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高中英文语法疑难高中英文语法疑难 高中英文語法疑難雜症匯總---定語從句 www.iselong.com 作者:千年老匪 定语从句 1. 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别 a) 非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,朗读时先行词部分一般用降调并稍做 停顿,书写的时候多半用逗号分开。 b) 非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个句子,限定性定语从句则不能。 c) 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的含义不一样,限定性定语从句是确指,而非 限定性定语从句是泛指。 d) 先行词为专有名词或者具有特指对象的名词时,一般要用...

高中英文语法疑难
高中英文语法疑难 高中英文語法疑難雜症匯總---定語從句 www.iselong.com 作者:千年老匪 定语从句 1. 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别 a) 非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,朗读时先行词部分一般用降调并稍做 停顿,书写的时候多半用逗号分开。 b) 非限定性定语从句能够修饰整个句子,限定性定语从句则不能。 c) 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句的含义不一样,限定性定语从句是确指,而非 限定性定语从句是泛指。 d) 先行词为专有名词或者具有特指对象的名词时,一般要用到非限制性定语从句。 e) 在非限定性定语从句中,现行词指人的时候,关系代词只能是who,whom,不能用 that;先行词指物的时候,关系代词只能用which, 不能用that。 2. 各种关系代词的使用方法 a) 关系代词who的用法 i. who 的前行词必须是人,在从句中可以担任主语,往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾 语的whom,但是它前边不能有介词,如果带了介词就必须用宾格的whom: (介词+whom) This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics. She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party. (可以替代) She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. (可以替代) She is the girl with whom I went there. (不可替代) ii. who,that在很多情况下可以通用,但是有些情况只能用who: 1. 先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me don’t please me. Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. 2. 先行词为those的时候,宜用who为关系代词 Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. 3. 当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候 I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in Chinese. 4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用 who. The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 5. 在there be 开头的句子中 There is an old man who wants to see you. There are many young men who are against him. b) 关系代词whose的用法 whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候,它相当于of which. I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. I’ll call a person whose father knows you. Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of which you know) Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the cover of which is red) c) 关系代词that的用法 首先特别注意,that只能用在限定性定语从句中,在非限定性定语从句中永远不能选用 that, 另外介词后边也不可用that, 而是跟which. 在限定性定语从句中,which和that在代替物的时候,一般可以通用。 The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine. 有些情况下,只宜用that,而不宜用which i. 先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候 This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. ii. 先行词是序数词,或者它前面有一个序数词的时候 He is the last person (that) I want to see. It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen. iii. 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候 Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting? iv. 先行词既有人又有物,宜用that Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. v. 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 You should hand in all that you have. We haven’t got much that we can offer you. I mean the one that you talked about just now. vi. 先行词前面Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等 词修饰的时候 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher. Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class. vii. 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that. Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. d) 关系代词which的用法 在非限定性定语从句中,只宜用which, 不宜用that. Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city. 在限定性定语从句中which和that在指代物的时候常常可以通用,但是有时只宜用which 而不用that i. 关系代词前面有介词的时候 This is the hotel in which you will stay. ii. 如果有两个定语从句,其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 3. 关系代词与介词,关系代词的省略 a) 关系代词和介词 介词放在关系代词的前面时,介词短语只能用which代物,和用whom代人 This is the hero of whom we are proud. I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter. 当介词放在句子的末尾时,可用that/which代物,that/whom/who来作为介词的宾语, 且这个做介词宾语的关系代词往往忽略 This is the hero that (who/whom/忽略) we are proud of. b) 关系代词的省略 首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略,非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。 在下列情况下,可以省略关系代词。 i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候 The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us. ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词,而介词在句尾时 Here is the man (that) you have been looking for. iii. 关系代词在从句中作 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语时 Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be. iv. 在there be句型中,和先行词为way时,关系代词总是省略 There is an old man (who ) wants to see you. I don’t like the way (that) you talk to somebody else. 注意,有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词,关系非常紧密,介词不能前置 4. 定语从句注意事项 a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词 the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词 The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors. Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood. b) What不能用于定语从句中。 闲聊英语,谈谈怎样使用英语的介词 www.iselong.com 作者: 网友Anita(让我想起了阿梅)给我发邮件,批评我前面几个帖子与英语学习的关系不大,有点跑 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 ,她希望我能介绍一些与英语学习有直接关系的知识。Anita说的对,确实有点跑题。Anita说,她学英语,感觉最困难的地方就是介词,比如自己觉得应当用of,但书上却用in,她希望我介绍一下怎样使用介词。 坦率地讲,这个题目实在太大了,很难在一个帖子中详细介绍。不过根据我的经验,我认为在使用介词时,只要把握两点就可以了。第一点是:在英语中,有些单词必须与特定的介词一起使用,比如动词consist必须与of一起使用(意思是由...组成),名词accordance必须与with一起使用(意思是与...一致),形容词good必须与at一起使用(意思是擅长...)。对于这种情况,我认为学生们不必刨根探底,询问为什么,这就是英语的惯用表达方式,早已经约定俗成了,我们只要记住就行了。 第二点比较复杂,需要特别说一说。在英语中,何时使用介词,怎样使用介词,使用哪个介词,这些问题,并没有固定的答案,也没有统一的标准,也就是说,英语介词的用法是相当灵活的。我记得有一个例子,在美国的课堂上,老师让学生们写出“墨西哥在美国的南面”这句话,结果学生们写出了四种答案,分别是: ?Mexico is at the south of USA. ?Mexico is in the south of USA. ?Mexico is on the south of USA. ?Mexico is to the south of USA. 老师说,除了第一个句子之外,后面三个句子都对,因为介词at通常用在小地方前面,比如用在火车站、旅馆的前面,不适合用在墨西哥这样大的国家前面。通过这个例子,我们可以看出,英语介词的用法是很灵活的,许多时候,答案并不是唯一的,而是两个、三个甚至更多。这个问题,如果放在中国的课堂上,那可就糟糕了,如果老师认为应当用in,或者考试答案认为应当用in,那么所有用on和to的句子都要算错了。对于国内这种机械的教学方法,我真的不敢恭维。 所以我的结论是:在需要使用介词时,如果你自己觉得应当使用某个介词,那你就大胆地使用这个介词(如果《英汉词典》上有类似的用法,那就更好了),不必考虑出错。万一用错了,只要不是考试的场合,那也无所谓,这是因为英语句子的含义,主要靠名词、动词等“实词”来表达,而介词属于“虚词”,没有实质意义,错就错了,一般不会影响整个句子的含义。 it 句型大扫描 www.iselong.com 作者: 研究1991-2000年的高考试卷中可以发现含it的句型年年考到。