生理学名词解释重点（Physiological terms explain the point）

生理学名词解释重点（Physiological terms explain the point） 生理学名词解释重点(Physiological terms explain the point) Cells 1. excitability: the ability of excitable cells to generate action potential after stimulation is called excitability in physiology. 2. stimulation: the change in some environmental factors that can cause a cell or organism to respond is called stimulation. 3. excitement: the process of cell function change from weak to strong is called excitement. 4. threshold intensity: the minimum stimulus intensity that allows tissue cells to change is called threshold strength. A stimulus that is equivalent to threshold intensity is called threshold stimulus. 5. homeostasis: refers to the physical and chemical properties of the internal environment, such as temperature, PH, osmotic pressure, and relative constancy of various liquid components Status. 6. positive feedback: feedback from a controlled part that enhances the activity of the control section and finally enables the controlled part of the activity Change in the same direction as it was originally called positive feedback. 7. negative feedback: feedback from a controlled part that adjusts the activity of the control section and eventually moves the controlled part toward the target Change in the direction opposite to its original activity. Negative feedback. 8. resting potential: at rest, there is an external positive and negative potential difference on both sides of the plasma membrane, called resting potential. 9. action potential: on the basis of resting potential, an appropriate stimulus to the cell can trigger its spreading membrane potential Fluctuations are called action potentials. 10. threshold potential: when the action potential is generated, the minimum membrane potential, called threshold potential, is required to minimize membrane depolarization. 11. partial potential: an active reaction produced by depolarization of an electric tension potential and the opening of a small number of ion channels. 12. excitation contraction coupling: mediating mechanism of electrical stimulation and mechanical contraction of muscle cells. 13. body fluid: the body contains a large amount of water. These water and substances dissolved in water are collectively called body fluids. The body fluid can be divided into two parts: the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid. 14. with the help of membrane protein with the help of concentration gradient or paraelectric chemical concentration gradient into a mode of transportation in the film does not consume ATP. 15. active transport: some substances are carried by cell membrane specific carrier protein, through the cell membrane itself some energy dissipation process, reverse concentration difference or reverse potential difference transmembrane transport. 16. absolute refractory period: at the time of the excitement and after the initial period of excitement, no matter how much stimulation is applied, the cell cannot be excited again. This period is called absolute refractory period 17. relative refractory period: after the absolute refractory period, the excitability of the cell recover gradually, the excitement can happen after the stimulation, but the stimulation intensity must be bigger than the original threshold strength, this period is called the relative refractory period. 18.: when the muscle tetanic contraction in response to a series of spaced short time continuous impulse, after a fall in the stimulation caused by a stimulation of contraction has not yet ended before they cause the next muscle contraction, can't get enough time for complete relaxation, and remain in a state of shortening. 19. the optimum initial length: the most suitable length of muscle contraction, at which the maximum active tension can be produced at this initial length 20. the contractility of muscles: the intrinsic characteristics of the muscles that are independent of the load and determine the contractility of the muscles. Digestion 1. digestion: the nutrients contained in foods (sugars), The process of breaking down proteins and fats into small molecules in the digestive tract. It is divided into mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. 2. mechanical digestion: through the contraction of the digestive muscles, the food grinding, so that it and the digestive juice fully mixing, mixing, and food constantly to the distal gastrointestinal tract push process. 3. chemical digestion: through a variety of digestive enzymes in the digestive fluid containing the role of macromolecules in food (mainly sugar, protein and fat) broken down into small molecules has the advantages of simple structure, can be absorbed. 4. absorption: small molecules of food formed by digestion, as well as vitamins, inorganic salts, and water, are passed through the mucous membranes of the digestive tract The process by which skin cells enter the blood and lymph. 5. gastric mucosal barrier: a barrier that protects the gastric mucosa from the tight junctions between the apical membrane of gastric epithelial cells and adjacent cells. 