～雍布拉康应是吐蕃时期最早的建筑之一～它的建造与雅砻部落兴起有关～从这个意义上说雍布拉康也可以说是西藏的第一座宫殿建筑。 宫殿建筑一直是西藏重要的具有古老传统的建筑形式。但一个明显的事实是～当这种传统延续到吐蕃王朝兴盛时期～建筑形式也发生了变化～这不仅与吐蕃王朝兼并了象雄、苏毗等国有关～同时也与周边较发达的文化往来有关。这一情况突出地反映在松赞干布在红山上修建的布达拉宫上。“红山中心筑九层宫室”～迎娶尼泊尔赤尊王妃时“又在马波日,红山,南面城墙之内宫殿～名叫索波宫～殿高九层～与王 ntracthe authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, fill in the coopies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and signed by teep cen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized person, and kset of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented window scre 2 2ndcontent is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_00102). Rule ic of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are clear, they publrney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified by the notarons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized power of Attol reasu may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor due to speciacontract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by himself, yoe of and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agent signaturand approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, the borrower for examinationapply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedloan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan terms. 5.7 year personal-thin one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a oneg to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; Second, wicordincond, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll over loans, acoan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and interest. Setime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, decreasing l-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-loping period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015: devey outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide book makers[layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will automaticallstory model can be displayed. Click the -and 2-elect [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1t of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so be sure to sts outies to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of empty pallespecification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature by the par 7 之城堡相齐”。公元641年迎娶唐朝文成公主时松赞干布“为公主筑一城以夸后世”王宫南面为文成公主筑九层宫室。,《旧唐书·吐蕃卷》,松赞干布曰,“当为公主筑一城以夸后世～于是以无量酒食招致民请命于王～建一广大城堡于乙末年奠基～高达三十围墙～既高而阔。每边约一米～大门南向～红宫九百～合顶上之王宫共一千间～一切宫檐～以宝为饰～走廊台阁铃铎冷然～堂煌美丽～自美好方面观之～等于自在天之胜宫～观赏无厌～诸宝庄严～以各种绫罗作网或半网～妙好悦目。自可怖方面观之等于罗刹城之郎迦布山～一切宫顶有刀剑及红旗十柄～终以绫缚上～有如十刀奔腾仿照梭帕宫式～建扎拉吉祥越量宫为尺尊自身之寝宫～共计九层～高大宏敞～庄严美丽～王与后二宫之间～连以铁桥～桥下悬绫幔～佛尘有作声～王与后互通往来～如是无比希有美丽堂煌之王宫落成”。这就是最初建于红山上的布达拉宫～松赞干布时修建的布达拉宫没有完全保存下来～先是在赤松德赞时遭到雷击～引起火灾～继而在吐善王朝末期毁于兵乱～现存的曲杰竹普和帕巴拉康～是当年幸免于难的遗址。布达拉宫的建筑主要体现了藏族传统的碉房建筑形式和石木结构的特点～同时吸取了中原汉式殿堂～建筑中的梁架～斗拱、藻井、歇山屋顶以及屋脊上装饰的仙人走兽等特点～又融汇了印度～尼泊尔等富有宗教特点的祭坛式入口和装饰～如:宝轮、金幢、莲座、卧鹿、兰查体,梵文,经文等装饰～形 in th igned by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, filland keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and sson, indow screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized perRule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented w 0102).clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_0otary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are the n er of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified byecial reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized powto sp imself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor duenature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by hnt sige borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agexamination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, thfor eterms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedr personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan yea-neSecond, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a o, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; loans terest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll overcreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and intime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, de-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-kers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015ook matomatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide bClick the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will austory model can be displayed. -and 2-sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1 pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so bempty by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of e e contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature8 成了独具一格的藏族建筑艺术风格。布达拉宫建筑艺术造型的最大特点是主殿拔地凌空～巍峨高耸～依山重叠～回廊曲槛～善于利用地形～结合自然环境～做到因地制宜～就地取材～因材致用～采用依山就势～由点而面～面高为体的空间组合手法～使建筑鳞次栉比～有主有次～重点突出。既突出了主体建筑又协调了全面各组建筑体系～建筑由山顶向山下婉蜒重叠～上下错落六、七层～前后参差附岩凹凸面达四五重。自然形成较丰富的空间层次～具有韵律节奏感～给人们视度上加大了建筑的体量和高耸向上的感觉。富有艺术的感染力～巧妙利用了对比手法～是我国古代高层建筑成功的范例。 吐蕃王室之宫殿建筑～作为赞普的王宫既有国王居住及 政治 机构中心的作用～同时还具有军事防御的作用～比较而言～其宗教性质倒不是很明显。三、吐蕃时期的建筑材料 吐蕃时期建筑所用之材料既带有高原地理环境的特征～也受到周边民族的 影响 ～其中受汉族地区建筑材料的影响最深。唐朝时由中原官吏进入吐蕃～大致有三条路线,,1,经由青海进入吐蕃～如文成公主就是沿此路进藏的,2,经云南进入吐蕃,,3,经四川进入吐蕃。