可见it句型的重要性和使用的普遍性。现根据其用法特点可归纳为,,个句型( 1. It is + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面,其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,表语或状语。强调的主语如果是人,that可以由who换用。如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。 It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. It was they that (who ) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father. 2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语:直到(((才(((:,可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. = Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star. = I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses. 3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that ..... 该句型中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句,常译为:清楚(显然, 真的,肯定(((): 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。 It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree. = That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear. 4. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 该句型和上一个同属一个句型。由于主句中的形容词不同,that 后的从句中要用虚拟语 气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省去。建议记住该句型中的形容词。 It is important that we (should) learn English well. It is necessary that he (should) remember these words. 5. It is said (reported, learned....) that ... 该句型中的it 仍是形式主语,真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为:据说 (据报道,据悉((():。 It is said that he has come to Beijing. It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit. 6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... 该句型和上一个同属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求,建议,命令等词时,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省。常译为:据建议;有命令((() It is suggested that the meeting ( should ) be put off. It was ordered that we ( should ) arrive there in two hours. 7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ... 该句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should可省去(表示出乎 意料,常译为:竟然:。没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。 It is a pity that such a thing ( should ) happen in your class. 这种事竟然发生在你们班上,真是遗憾~ It is a pity that he is ill. 他生病了,真遗憾~ 8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ... 该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是? 常用过去时态表示虚拟(? 有时也用should + 动词原形,should 不能省。常译为:是(正是)(((的时侯(((:。 It is time that children should go to bed. = It is time that children went to bed. 9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ... 该句型要和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that 可以省去;it有时用 this 替换(常译为:是第一(二)(((次(((:。 It is the first time I have been here. = This is the first time I have been here. 10. It is .... since ... 该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时,又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语,其时态是现在时或完成时,since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态,而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时。 It is ( has been ) 5 years since his father died. 11. It is ... when ... 该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句,主句中的 it 指时间,表语由具体的时间充当。常译为:当(((的时候,是(((:。 It was 5 o’clock when he came here. 12. It be ... before ... 该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态(主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为:(((之后(((:。 It was 3 days before he went to Beijing. It will be not long before he finishes his job. 13. It happens (seems, looks, appears ) that... 该句型中it是形式主语,that 引导的是主语从句,主句中的happen , seem等词是不及 物动词( It happened ( so happened ) that he met his teacher in the street. 碰巧(( It seems that he will be back in a few days. 看来((( 14. It takes sb. ... to do sth. 该句型中的不定式是真正的主语,it是形式主语,句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为: 做(((要花费某人(((:。 It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall. 15. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是no good , ( not any good ) , no use , ( not any use )。 It is no good learning English without speaking English. 16. It doesn’t matter whether ( if ) ... 该句型中whether(if) 引导的从句是真正主语,该句型常译为 :不论(是否)(((没关 系(((。 It doesn’t matter if they are old. 17. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语,如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of引起,主句中的形容词 必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有: bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good (好心的), honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice(有教养的), polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong(错误的)等。 这个句型可以改写为:sb. is kind to do sth. It is kind of you to say so. = You are kind to say so. 18. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 该句型与上一个同属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for引起,主句中的形容词 通常是表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有:? important, necessary, natural ? easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant等。 在?中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写, 如: It is important for her to come to the party. = It is important that she (should ) come to the party 19. It looks ( seems ) as if ... 该句型中it无意义。 as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为,:看起来好象(((:如果与事实不相符合,则用虚拟语气( It looks as if he is ill.(真的病了) It looks as if he were ill. (没有生病) It seemed as if he were dying. 20. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为"6123结构"。 6指主句中常用的动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel; 1指的是形式宾语it; 2指的是宾补的两种形式:形容词或名词; 3指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式短语,动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。 We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. He felt it important learning English well. They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days. 闲聊英语,再介绍一个形容词模板 www.iselong.com 作者: 我前面有一个帖子,是介绍如何用“模板化”的方法记单词,并举了一个例子(以ate结尾的动词)。发表之后,网友yy_wang给我留言,让我再介绍一个模板。没问题,再来一个。在英语中,有许多形容词,也可以看成是模板,我们可以在它前面和后面,添加不同的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ,构成不同的单词,比如human(人的)这个形容词: 一、只加后缀 ?加上ity,变成名词humanity(人性) ?加上ism,变成名词humanism(人性主义) ?加上ist,变成名词humanist(人性主义者) ?加上ize,变成动词humanize(使..人性化) ?加上ization,变成名词humanization(人性化) 二、同时加前缀和后缀 ?在human前面加上in,变成反义词inhuman(非人的) ?加上ity,变成名词inhumanity(非人性) ?加上ism,变成名词inhumanism(非人性主义)[?] ?