6. hepatic circulation: a drug that is discharged into the intestine through bile or partially through bile and is absorbed again in the intestine and returned to the liver through the portal vein. 7.: receptive relaxation swallowing, sensilla food stimulates pharynx and esophagus etc., reflex induced by gastric body and gastric fundus Muscle relaxation. 8. gastric emptying: refers to the process by the stomach into the duodenum chyme. 9. peristalsis: a basic form of motion in the smooth muscle of the digestive tract. It is a reflex activity mediated by the nerves that allows the contents of the digestive tract to move forward. 10. segmental movement: a rhythmic contraction and relaxation movement based on the annular wall of the intestinal wall. metabolize 1. energy metabolism: physiology usually releases, transfers, stores energy associated with the metabolism of substances in the organism Retention and utilization are called energy metabolism. 2., the heat value of food: 1g, the energy released by some food when oxidized, is called the thermal value of this food. 3. oxygen heat price: the amount of heat produced by 1L O2 when a food is oxidized is called the oxygen heat value of this kind of food. 4., the special dynamic effect of food: eating can stimulate the body's extra energy consumption. 5. respiratory quotient: the ratio of the amount of exhaled CO2 to the amount of inhaled O2 in a given period of time. 6. basal metabolic rate: refers to the basal state of energy metabolism per unit time. 7. body temperature: the average temperature of the core part of the body. nerve 1. synaptic plasticity: the connection between nerves, that is, synapses, whose connection strength is adjustable. 2. axis transport: axonal axons often flow to transport material called axial transport. 3.: the nutritional role of nerve nerve endings often through the release of certain substances, intrinsic metabolic activities continuously adjust the dominant organization, affecting its durable structure, biochemical and physiological changes, the changes and nerve impulse independent. Trophic action. 4. motor unit: a functional unit consisting of alpha motor neurons and all muscle fibers, called motor units. 5. stretch reflex: refers to the skeletal muscle pulled by external forces, causing the pull of the same side of the muscle contraction reflex. There are two kinds of stretch reflex, tendon reflex and muscle tension. 6., referred to as pain: some visceral diseases often cause pain or hyperalgesia in remote parts of the body. This phenomenon is referred to as referred pain. Seven Go to the brain stiff: cut the brain stem between the upper midbrain and inferior colliculus of the animal, and the animal appears the phenomenon of excessive tension of the extensor muscle, which is characterized by stretching the limbs and holding the head and tail. 8. synapse: the part of a nerve ending that functions in association with other neurons. 9. neurotransmitter: refers to the synthesis of neurons, the release of presynaptic terminals, can specifically act on postsynaptic membrane receptors, and produce postsynaptic potential information transmission material. 10. tendon reflex: the stretch reflex that occurs when the tendon is pulled rapidly, characterized by rapid and marked shortening of the drawn muscles. 11. conditioning reflex: acquired learning and training, the conversion of irrelevant stimulus to conditioned stimulus. 12. curved muscle reflex: when the skin of the limb is stimulated by injury, the lateral limb presents flexion movement, the flexor of the joint is contracted, and the extensor muscle relaxes, called flexor reflex. 13. biological rhythms: many activities in the organism can undergo periodic changes in a certain time order, called biological rhythms 14. emotions: a special kind of mental experience expressed by human beings and animals, expressed in terms of objective environmental stimuli, and certain fixed forms of somatic behavior. endocrine 1. hormone: a highly active biologically active substance secreted by endocrine glands or scattered endocrine cells and acts as a hormone. Allow 2. hormones: some hormone itself does not of organs, tissues or cells directly, but it is necessary to have another hormone can produce effect, this phenomenon is called to allow the effect of hormone. 3.. Second messengers: intracellular messengers that carry messages from the hormone (first messenger) to the cell, which is known as the second messenger. 4. target organs (cells): organs (cells) that can be selectively acted by hormones are called target organs (cells). 5. hypothalamic neuropeptides: peptide hormones secreted by peptidergic neurons in the hypothalamic region of the body are called hypothalamic regulatory peptides. 6.: when the stress response to trauma, surgery, pain, infection, shock stress, can make a sharp increase of ACTH concentration in the blood, Tang hormone secretion, this phenomenon is called stress response. 7. paracrine: some hormones can be transported without blood, only by the proliferation of tissue fluid acting on adjacent cells, called paracrine. 8. receptor: a protein that binds to an extracellular signal element (ligand) and causes cell response.