经四川入藏是一条很古老的通道～唐时四川是吐蕃进兵中原的军事要道～又四川是 ntracthe authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, fill in the coopies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and signed by teep cen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized person, and kset of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented window scre 2 2ndcontent is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_00102). Rule ic of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are clear, they publrney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified by the notarons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized power of Attol reasu may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor due to speciacontract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by himself, yoe of and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agent signaturand approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, the borrower for examinationapply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedloan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan terms. 5.7 year personal-thin one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a oneg to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; Second, wicordincond, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll over loans, acoan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and interest. Setime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, decreasing l-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-loping period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015: devey outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide book makers[layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will automaticallstory model can be displayed. Click the -and 2-elect [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1t of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so be sure to sts outies to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of empty pallespecification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature by the par 9 唐蕃接壤地之一～吐蕃此时正处于上升时期与周边民族地区的 社会 、 经济 、文化又很相近～汉族先进的 科学 技术～文化 艺术 从这些地方向藏地是很 自然 的。不过在建筑材料方面～从四川等邻近汉族地区吸收的不一定是当时最新技术的产品～而是与吐蕃时期的 发展 速度相近～四川是自汉以来保留古代建筑物最多的地区之一～其结构材料和朴实强劲的艺术风貌和西藏风格相近。例如: ,一,某些结构特征中所反映的早期汉地风格。 ?外墙承重～墙体用石块或土坯砌成～石墙用小片或泥填缝～墙脚用“隔碱”。 ?纵向排列杂架～土,石,木架混合承重。 ?双柱的使用,桑耶寺乌孜大殿三界铜殿的佛殿和经堂之间～相接的两个构架实用各自的柱子～这种不使一根柱子同时承担两个方向不同、或不属于同一间房子构架的做法～见于咸阳发掘的秦宫建筑遗址,33,及汉“辟雍”遗址中。 ,二,汉式斗拱在西藏建筑中的采用。 sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1 pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so bempty by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of e e contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signaturein th igned by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, filland keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and sson, indow screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized perRule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented w 0102).clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_0otary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are the n er of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified byecial reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized powto sp imself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor duenature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by hnt sige borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agexamination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, thfor eterms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedr personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan yea-neSecond, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a o, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; loans terest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll overcreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and intime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, de-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-kers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015ook matomatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide bClick the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will austory model can be displayed. -and 2-10 西藏建筑中最早出现斗拱的时间尚不能断定～ 目前 在藏式建筑中采用古老形式使用斗拱的做法普遍。在大昭寺于萨迦时期扩建的主殿佛堂前一斗三升斗拱和大型叉手～大昭寺主殿三层腰檐下～排列整齐的挑梁式出跳斗拱～布达拉宫下护法神殿前挑阳台的斗拱～布达拉宫第十三世达赖喇嘛灵塔西园门中的不对称斗拱。这些斗拱虽然都出现在萨迦时期以后～他们的形制很古老～很有特点,大多是在墙上伸出挑梁式出跳上用斗拱。形制灵活多样～可以是单层～也可是三层或二层。 ,三,砖瓦的运用 在拉萨市政协文史资料组《大昭寺实述略》中提到,“近年在主殿维修时～看到了红砖和蓝砖～质地坚硬～工艺精致。”西藏建筑 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 院实测砖的尺寸为34×21×6厘米～是西藏出现最早的砖～另外我们也在桑耶寺见到一些砖和瓦～根据史书记载～桑耶寺的砖和瓦主用红、黑、绿塔和王纪拉康～皆烧制于吐蕃时期～现在我们也能看到红、黑、绿三种颜色的砖～其形制有方形、长方形、梯形、子母口形四种～大小型号也不一致～砖面一般都有文字～皆古藏文～其文字的 内容 都是表示该砖所在的方位和编号～如“内”“外”“1”“2”等。 