加上ist,变成名词inhumanist(非人性主义者)[?] ?加上ize,变成动词inhumanize(使...非人性化)[?] ?加上ization,变成名词inhumanization(非人性化)[?] 与前面那个帖子类似,单词后面如果有一个星号(?),则表示这个单词在《英汉词典》中查不到,是我瞎编的,但它的构成完全符合英语的构词法,完全可以拿过来使用。比如您想表达“非人性化”这样一个意思,而您一时又找不到合适的单词,此时您完全可以使用最后两个单词inhumanize或者inhumanization。 当然,我这里介绍的形容词模板,只是一般情况,实际上还有许多例外情况,比如: ?good(形容词,好的)--- goodness(名词,好) ?abundant(形容词,丰富的)--- abundance(名词,丰富) ?loyal(形容词,忠诚的)--- disloyal(反义词,不忠诚的) ?official(形容词,官方的)--- unofficial(反义词,非官方的) ?active(形容词,活动的)--- activate(动词,活化) ?beautiful(形容词,美丽的)--- beautify(动词,美化) 但这种“模板化”方法的基本原理是没有问题的,如果能够掌握并运用,将大大节省记单词的时间和精力。 闲聊英语,与介词有关的三个问题 www.iselong.com 作者: 前面的帖子是谈英语介词的,写完之后,意犹未尽,感觉还有些话没说出来,所以接着再写一贴。英语介词的用法确实比较难,这是大家公认的,我也有同感,不过另一方面,我认为学习者也应当从自身找一找原因。根据我的观察,许多学习者在使用介词时,有三个常见问题。 第一个问题是:许多学习者只了解介词的大概含义,不了解介词的准确含义。最常见的例子就是in和on,前者的本意是“在...的里面”,比如in the house(在房子里面),后者的本意是“在...上面”,比如on the table(在桌子上面)。另外,in和at也容易混淆,前者表示在某个大地方,比如in the city(在城市),后者表示在某个小地方,比如at the hotel(在旅馆)。由于这三个介词都有“在”的意思,许多学习者不了解三者的准确含义,往往不知道应该用哪个比较合适。所以我认为,学习一个英语介词,一定要掌握它的最基本、最核心的含义,在日常交往中,大多数场合下都使用这个含义。 第二个问题是:许多学习者不能转换介词的含义。前面我们说,每个介词都有一个最基本、最核心的含义,比如beyond,它的本意是“在...的那边”,例如beyond the mountain(在山的那边),这个词组许多学习者都认识,也能正确翻译出来,但beyond my power这个词组,有些学习者就不能正确翻译出来了,它的含义是“超出我的能力的范围”(力所不能及)。学习者遇到这种情况时,应当能够根据上下文内容,以及字面的意思,将“在...的那边”转换为“超出...的范围”。许多初学者由于汉语水平的限制,尚不具备这种“含义转换”的能力。 第三个问题是:许多学习者只会使用单独一个介词,不会使用两个并列的介词。有这样一句话,从门后传来的声音,有些学习者翻译为:a sound from the back of the door,也就是只使用一个介词from。其实这句话,可以翻译成a sound from behind the door,也就是两个介词from与behind连用,这样一来,更简练、更准确。遗憾的是,国内的英语教科书或者考试试卷上,往往都是前面一个单词,后面一个单词,中间留一个空格,让学生填一个介词,久而久之,许多学生误以为介词只能单独使用。 写到这里,本来就想收笔了,突然又想起一件小事。我亲戚家的孩子,正在学英语,买了一本书,好象叫《英语介词用法大全》(不能肯定),该书将每个英语介词的各种用法,详详细细列出来,比如of有21种用法,每种用法都有几个例句,老师说,最好把这些用法都背下来。对老师这种做法,我真的不赞成,一是工作量太大,学生背起来太累,负担太重,二是那21种用法中,真正常用的只有3种,剩下的18种都不常用,背下来意义不大。如果您也有这种书,我建议您认真读一遍即可,不必花费精力去背。 英文语法拉杂谈--介词 www.iselong.com 作者:kohtp 谈谈介词(Preposition)(一) 介词在英语用词里也属于难缠的一个项目。因为它涉及方面很广,而且变化多端,往 往令人捉摸不定,记起来很麻烦。因此就有有心人弄了一个《介词口诀》来帮助学习者 ;也有人写了《Preposition Song》令学习者一面唱歌一面轻松地记忆介词的用法。 介词英文叫作Preposition (简称prep),它由pre和position组成,pre是前面的意 思,而position是位置的意思。因此以前中文译作“前置词”,就是一种放在名词(或 相当于名词的词语)前面的虚词。 一、常用的介词 about,above,across,after,against,around,at, before,behind,below,beneath,beside,besides,between,beyond,by, down,during, except, for,from, in,inside,into, like, near, of,off,on,out,outside,over, since, through,throughout,till,to,toward, under,until,up,upon, with,without, according to, because of, by way of, in addition to, in front of, in place of, in regard to, in spite of, instead of, on account of, out of. 哇,这么一大堆~别怕别怕,大部份的介词都不难理解,比较令人头痛的只是下列几个 : at, by, to, in, for, of, on, from, with 其中又以 at, by, in, on 为四大“要犯"~学习介词就是要抓住这几"要犯",看招 吧,嘿嘿!! 这回就谈到这里吧,噢,对了,下回就让我们先来一道《Preposition Song》洋餐吧。 谈谈介词(Preposition)(二) 二、Preposition Song (括号内是一部份介词用法提示,是我加的) (本曲找不到原谱,但你可以自己配上适当的。如下面简单曲子就是例子: 3212/333-/222-/333-/3212/333-/2232/111-//) 1. In the summer at the seaside (季节用in, 在海边用at) On the coast we like it fine (在海岸用on) but in winter ,yes ,at Christmas (在圣诞用at) By the fireside we recline (放置) (在炉边用by) 2. In July we went to Kenya (月份用in) Stayed in Lamu by the sea, (住在Lamu用in) We came back to Tanzania Then across Victoria sea 3. Did you come here in a taxi? (乘出租汽车用in) Or by bus, or on the train? (乘公共汽车用by, 乘火车用on) Did you come on foot this evening (步行用on) Or perhaps by aeroplane? (乘飞机用by) 4. Will you come to tea on Monday? (在星期一用on) I′ll be home at half past three (时间三点半用at) Yes, I′ll stay for half an hour (长达半小时用for) if you buy some beer for me (给我for me) 5. In the morning I drink coffee (早晨用in the morning) In the afternoon there′s tea (下午用in the afternoon) In the evening I have cocoa (傍晚用in the evening) Yes, at night ,it′s good for me. (晚上用at night) 6. Where′s my pencil?In the kitchen (厨房里in the kitchen) On the table near the chair (在桌上on the table, 在椅边near the chair) Underneath the cup and saucer (在杯和碟的下面 underneath...) Just behind the teapot there (在茶壶后边behind...) 7. Can you tell me how to get to Mr. Johnson′s coffee-bar? Down the street and round the corner (down the street 沿着街道,round...绕过) Past the church and there you are 8. Where′s the bookshop? Over there,dear (over there 那里) First turn left,then go straight on, Along the road,across the market (沿着路along the road, 穿过市场 across...) It′s in front of you, dear John (在你前面 in front of you) 9. There is nothing on the radio (广播on the radio) "Songs with orchestra" they said. (with后orchestra为有形物,无形物则用by) I′m not interested in music (interested in 兴趣于) so I think I′ll go to bed 10. In a moment I′ll be finished (in a moment 片刻里) With these prepositions-so I will say to you in English till the next time, cheerio (加油呀) (till... 直到) 怎样,唱完十段歌词,你就学到许多介词用法喽。其中包括四大“要犯”at, by, in, on。另外再加上许多虫虫蚁蚁,有的还得劳驾找一找喔,呵呵。 大家多唱几遍,下回我们再见时,你就更加胸有成“介”了,哈哈。 谈谈介词(Preposition)(三) 这里提供一个学习介词at, in, on 的幻灯片文件(PowerPoint),可供初学者使用。其 内容包括有关介词用法课文、通过歌曲学介词、通过一个请柬学习介词、测验题。其中 所有中文都是我附上的。 为了配合这个幻灯片所介绍的三个介词:at, in, on,下面我们较深入地介绍它们(附 带谈by) 的用法。 二、介词at, in, on, by 表示地方、地点、位置: 2.1 at 把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点”: 1. The begger is sitting at the corner. 那乞丐坐在角落里。 2. Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. Jane在巴士站等你。 3. at home 在家 4. Who's standing there at the door? 谁站在门口, 5. at the top of the page 在一页的上面 6. The shop is at the end of the road. 那商店就在路的尾端。 7. at the entrance 在进口处 8. at the crossroads 在十字路口 9. When will you arrive at the office? 你什么时候会到公司呢, 10. I'm in France, at Paris. 我住在法国巴黎。(相对法国来讲,巴黎只是一个 “点”) 11. There is a small hut at the foot of the hill. 山脚下有一座小屋子。 12. My aunt lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham. 我的姑妈住在Durham,Boretz 路门牌55号。(地址要用at,不能用in) 13. at the side 在一边 14. at reception 在招待会上 15. I'm at work. 我在工作。 16. at class/ home/ the library/ the office/ school 在班上/家里/图书馆/公 司/学校 2.2 in 把地方、地点、位置当作一个范围或一个封闭的空间: 1. I live in London. 我住在伦敦。(大城市用in) 2. I live in England, at London. 我住在英国伦敦。(England大过London喔) 3. I live in a big city, my sister lives at a small town. 我住在大城市,我 姐姐住在一个小市镇。(如果把city看做一个圆圈,small town就成一个点。因此就in a city, at a small town. 呵呵) 4. We have a meeting in Beijing. 我们有北京有一个会议。 5. Mars is in the Solar System. 火星在太阳系里。 