给java初学者的建议

给java初学者的建议 一个牛人给java初学者的建议 给初学者之一:浅谈java及应用 学java不知不觉也已经三年了 从不知java为何物到现在一个小小的j2ee项目经理 虽说不上此道高手，大概也算有点斤两了吧 每次上网，泡bbs逛论坛，没少去java相关的版面 总体感觉初学者多，高手少，精通的更少 由于我国高等教育制度教材陈旧，加上java自身发展不过十年左右的时间 还有一个很重要的原因就是java这门语言更适合商业应用 所以高校里大部分博士老师们对此语言的了解甚至不比本科生多 在这种环境下，很多人对java感到茫然， 不知所措，不懂java能做什么 即便知道了java很有用，也不清楚该从哪里入手 所以就有了 java入门难 这一说法 ok，那我们就从java到底能做什么聊起 先说什么是java java是一种面向对象语言，真正的面向对象，任何函数和变量都以类(class)封装起来 至于什么是对象什么是类，我就不废话了 关于这两个概念的解释任何一本面向对象语言的教材里面都有 知道了什么是java，那自然就会对java能干什么感兴趣 在说java能做什么之前，先说java作为一个真正面向对象语言的优点 首先第一个，既然是真正的面向对象，那就要做到彻底的封装 这是java和c++最大的不同，java所有的源码以及编译后的文件都以类的形式存在 java没有所谓的类外部定义，所有的函数( 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 )以及变量(属性)都必须在类内部定义 这样就不会出现一个类被切割成这里一块那里一块的情况，c++就可以，不是么, 这样做使得整个程序的结构异常清晰，明了 其次第二个，最让人欢呼雀跃的是完全屏蔽了指针，同时引入了垃圾回收机制 任何一个写过c/c++代码的人，都会对内存管理深恶痛绝 因为这使得我们不能把主要精力放在我们关心的事情上 而需要考虑计算机内部的一些事情，作为一个软件工程师 我想没有一个人愿意把大量的时间花在内存管理上，毕竟我们不是电子工程师 此时java的优势体现出来了，它完全屏蔽了内存管理 也就是说，如果你用java写程序，写出来 的任何一个程序内存上的开销，都不受你控制 乍一看，似乎你受到了束缚，但实际上不是这样 因为虽然你的程序无法对内存进行管理，降低了一定的速度 但你的程序会非常非常的安全，因为你无法调用一个空指针 而不像以前写c的时候那样，成天因为空指针而担惊受怕 当然，如果你深入了解这一行，就会发现java其实也无法保证程序不去调用空的指针 但是它会在最大程度上避免空指针的调用 这已经很好了，安全，这是java的最突出的优点 第三个，虚拟机跨平台，这是java最大的特点，跨平台 可能所有人都知道windows，但是不是所有人都知道unix 和java一样，很多人都不知道unix这种操 作系统干什么用 我不想多说unix的应用，这不是主要，但是我要说，大部分小型机 工作站，都跑在unix一族的操作系统上，比如linux/solaris unix比起windows有一个最显著的特点，稳定，这就好比思科和华为 思科的机器慢但稳定，华为的机器快但不稳定，作为服务器这一端来说 要的皇怯卸嗫欤 俏榷ǎ 評nix在服务器端还是非常有市场的 而且很重要的windows不安全，在ms的宣传中我想所有人都很少看到安全二字 因为windows操作系统针对的是pc用户，pc死机就死机咯，大不了重启 瘟95最经常冒出来的就是蓝屏，在服务器这一端上因为ms没有自己的芯片 所以要做系统有些力不从心啊。扯远了，那么java可以做到在windows上编译 然后在unix上运行，这是c/c++做不到的 那么说到这里，java能做什么逐渐清晰起来 刚才说到了，java程序有一个的特点是安全 这个安全是针对你的系统来说得，系统在跑了java程序之后会特别地稳定 而且还能跨平台，那么很明显，java主要应用于除了windows操作系统以外所有的平台 比如手机，服务器 想想看，如果你写的程序要跑在手机上，而手机有多少款用的是windows? 就算有，那如果你用c/c++，是不是要针对每一款手机写一套程序呢, 累死，那跨平台的java就不用，做到编译一次，随时运行 同样，在服务器这一端，如果我想给一个网络门户站点，比如sina 写一个应用程序，pc的性能肯定无法满足sina这样大站点并发数量的要求 那么它就需要买服务器，那么服务器ms没有市场，而且windows很不安全 那么十之八九会买一个sun/ibm的机器，或者hp，但不管是谁的机器 它装的操作系统也不会是windows，因为windows太不安全了，而且多核的支持太差 了 这个有空再说，那么如果你要写一个程序在这样的机器上跑 难道我们就在这个机器上做开发么,当然不可能，一般程序员开发用的都是pc，windows 那么该怎么办,写一个程序，然后再拿到服务器上去编译，去调试, 肯定不可能，所以我们就希望找到一个语言，编译完生成程序之后 在pc上调试，然后直接移植到服务器上去，那么此时，我们就会毫不犹豫地选择java 因为在跨平台以及安全性来说，java永远是第一选择 ok，下面说java的缺点 一慢，这其实是一种误区，这就好比goto语句一样 java也抛弃了指针，虽然看上去似乎变慢了，但是在这个两三年硬件性能就能翻番的年代 速度已经不是我们关心的问题了，而且对于企业级的应用来说 没有什么比安全稳定更重要的，换句话说，我们可以忍受慢，但是不能忍受死机和蓝屏 而且越大型的应用，这种慢的劣势体现得越模糊 因为当系统项目越做越大，任何一个环节做不好都可能影响全局的情况下 安全尤其重要，而且就像goto语句一样 