ties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of empty pallespecification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signature by the par ntracthe authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, fill in the coopies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and signed by teep cen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized person, and kset of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented window scre 2 2ndcontent is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_00102). Rule ic of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are clear, they publrney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified by the notarons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized power of Attol reasu may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor due to speciacontract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by himself, yoe of and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agent signaturand approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, the borrower for examinationapply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedloan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan terms. 5.7 year personal-thin one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a oneg to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; Second, wicordincond, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll over loans, acoan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and interest. Setime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, decreasing l-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-loping period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015: devey outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide book makers[layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will automaticallstory model can be displayed. Click the -and 2-elect [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1t of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so be sure to sts ou11 瓦的形制有板瓦～简瓦两种～其大小也有几种不同的型号～皆施绿釉～釉薄而富光泽～瓦面一般都有藏文火印～内容多为地名菩萨名～瓦内有非常细致的布纹～反映了吐蕃时期建筑装饰艺术的高超水平和对汉地文化的吸收。总起来看～我们可以初步看出吐蕃时期建筑艺术很多～但我们仍能大致的感受到藏民族在古代文明处于上升时期的那种蓬勃向上～生动强健的艺术创造力以及文化艺术风格上的兼收并蓄～丰富多样的特点。 0102).clear, the content is complete (a power of Attorney sample record form five), whether the expiration date within PART_STORE_0otary public of the country, and certified by the Embassy or Consulate in the country). Agent required to audit mandates are the n er of Attorney (parties abroad, outside the territory of China sent or delivered by a power of attorney shall be certified byecial reasons not to sign the contract, may authorize others to sign the contract and retained after the notary notarized powto sp imself, you may not use personal name instead be signed, shall not authorize others to sign; Four, the pledgor, mortgagor duenature of contract; Third, customers signed loan contract, contract of natural person, must be checked and fingerprinted by hnt sige borrower and other clients; Second, loan person double charge and other parties signed a contract with the borrower and agexamination and approval, to return part or all of the loan in advance. 5.8 contract contract specific requirements: first, thfor eterms. 5.7 apply in prepayment prepayment a borrower shall be in writing and, after it has been acceptedr personal loan, extended term today added to the original term of the loan shall not exceed the maximum loan under the loan yea-neSecond, within one year (inclusive) of personal loans, extended term total may not exceed the term of the loan; more than a o, according to the relevant business management approach of provisions, some personal loans approved, can apply for renewal; loans terest. Second, specific method of repayment in accordance with the relevant operational management procedures. 5.6 roll overcreasing loan interest; (D) the payments are of equal value, equal installments on a monthly loan payment of principal and intime debt; (C) declining reimbursement, namely, equal monthly repayment, de-15 guide book reviewer: He (a) the monthly interest payment, due in principal and interest with the Qing dynasty; (B) a one-3-kers: developing period of Chen Xiao Juan Guide: 2015ook matomatically outbound scene. Instruction unit: logistics management the management of humanities teaching and research guide bClick the [layer 2] ... Start simulation can be seen even without manual operation after giving out instructions tray will austory model can be displayed. -and 2-sure to select [1]. Set of layers using the toolbar in the [L1] button and the [L2] button, 1 pallets out of the library, which had no cargo, even from the 2nd floor of the library, operator could not be unloaded, so bempty by the parties to show proof, blank partsettings |, suppresses bed 2 choice, bed to bed and set 1. Note 2: no storage of e e contract specification subject to change should be stamped with the account manager in charge name and thumbprint signaturein th igned by the authorized person's name; Five, contract signing and client identity, signature, fingerprint is clear; Six, filland keep copies. Contracts signed by the authorized person authorized, in the signature bar marked "authorized person", and sson, indow screen to the right of [login rule] the period of validity, and audit the original identity card of the authorized perRule2 2nd set of goods was moved to the 2nd from the left the cage inside the vehicle Click on smart properties of oriented w12