6. in a car 乘汽车 (不是 on a car 也不是 by a car 喔) 7. in a taxi 乘的士 (不是 on a taxi 或 by a taxi ) 8. in a helicopter 乘直升机 9. in a boat 乘小船 10. in a lift (elevator) 乘电梯 (电梯像个笼子,当然要用 in 啦) 11. in the newspaper 在报上 12. in the sky 在空中 13. in the bed 在床上 (也可用 on the bed) 14. in the bedroom/ class/ library/ school 在寝室/课室/图书馆/学校 2.3 on 把地方、地点、位置当作一个平面: 1. The author's name is on the cover of the book. 在书的封面上有作者的名 字。 2. There are no prices on this menu. 在这菜单上没有价钱。 3. You are standing on my foot. 你踏到我的脚了。 4. There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall. 在那墙上有个“不准吸烟”的牌 子。 5. I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London. 我住在伦敦牛津街 21号八楼。(7th floor 就是八楼;注意句中的 on, at, in 的用法) 6. on a bus 乘巴士 (不是 in a bus 喔) 7. on a train 乘火车 (可想像“骑”在火车上,哈哈) 8. on a plane 乘飞机 (可想像“骑”在飞机上) 9. on a ship 乘轮船 10. on a bicycle, on a motorbike 骑自行车/摩托车 11. on a horse, on an elephant 骑马/象 12. on the radio, on television 听广播、看电视 13. on the left, on the right 在左边、在右边 14. on the way 在路上 15. on the bed 在床上 (也可用 in the bed) 16. on the ceiling 在天花板上 17. on the floor 在地板上 2.4 by 用在表示位置(有在旁、贴近、靠近之意): 1. by the fire 在炉边 2. by the seaside 在海边 3. a path by the river 沿河道路 4. by the nearest road 走近路 我想要记忆介词的用法,就得用一点想象力加以联想。如:at home, at the door, at the corner等等,可想象“at家门口的角落里”。再比如: in Beijing, in a car, in a taxi, in a boat, in a helicopter, in the sky ... 可想象为“In 北京,乘汽 车,乘的士,再乘小船,乘上直升机在空中飞”。 下回我们将要谈的是 at, in, on 用来表示时间的方面。再会~ 谈谈介词(Preposition)(四) 三、at, in, on, by 用来表示时间 3.1 at (在、于)用指明一特定的时间、节日、年龄: 1. at dawn/ at night/ at noon/ at midnight /at daybreak 在黎明/在夜里/在中午/在午夜/在日出时 2. I go to school at seven in the morning. (at seven) 我早上七点钟去上学。 3. at half past five (五点过半小时) 在五点半 4. at a quarter to seven (过四分之一小时就到七点) 六点四十五分 5. The train is due at 12.15 p.m. (at 12.15p.m.) 那班火车的到站时间是12点15分。 6. at mid-autumn festival/ at Christmas / at Spring Festival 在中秋节/ 在圣诞节 /在春节 7. at forty 在四十岁时 3.2 in (在、在…之内、在…期间、在…后、过…后) 指明:天、年、月、季节、周次: 1. in the morning 在早上 (不可说at the morining。鬼才知道为什么不可用at, 大约因为at 没有“在…期间”的意思吧 ) 2. in the afternoon 在下午 (在下午这段期间,呵呵,举一反三喔) 3. She likes to work in the evening. (或in the night) 她喜欢在晚上工作。 4. in the day time 在白天 5. in 2002 (2002可读作two thousand two) 在2002年 6. He's to quit in May. (in May)他在五月就辞职了。 7. He went to Tokyo in June 2002. (in June 2002)他于2002年六月去东京。 8. in the second week of July 在七月份的第二周 9. It's too cold in winter to run outside. (in winter) 冬天里出外跑步是太 冷了。 10. in two months 在两个月内 11. in those days 在当时 3.3 on (在…时、在(某日)、在某日早/午/晚、当…时候、和…同时、刚一…)指明: 日子、日期、星期加上早午晚 1. on the first 在一号(指某月一号,如二号要说second等。其实意思是指某月的第 几天) 2. We're having a party on the fifth of June. (或 on June the fifth) 我们会在六月五日举行一个晚会。 3. on July the third 1990 在1990年7月3日 4. My brother is coming on Sunday. (on Sunday) 我的哥哥会在星期天来。 5. on Sunday morning /afternoon 在星期天早上/下午 6. on Friday evening 在星期五晚上 7. on the next morning 隔天早上 8. on the following afternoon 在下一个傍晚 9. on the night before 在前一个晚上 10.on the morning of 5th 在五号的早上 (你可能会说为什么不是in the morning? 如果你把morning of 抽掉,就可看出原来是 on the 5th喽。morning 也可换成evening, afternoon) 11. on the afternoon of his birthday 在他生日那天下午 (on the afternoon 不可用 in...,同 上) 3.4 by (的时候、到、等到…已经) 用在天、时间: 1. by day 白天(的时候) 2. by 2 o'clock 到两点钟 3. by this time 等到现在(已经)… 4. miss by a minute 迟一分钟 要记住这些 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf ,可以用上回我们提到的“联想法”。加油喔~再会。 谈谈介词(Preposition)(五) 四、for, since 用于表示时间: 4.1 我们用 for 用计量时间(年、月、日、时、分、秒等) 1. He held his breath for five minutes. 他闭息达五分钟。 2. She's lived there for ten years. 她住在那里已有十年。 3. The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries. 英国人和爱尔兰人之间的争吵已有七个世纪了。 4.2 我们用 since 表示明确的日期或时间: 1. He's woked here since 1980. 自从1970年他就在此工作。 2. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty. 自两点半她就坐在等候室了。 五、表示动作的介词:to ,toward或不用介词: 5.1 我们用 to 表示向某处移动: 1. They were driving to work together. 他们一同开车去工作。 2. She's going to the destist's office this morning. 今早她去看牙医。 5.2 toward 表示移向某处: 1. We're moving toward the light. 我们向灯光处移动。 2. This is a big step towards the project's completion. 这是对于 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 的完成前进了一大步。 5.3 不需要介词的词:home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs ... 1. Grandma went upstairs. 2. Rama went home. 3. She came inside. 六、介词与名词、形容词、动词的组合: 在英语里介词有时和其他的字紧密地组合在一起,可以当作一个词来看待。这种组 合很多,需要平时多加注意。 6.1 名词+介词: 1. approval of 批准 2. awareness of 意识到 3. grasp of 把握住 4. hatred of 憎恶 5. desire for 要求、愿望 6. fondness for 爱好 (I've a fondness for collecting stamps.) 7. hope for 希望、期待 (hope for the best 乐观) 8. need for 必要 (There is no need for hurrying.) 9. reason for 有必须……的理由 (have reason for...) 10. respect for 尊敬 (have respect for...) 11. belief in 信任于 12. interest in 对……有兴趣 13. success in 成功、成就 6.2 形容词 + 介词: 1. afraid of (He is not afraid of anything.) 2. aware of 觉得 3. capable of 能 (The tank is capable of holding 8 kg. of water.) 4. fond of 喜爱 (He's fond of fishing.) 5. jealous of 嫉妒于 6. made of 用……制成的 7. proud of 对……感觉光荣 (I'm proud of his acquaintance. 认识他是我的光 荣。) 8. sure of 确信 (You may be sure of his honesty.) 9. tired of 厌倦的 10. careless about 不关心、不重视 11. worried about 自找烦恼 12. familiar with 熟悉于、精通于 13. interested in 兴趣于 14. sorry for 懊悔、觉得过意不去 (You will be sorry for this some day.) 6.3 动词 + 介词:(这类组合特别多。要特别注意同一个动词配上不同的介词,意思 就不同了) 1. care about 关心 (He doesn't care about other people. 他不关心别人。) 2. care for 喜欢 (Would you care for a cup of coffee? 你喜欢来杯咖啡吗,) 3. take care of 照顾 (Take care of yourseft. 照顾自己喔。) 4. dream about 梦到 (I dreamt about you last night. 昨晚我梦到你。) 5. dream of 梦想 (I often dream of being rich. 我时常梦想发达了。) 6. hear about 听到关于……的详情 (Have you hear about Jane? ) 7. hear of 听到……的事/话 (Have you heard of a place called 'Mulu'?) 8. hear from 得到……的消息 (Have you heard from Ann recently?) 9. look at 注视、考察(Why you look at me like that?) 10. look for 找、指望 (Can you help me look for my keys?) 11. look after 照应、看守 (She is ill, she needs someone to look after her.) 12. think about 思索、考虑 (What are you thinking about?) 13. think of 想起、企图 (He told me his name but I can't think of it now.) 七、多余的介词:(不必加上介词的地方就不要随意加上,括号内的介词须去掉) 1. She met (up with) the new coach in the hallway. 2. The book fell off (of) the desk. 3. He threw the book out (of) the window. 4. She wouldn't let the cat inside (of) the house. 5. Where did they go (to)? 6. Where is your college (at)? 八、句子里并列的介词: 8.1 如并列的介词相同,可去其一:(括号里的介词删去) 1. You can wear that outfit in summer and (in) winter. 2. The female was both attracted (by)(被吸引) and distracted by(使分心) the male's dance. 8.2 如并列的介词不相同,相关的介词必需列出: 1. The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie. (interested in感兴趣 / disgusted by讨厌) 2. It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played. (contribute to付出 / learn from 从…学习) 3. He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman. (fascinated by被迷住 / enamored of 倾心的) 英文介词实在是太多了,举不胜举。有兴趣的可找一本介词词典研究一番,也许有朝一 日能成为介词专家也说不定喔。 英文语法拉杂谈--情态动词 www.iselong.com 作者:kohtp 谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs)(一) 我们常见的英文动词有:及物动词(Transtive Verbs)、不及物动词(Intranstive Verbs)、助动词(Axiliary Verbs)、联系动词(Link Verbs /Copula)和情态动词(Modal Verbs)。其他还有:非谓语动词,如:动词不定式、动名词。 这回我们就来谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs 注意Modal 不是 Model 喔)。 * 情态动词也可称为"情态助动词 (Modal Auxiliaries)",因为它和基本助动词(be, do, have)都属于助动词类。 * 情态动词和其他动词连用,可表示说话人的语气。 * 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。 * 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 * 常用的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would 这九大情态动词;其他的还有ought to, need, dare 等。 其实我们这里谈的情态动词,它的特征用法,有许多方面和助动词是一样的(请参阅 《英文语法拉杂谈》助动词);但为了方便阅读,因此即使相同的部份,这里也同样列 出。 一、情态动词的变化:(情态动词could,动词 to work) 1.1 简单型(Simple):表示现在或将来的状态 I could work (动词不可加 to ,如:to work。下同) you could work he could work she could work it could work we could work they could work 1.2 完成式型 (Perfect):表示过去的状态 I could have worked (动词是 have + v-ed 过去分词。下同) you could have worked he could have worked she could have worked it could have worked we could have worked they could have worked 1.3 进行式型 (Continuous):表示现在或将来还在进行的状态 I could be working (动词是be + v-ing 现在分词。下同) you could be working he could be working she could be working it could be working we could be working they could be working 1.4 完成进行式型 (Perfect Continuous):表示过去正在进行的状态 I could have been working (动词是 have been + v-ing 现在分词。下同) you could have been working he could have been working she could have been working it could have been working we could have been working they could have been working 二、情态动词的疑问句: 只要将情态动词移到主语(Subject)的前面,句尾加上问号。这样就成了疑问句。 1. She can work.(主语she, 情态动词 can,动词 work) Can she work ? (这就是疑问句) 2. He would be working. (主语he, 情态动词 would,动词 be working) Would he be working ? 3. They should have worked. (主语they, 情态动词should, 动词have worked) Should they have worked ? 4. I could have been working. (主语 I, 情态动词 could, 动词 have been working) Could I have been working ? 三、情态动词的否定句: 在情态动词的后面加上 not 就成了情太动词否定句。 1. She can work. She cannot work. (注意:can 和 not 须连在一起)(这就是否定句) 2. He would be working. He would not be working. (would not) 3. They should have worked. They should not have worked. (should not) 4. I could have been working. I could not have been working. (could not) 四、在口语中,否定情态动词的缩写法: 1. cannot ---- can't 2. could not ---- couldn't 3. might not ---- mightn't (很少用) 4. must not ---- mustn't 5. shall not ---- shan't (几乎没人用了) 6. should not ---- shouldn't 7. will not ---- won't (可不是 win't 喔~) 8. would not ---- wouldn't 五、情态动词的否定疑问句: 将否定情态动词移到主语的前面,就成了否定疑问句。 1. Can she not work ? 或 Can't she work ? (看出有什么不同吗,小心看看喔) 2. Would he not be working ? 或 Wouldn't he be working ? 3. Should they not have worked ? 或 Shouldn't they have worked ? 4. Could I not have been working ? 或 Couldn't I have been working ? 六、情态动词的反问句: 看看下面的例子就明白啦,呵呵。 1. She can work. 反问句:She can work, can't she ? 2. He would be working. 反问句:He would be working, wouldn't he ? 3. They should have worked. 反问句:They should have worked, shouldn't they ? 4. I could have been working. 反问句:I could have been working, couldn't I ? 就谈这些了,但我们还未进入正题哩,哎呀呀…… 谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs)(二) 上回在谈到情态动词的变化中,只举了以情态动词 could 为例子的变化。其他的情态 动词(would, should, might...)都可依此类推。 七、九大情态动词的时态关系: 1. 现在式 can -- 过去式 could 2. 现在式 may -- 过去式 might 3. 现在式 shall -- 过去式 should 4. 现在式 will -- 过去式 would 5. 现在式 must -- 过去式 must (其实must 和 ought 都是没有时态的) 八、情态动词的用法:表示"可能"或"预测" (Can,Could,Will,Would,Shall,Should,Must,Ought to) 8.1 can 和 could 用于表示"可能"或"预测": 1. He can't be at home. (否定句) 他不可能在家。 2. Can the news be true ? (将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句) 这消息可能是真的吗? 3. Anybody can make mistake. (只表示理论上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。 4. At that time we thought the story could not be true. (表示过去的可能性) 那时我们认为所说的故事不可能是真的。 5. An accident can happen if you do this. (表示事情肯定会发生) 如果你这样做,可能会发生意外。 8.2 may 和 might 用于表示"事实上的可能性"或"预测": 1. It may rain tomorrow. (表示可能会发生) 明天可能会下雨。 2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测) 今天下午可能会下雪。 3. You might be right. (表示有可能) 你可能是对的。 4. It is possible he may have called while we were out. (现在完成式型may have called) 当我们出门后,他有可能会打电话来。 5. Sam might have taken the money, but it seems unlikely. (过去完成式型 might have taken) 钱可能会是Sam拿走的,但又不太像。 6. If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat. (might 用于条件句) 要是你锻炼锻炼,可能不会这样胖。 7. Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock. (这里的might表示可能性比may 小一些) 电熨斗会有危险的,它可能使你受到严重的电击。 8.3 will 和 would 用于表示"预测"或"习惯性": 1. I think he will be all right now. (will be 表示一定会) 我想他现在一定好了。 2. That would be his mother. (would be 表示肯定是) 那肯定是他母亲。 3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river. (will 表示经常 的) 他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。 4. He would come to see me when he was in London. (would 表示习惯地) 他在伦敦时,常来看望我。 8.4 shall 和 should 用于表示"必定": 1. I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我发达的。 2. That should be Sam and his mother. (should be) 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。 8.5 must 用于表示"必定","必会": 1. This must be good for you. (must be 肯定) 这肯定对你是有益的。 2. All mankind must die. (表示必然会发生的事) 所有的人一定会死的。 3. Mustn't there be a mistake ? (mustn't 多用于疑问句) 那肯定会有错误吗, 8.6 ought to 用于表示"想必会"(语气较must 弱): 1. They ought to be there by now. 他们想必已到那儿了。 2. He ought to stop smoking. 他最好不要抽烟了。 由于情态动词也是一个难缠的东东,写得好乱,真没办法 :-( 谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs)(三) 九、情态动词的用法:表示"许可"、"请求" (Can, Could, Will, Would, Shall, Should, May, Might, Must) 9.1 can 和 could 用于表示"许可"、"请求": 1. Can I go with you ? (请求) 我能跟你一起走吗, 2. Father said I could go to cinema. (表示过去的许可) 爸爸说我可以去看电影。 3. Could I ask you something ? (请求,用 could 比 can 更婉转) 我可以问你一件事吗, 4. You can come in. (表示允许,常见于口语) 你可以进来。 5. You cannot smoke in the meeting room. (cannot 表示"禁止") 会议室里不许吸烟。 6. Can't you do it now ? (表示反问) 你不能现在做吗, 9.2 will 和 would 用于表示"请求" 1. Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office ? (表示客气请求) 请问到邮局怎么走, 2. Would you give me your address ? (用 would 比 will 表示更客气) 请你告诉我你的地址,好吗, 9.3 shall 和 should 用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意见 1. Shall we talk? 我们谈谈好吗, 2. What should we do next ? (用should 比 shall 表示更客气) 下一步我们该怎么做, 3. Shall he come to see you ? (用于第三人称疑问句) 要不要他来看你, 9.4 may 和 might 用于表示"许可"(口语中多用 can ) 1. You may take a walk. (表示给予许可) 你可以散散步。 2. You might read the story for me. (比may更婉转) 是否请给我读一读这故事。 3. May I make a suggestion ? 我可以提个建议吗, 4. Might I take a look of your work ? 我看看您的大作行吗, 5. Students may not make noise in the library. (may not 表示不许可或禁止) 学生不得在图书馆里吵闹。 6. If I may say so, you are not right. (用于条件句,表示请求) 你是不对的,如果我可以这么说的话。 9.5 must 用于表示"禁止","不准": 1. Cars must not be parked here. (must not表示不许可) 此地不准停车。 2. All of you mustn't fishing in the pool. (must not 语气方面比 may not 更 强) 你们不准在池里钓鱼。 各位看官,看完给个意见吧,may you? 谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs)(四) 十、情态动词的用法:表示“应该”、“必须” (Shall, Should, May, Might, Must, Ought to) 10.1 Shall 和 Should 用于表示“必须”: 1. Each member shall wear a name card. (表示规定) 每一个会员必须配带名卡。 2. I should answer his letter as soon as possible. (表示应该) 我应该尽快给他回信。 3. You shouldn't judge a man always by the clothes. (shouldn't “不应该”含 有劝告的意思) 你不应该总是以貌取人。 4. The rules shall take effect on Jan. 1st. (shall 用于规章等,表示义务和 规定) 新规则于一月一日起生效。 10.2 May 和 Might 用于表示“应该"(多用于法律等条文,一般上多用 shall ): 1. Payment may be paid by check. (表示规定) 应以支票付款。 2. You might ask before you use my computer. (might表示应该) 你应该先问过再使用我的电脑。 10.3 Must 用于表示“必须”、“务必”: 1. You must keep the place clean. (务必) 你务必保持地方干净。 2. We must obey orders. (表示有义务) 我们必须服从命令。 3. Must I pay now ? (用于疑问句) (如回答不必时,需用 needn't 或 don't have to) 我现在就得付款吗, 10.4 Ought to 用于表示“应该”(强调客观上):(大多情况可用 should 代替) 1. You ought to go to see the doctor. (ought to 的语气比must 弱) 你应该去看看医生。 2. You oughtn't (ought not) to smoke so much. (oughtn't 用于否定句) 你不应该抽这么多烟。 3. Ought you to smoke so much? (用于疑问句) 你应该抽这么多烟吗, 不知怎的,总觉得有点意兴阑珊。再见吧。 谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs)(五) 十一、 情态动词的用法:表示“意图”、“打算” (will, would, shall, should) 11.1 will 和 would 用于表示某种意图: 1. I'll will call you as soon as possible. (will 主要用于第一人称) 我会尽快打电话给你。 2. Will you accept this invitation ? (用would 则表示得客气) 你愿意接受这邀请吗, 3. Who will do the job ? (用于条件句,可用于各种人称) 谁愿意做这事, 4. We won't (will not) stay here too long. (will not 表示不愿) 我们不愿呆在这里太久。 11.2 shall 和 should 用于表示说话人的意图: 1. We shan't (shall not) to if it rains. (shall not 也可用 will not) 如果下雨,我们就不打算走了。 2. I shan't go with you. (shall 只用在第一人称) 我不打算和你一同走。 十二、 情态动词的用法:表示“意愿” (will, would, shall, should) 12.1 will 和 would : 1. She will do it if you ask her. (表示主语的意愿) 如果你问她,她会做的。 2. Would you have another cup of tea ? (用 would 比 will 客气) 你想再来一杯茶吗, 3. Will you have some cookies ? (will 用于疑问句,表示问人是否愿意) 你想吃些烤饼吗, 4. If he will he can do it. (will 用于条件句,用于第二、三人称) 如果他愿意,他会做的。 5. Would you excuse me ? (would 表示婉转语气) 你能原谅我吗, 12.2 shall 和 should : 1. He shall get his allowance. (注意是he shall, 表示说话人的意愿) 他会拿到他的津贴的。 2. You should sit here as long as you like. 只要你乐意,坐多久能行。 3. Shall you go to school with me ? (疑问句中,表示问对方的意愿) 你愿意和我一起到学校去吗, 十三、情态动词的用法:表示“决心” (will, would, shall, would) 13.1 will 和 would : 1. I will stop smoking. (will 表示主语 I 的决心。不能用 I'll) 我决心戒烟了。 2. He will come whenever you say. (will 表示主语he 一定会做) 你什么时候说,他一定会来的。 3. He would not let me try . 他不肯让我去试。 4. If you will go, you may go at once. (用于条件句,用于第二、三人称) 如果你非走不可,你可以马上就走。 13.2 shall 和 should : 1. You shall complete your lesson. (shall 表示说话人的决心。shall 须重读) 你应该完成你的课程。 2. No one shall stop me. (shall 重读) 任何人也不能阻止我。 3. You shall obey chairman. (shall 用于肯定句。shall 重读。只能用于第二、三 人称) 我要你服从主席。 情态动词就谈这些了。看看自己也觉得写得不太满意,目前也只能是这样了。 不定冠词a的非常规用法 www.iselong.com 作者: 英语中不定冠词a(an)相当活跃,就连英美的作家有时对它也看法不一。现用实 例来说明在翻译中常出现的一些非常规用法。 (1)a day or two(,one or two days)一两天 但前者作主语时,谓语动词用单数、复数均可;后者作主语时,谓语用复数形 式。 (2)more than a year一年多的时间(即一年零几个月);比较more than one year不止一年的时间(即两年。三年……)。 (3)a ten years l0年 a dozen times l2次 用在基数词前表示一个数量单位。 (4)once upon a time从前 for a time暂时 in a sense从某种意义上说 in a measure有几分 在某些口语中作“某一”“某些”讲。 (5)A cow is a domestic animal母牛是家畜。 主语中的a表示any“任何一个”,所以a可以表示一般性,代表全体。 (6)be of an age同岁 we are just of an age。我们恰好是同岁。 (7)once a year一年一次 three times a day一日三次 其中的a近似于per, each,very用于计算价钱、时间和速度。 (8)have a look看一看 need a wash洗一洗 a good knowledge丰富的知识 a crashing of gears变速箱发出的一阵阵碰撞声 a screeching of tyres刹车时汽车轮胎发出刺耳的响声 a有在与动词同形的名词前或名词化的动名词前,表示一定的量或一些响声。 (9)We need a Washington ioday。今天我们需要像华盛顿那样的人物。 The city is a London in miniature。那个城市就像是个“小伦敦”。 a可以表示借喻,表示“和……相似的人、事或地方. (10)I have got a complete Shakespeare at hand(我手头有莎士比亚全集。 My wife is a Stuart(我的妻子是斯图亚特家的人。 A Mr.Smith called this morning。有位叫史密斯的先生今天早上来过电话。 His father bought an Uuderwood last week.上周他父亲买了台安德伍德牌打字 机。 a可用在作家、画家、名家、发明家前表示其作品,用在姓氏前表示某家族的一员 或不认识的姓。 (11)He settled in a China which every orie knows to have been completely changed for two years。 他在大家都知道的已经完全改变了面貌的中国 定居了两年。 a用在带有定语的专有名词前,表示情况的改变。 (12)a glass一只玻璃杯 —— glass玻璃 a hot coal一块烧红的煤——coal煤 a heavy rain一阵大雨——rain雨 a用在物质名词前,使物质名词变成普通名词 (13)It is a bOther to me。这对我来说是件麻烦事。 She is an honour to her school,她是个为母校增光的人。 a用在抽象名词前,使抽象名词变为普通名词。 (14)a new moon一轮新月(c.f. the moon月亮) a world like ours像我们这样的世界(c.f( the world世界) 原本the的名词改用a后,表示某种状态。 (15)a red and black skirt一条红黑相间的裙子(一条) a red and a black skirt一条红裙和一条黑裙(二条) 两个词同指一物或一人时只用一个a,指两件物品或两个人时,两个词分别用a。 “非常, 很, 极其”的英文表达法 www.iselong.com 作者: 相信大家都会有这样的经历: 每每用英语表达一些很一般的概念时, 我们总会立刻 想起某个表达法. 例如: 想说'很'时,立刻想到了very或very much; 想说'大'时, 则用 big或large.这样的一一对应, 大大减弱了英语写作的丰富性和生动性. 于是这些最先为我们想到的表达法, 便成了我们提高英语水平的羁绊. 如果我们能 把这些最常用概念的英语表达归类, 总结, 贫乏的英语表达便会涣然一新. 在英语中用来表达'极其, 非常, 很'的方式有26种: 1) most (used for giving force) a. (to an adjective) very It really is most annoying. b.(to an adverb) quite; very Whatever happens, I shall most certainly attend the meeting. 注意: most只能修饰具有主观意见或感情色彩的形容词和副词, 表示'非常, 很'的概念.我们 可以说 most certainly, 但不能说most tall 或 most quick 2) awfully adv. infml (used to give more force to an expression) very awfully cold, awfully nice I am awfully sorry for it. 3) badly adv. (与'want', 'need'连用) a great deal; very much They want help badly. He is badly in need of a haircut. 4) more than ... fml, to a degree at which '...' is no longer a strong enough or suitable word. 与中文的'无以名状'差不多 We were more than happy to hear of your escape. I think his offer is more than fair. 5) ever so/such infml. esp. BrE very It's ever so cold. She's ever such a nice girl. 6) immensely adv. apprec very much I enjoyed it immensely. 7) much adv. to a great degree I don't much like that idea. I'm much surprised to hear that. 8) mighty adv. infml. very It was a mighty good meal, and everyone enjoyed it. 9) highly adv. (esp. before adjectives made from verbs) to a high degree; very highly pleased, highly skilled, highly interesting, highly enjoyable This is a highly amusing film. 10) greatly adv. (with verb forms, esp. the past p.) to a large degree; very greatly moved by his kindnes greatly to be feared We are greatly obliged to you for your help. 11) mortally adv. very greatly; deeply She is mortally afraid of walking home alone on a dark night. He is mortally jealous. 12) deeply adv. greatly We are deeply obliged to you for your help. 13) like anything very hard; fiercely When they arrived, the house was burning like anything. The maid wanted like anything to try on her mistress's clothes. He is brave like anything. 14) only too very only too happy to come I am only too glad to go there. 15) a thousand It is a thouand pity. A thousand thanks! 16) one hundred percent I am sure the figure is one hundred percent correct. 17) to the world He was tired to the world. 18) up to the handle I am enjoying my trip up to the handle. 19) to a large extent I agree with what you say to a large extent. 20) not half BrE infml very It isn't half windy today! They didn't half support my proposal. 21) extremely I am extremely sorry 22) exceedingly adv. very; to an unusual degree They were exceedingly kind. 23) terribly adv. infml. very I've been terribly worried about you all day. We were terribly lucky to find you there. 24) quite adv. more than usually; rather It's really quite good; much better than we expected. 25) utterly adv. completely I found the books utterly charming, instructive, and inspiring. 26) completely adv wholly; altogether; in every way; totally The army made a completely successful attack on the enemy capital. 英文语法拉杂谈-助动词 www.iselong.com 作者:kohtp 谈谈助动词(AUXILIARY VERBS) 助动词也是动词的一种,它用以表示:可能、应该、愿望、必须……通常放在动词 (verb)或形容词(adjective)之前。它也时常令初学者感到混淆。 一、shall 和 will 1.1 助动词shall/will 的最常用法,就是表示后面的动词属于未来式(future tense): 第一人称(I、we)用shall: I shall go tomorrow. We shall go tomorrow. 第二人称(thou、you)及第三人称(he、she、it、they)都用will: He will go tomorrow. She will go tomorrow. They will go tomorrow. 1.2 如果shall或will并不是用来表示后面的动词是未来式的,那么shall 将用在第二及三人称,这时就有"决定、命令、答应"等意思: You shall obey me.(你要服从我。) He shall leave the house instantly.(他决定马上离开家。) You shall have my book.(说这话的人答应把书给对方。) 同样的,will用在第一人称时,就有"决定、答应、情愿"等意思: I will speak, in spite of you.(不管你怎样,我决定说。) I will never forsake you.(我永远不会舍弃你。) 这回就谈到这里。下回谈should和would。 谈谈助动词(二) 上一则拉杂谈谈了助动词shall和will。实际上这两个助动词,以及should和would的用 法相当复杂,令我感到有不知从何下手的感觉。现在就shall和will再举一些例子。 shall 用在第一人称(就是 I 或 we) 时: I shall tell you this evening. (意向) I shall never do it again. (答应) Shall I post the letter for you? (问对方的意愿) shall 用在第二人称(you)或第三人称(he, she, it , they) 时: You shall never see her again. (意向) You shall go at once. (命令) You shall have a reward. (答应) You shall punished. (恫吓) Shall he be paid? (问对方的意向) will 用在第一人称时: I will work hard. (意向) I will be obeyed. (命令) I will help you as much as I can. (答应) I will punish you. (恫吓) will 用在第二人称或第三人称时: You will send in your report on Thursday. (命令) Whatever you may say, things of this kind will go on. (必然性) Will you help me? (请求) Will you tell me about it? (请求) You will sit here for hours saying nothing. (表示习惯) 下来谈谈should 和 would 三、助动词should 的用法: 3.1 should 用在第一人称时: I should be glad to see you if you would call tomorrow morning. (条件) I should be glad to see you. (省略条件子句conditional clause) (条件) We should sort out this problem at once. (决定) I think we should check everything again. (劝告) 3.2 should 用在第二人称或第三人称时: Should you like to see him if he should call on you this evening? (表示将 来) Should you like to see him. (省略条件子句conditional clause) It's a pity you should always be so busy. (看法) If you should see Peter, tell him about the match. (可能) You should apply for a visa right away. (责任) If it should be fine tomorrow, I shall go out. (条件) It is a pity that she should be so ill. 3.3 should 用在任何人称时: I / You/ He/ She/ They should study hard. (义务或责任) 四、助动词would 的用法: 4.1 would 用在第一人称时: If I could, I would work hard. (意向) I would be obeyed. (命令) I would help you as much as I could. (答应) I would punish you if you should do it again. (恫吓) 4.2 would 用在第二人称或第三人称时: If you were a bird, you would be able to fly. (将来) Would you tell me about it? (请求) Would you help me? (请求) Would you were with us! (愿望) He would keep playing with my watch. (持续) They wouldn't (would not) believe me. (拒绝) Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? (许可) Would you pass the salt please? (请求) Would you mind waiting a moment? (请求) Would you like to play golf this Friday? (邀请) shall / will / should / would 真是千头万绪,真没办法。 谈谈助动词(三) 这回我们来谈谈助动词 may 和 might。 一、MAY 1.1 表示许可(Permission): You may go home now. She may go to the cinema. You may not go anywhere. She may not go to the cinema. May I go to the cinema? May I use your dictionary? May I have another cup of coffee? May I watch television tonight? Yes, you may. May I leave work at 16:00 hrs.? No, you may not. 1.2 表示可能性(Possibility):(也可用 might 代替) China may become a major economic power. We may go to dinner tonight, I'm not sure. It may snow tomorrow. He may not go to Spain this year. Perhaps I may go with you. 1.3 表示某种祈愿: May success be yours. May you return in safety. May he rest in peace. May God help us! 1.4 may have 表示"也许曾经": He may have missed his train. 1.5 that...may 表示目的: Teach me that I may be able to learn. He flatters that he may win power. 二、MIGHT 2.1 表示可能性(Possibility): It might rain today. They might go to the cinema. They might not go to the cinema. We might go to dinner tonight, I'm not sure. It might rain tomorrow. He might not go to Japan next year. You might shoot another panther this year. 2.2 其他用法: You might post this for me. (请求)请你把这信寄一寄。 You might at least apologize. (责备)你至少该赔个不是。 He might at least have offered to help me. (责怪)他至少该说来帮助我。 I might have been a rich man. (懊悔)我该做到富翁了。 关于may和might就谈这些,当然它们还有其他用法,希望大家谈谈。 下回我们谈谈can 和could。 谈谈助动词(四) 让我们来谈谈肋动词CAN, COULD的一些用法。 一、CAN 1.1 表示有能力: Sam can play the guitar. Can Howard sing? He can't (cannot) understand German. 1.2 表示许可: Can I park my car here? No, you can't, it is a no parking zone. Can I go to the theatre with Zhang? 1.3 表示可能: A car can be a useful means of transport or a dangerous weapon. She can be very hard to understand sometimes. We can live life with a positive or a negative attitude. 1.4 在否定或疑问时,有"何至于","不可能"之意: He cannot be a cruel man. 他不可能是一个冷酷的人。 Can they have said such a thing? 他们何至于说出这样的话, 二、COULD 2.1 作为can 的过去式: She couldn't (could not) come to dinner last night. They could walk faster when they were younger. Sam could play the piano when he was a boy. 2.2 客气请求: Could you tell me the time, please? Could you help me, please? Could I have a coffee, please? Could we come and visit you this evening? 2.3 could not help-ing, could not but 有"不禁","忍不住"之意: We could not but laugh. 我们忍不住发笑了。 We could not help laughing. 我们不禁笑了起来。 谈起助动词感到真有点枯燥,可是它们在英文里作用可大呢。希望大家一起学习,一起 进步。再见。 谈谈助动词(五) 这回让我们来谈谈助动词MUST 。助动词shall, will, may, can 都有过去式(Past Tense:should, would,might, could), 而must 却没有;但是它也往往指过去的事。 下面是must的一些用法: 一、表示"必须": You must listen to him. 你必须听他的话。 (注意:如果要说"你不必听他的话。" 可不能说 "You must not liston to him。"而 要说: You need not liston to him. 因为 "You must not liston to him." 的意思是 "你不可听他的话。" ) 二、表示"一定": He must be a honest man. 他一定是一个诚实的人。 三、表示"偏偏": As I was sitting down to supper, the telephone must ring. 当我正在坐下来吃 晚餐的时候,电话偏偏响了起来。 四、"must have+(past participle)..." 的用法: 4.1 "谅必曾经" 的意思: You must have seen him yesterday. 你谅必曾在昨天看见他。 4.2 "谅必曾经(但实在不曾)" 的意思: You must have seen him if you had been here yesterday. 如果你昨天在这里, 谅必曾经看到他。(实际上是不曾看见。) 4.3 "必须曾经" 的意思: Any applicant for this position must have practised for five years. 对于 这个职位的任何申请人必须曾经实习过五年。 就谈到这里,下回见。Bye! 谈谈助动词(六) 在英文里,助动词(Auxiliary Verbs)说多不多,说少也不少。这里所谈的只是其中的 一部份,其他如:have, be(am, is, are, were, been, being), ought, need, dare, used to 等等。下面仅谈其中need和dare。 一、NEED :当用作助动词时,它的特征是:第三人称、现在式(Present tense)、在 疑问句或否定句里指过去、后面的infinitive没有"to": Need he go yesterday? (注意:句子指过去,但need为现在式,he go 不作 he goes) He need not go yesterday. He need not have any help from us yesterday. 二、DARE :和need一样,dare 和 need 除了用作普通的动词外,也可用作助动词。它 的句子特征是:否定或有否定意味、dare后面的infinitive没有"to"、用dare不用 dares、有时指过去的事: He dare not go. He dare not do anything. He dare not take such a step. No-one dare go. Dare he go? "I dare say" 这种说法有"我以为"、"大概"、"在我看来"、"或者"的意思: I dare say it will be right. His brother, I dare say, is richer. I dare say his brother is richer. 英语“方位”表示法 www.iselong.com 作者:佚名 英语方位表示法为数不少,但容易混淆。特别是几 个介词的用法常常令自学者无所适从。有时 "一字之 差" 就可能 "失之千里”。为此,笔者拟用比较的方式以east为例介绍一些常见的方位表示法。 (一)in the east 与 on the east的区别 1(in the east表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳从东边升起,从西边落下。 The Great Wall begins in the east from the Shanghaiguan Pass and ends at the Jiayuguan Pass in the west. 长城东起山海关,西至嘉峪关。 2(on the east表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方向。这里的方向是相对而言的。如: China faces the Pacific on the east. 中国东临太平洋。 The United States faces the Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west. 美国东临大西洋,西濒太平洋。 (二) in (to,on,at) the east of 1(要表示A在B的东部,即:A在B的范围之内时就用"A is in the east of B",如: Japan is in the east of Asia.日本在亚洲东部。 Italy is in the south of Europe.意大利在欧洲南部。 2(如果A在B的东方,即:A在B的范围之外,且相隔有一定的距离,就用"A lies to the east of B".口语中有时可将to the省去。如: Japan lies (to the) east of China.日本位于中国东方。 France lies (to the) east of England.法国位于英国东方。 3(如果A在B的东边(侧),即:A与B相邻接。就用"A is on the east of B".如: Guangdong is on the south of Hunan.广东在湖南南边。 Shangdong is on the north of Jiangsu.山东在江苏北边。 4(如果把方位词当作一个整体看,或是看成一点,就用"A is at the east of B" 如:There was a big battle at the north of the Liaodong Peninsula. 在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。 5(如果要表示“A位于B东面100公里处”时我们既可以说"A lies l00km to the east of B",也可以说"A lies 100km east of B". 后者在美国口语中更为常见。如: The plane crashed 30 miles south of the city.飞机在离城南30英里处坠毁。 Suzhou lies 50 miles to the west of Shanghai.苏州位于上海西面50英里处。 (三) 汉语里“东南西北”的先后顺序到英语里就变成了north,south,east,west;并由此有了下列中、英文表达上的差异。 东南方:southeast 西南方:southwest 西北方:northwest 东北方:northeast 如:十三陵位于北京西北50公里处。 The Ming Tombs are located about 50 km to the northwest of Beijing. 天津位于北京东南120公里处。 Tiajin is situated l20 km southeast of Beijing. (四)要表示方位的“偏向”时通常用by 正东偏北: east by north 正南偏西: south by west 正北偏东: north by east 正南偏东: south by east 如:We are sailing in the direction of east by north.我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。 The island lies south by east from here.那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向。 English Grammar:小议but的用法 www.iselong.com 作者:佚名 在英语中,but除了最常用的表示转折关系外还有以下几种常见用法: 一、but用法连词,表示让步关系,意思是“除非,要不是”,常与that一起构成but that, 相 当于"if...not"。 例如:I would have failed but that your helped me.要不是你们帮助我,我就会 失败。 二、but用作连词,放在否定词或疑问词之后,作从属关系,表示否定意义,可相不于that not. 例如: Never a month passed but she writes to her parents. 她没有一个有不给她双亲写信。 三、but用于否定词加doubt,question,deny等到之后,没有实在意义,只相当于关系连词that. 例如: There's no doubt but he is a thief.毫无疑问,他是一个贼。 四、but用作介词,表示“除了”意义,相当于besides,except.例如:No one knows him but she. 除了她,没有人认识她。 五、but用作副词,相当于only, 常译为“只不过,仅仅”。例如:He finished his homework but ten minutes ago.他十分钟前刚完成作业。 六、buy用作代词,表示从属关系,在否定句中常相当于who/that not.例如:There is no one but likes to help him. 没有人不认识他。
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