这种过分追求速度的主张会给系统开发和纠错以及维护带来无可挽回甚至不可避免的损失 把内存交给计算机去管理吧，这种代价值得 我们做的不是pc游戏，没必要把内存的那一点点消耗当亲爹 二难看，又是一个误区，很多人甚至拿出java swing控件画出的界面来说 呵呵，其实java不是不能画得好看，IDEA就是java写的IDE，挺漂亮的 但为什么难看呢，是因为swing控件它本身就是unix时代的产物，swing控件贴近unix 界面 老外看unix界面其实挺顺眼的，他们就是吃unix饭长大的 而unix又是吃百家饭的，不像ms那么唯利是图，所以不怎么对中国人友好 加上我国又没有公司在做操作系统，所以看上去是不怎么顺眼 其实玩过unix的人都知道，unix对中文的支持一直不怎么好 三我还没想到，其他人补充 给初学者之二:从JDK说起 在知道了java有什么优点，能做什么之后 就该说一下java该如何去学了 在说java如何去学之前，有必要把java的几个大方向做一个简单说明 早在五年前，嗯，应该说是六年前，也就是99年的时候 sun公司做出了一个决定，将java应用平台 做一个划分 毕竟在不同领域，语言应用特性是有区别的 针对不同领域内的应用,sun公司可以发布相关高端标准来统一规范代码 这三大块就是J2SE,J2EE以及J2ME 这个举措今天看来无疑是非常了不起的 正是由于这次革命性的发展，使java从一种小打小闹游戏性的语言 发展成为今天企业级应用的基础 这里要特别说明一下J2SE J2EE J2ME中2的意思 其实2就是英文单词to的谐音，就是to的意思 而不是second edition，当然java 2本身版本号就是1.2，也有点2nd edition的味道 说点题外的，sun公司发布的java版本很有意思 虽然总是写是1.X但其实外界对这种版的说法也就是X.0 比如java 2,其实就是java 1.2 1.3其实就是3.0，1.4就是4.0，现在所说的5.0 其实就是1.5 只是以前我们更习惯叫1.X而已 可能到了5.0以后，就全改叫X.0而不是1.X了 所以以后听到别人说java 5.0，千万别惊讶，其实就是1.5 在这三个J2*E中J2SE是基础，就是java 2的标准版(java 2 standard edition) 也就是最基础的java语言部分，无论学什么java技术，J2SE都是必须掌握的 要使用J2SE就必须安装JDK(java development kit) JDK在sun公司的主页上可以免费下载，下载后需要安装，具体安装流程看教材 JDK包含有五个部分:核心API，集成API，用户界面API，发布技术还有java虚拟机(JVM) 先说运行环境，运行环境最主要要说的就是 java虚拟机(JVM) 前面我们说过java是跨平台的语言，那么 如何做到跨平台呢,毕竟每种操作系统都 是不同的 java的设计者们提出了一个虚拟机的概念 在操作系统之上建立一个统一的平台，这个 平台必须实现某些功能以支持程序的运行 如下图: ------------------------------------- | program | ------------------------------------- | JVM | ------------------------------------- | UNIX | Windows | Linux | Solaris |.. ------------------------------------- 程序员所写的每一个程序都先运行在虚拟 机上 所有操作都必须经过虚拟机才能和操作系 统交互 这样做不仅统一了所有操作系统，同时也保 证了操作系统的安全 要死机的话，死的是虚拟机(JVM)而操作 系统并不会受此影响 而我们所说的java运行环境指的主要是JVM，其他的不说了，省略 下面说说JDK(java development kit)的API，其实用JDK来包括运行环境以及开发工具 个人感觉是不恰当的，因为这三个单词仅能说明开发工具，也就是几个标准的API 而没有让人感觉到有运行环境的意思在里面，这是题外 那么什么是API? 简单地说就是Application Programming Interface，应用程序编程接口 在java里面，就是一些已经写好了的类打成的包 这又要解释什么是类什么是包了，简单说一下，包就是类的集合 一个包包含零个或多个类，嗯，具体的可以去看书 这些类是java的基础类，常用的类，可以简单理解成java的工具集 最后说一下JDK的发布技术，其实按我的理解，讲白了就是编译器 将.java文件转换成.class文件的一种技术 这三部分组成了JDK，有了JDK，就可以开发出J2SE应用软件了 最原始的只要用一个记事本写几行代码就可以了 但一般来说我们会使用效果比较好的开发工具，也就是IDE 在J2SE这一块，特别推荐JCreator这款IDE sun公司的产品，与JDK结合得几乎是天衣无缝，非常适合初学者使用 教材方面中文的推荐电子工业出版社出版的《java教程》初级与高级篇各一本 还有就是《21天学通java》虽然有人说21天系列是烂书，但个人感觉 对于j2se，这本书翻译得已经很不错了，基本没有什么语法错误，语句也很通顺 最后要说的就是《thinking in java》 这本书自然很经典，说得比较细，只是我觉 得不太适合初学者，其实也不难 初学者直接看也不成问题，但个人感觉还是找本教材也就是前面推荐的两款来看比较好 基本概念的理解还是用教材的，毕竟thinking in java有的版本翻译得很烂 而且个人建议还是看原版比较好，当然这几本都看最好了，但如果没时间 至少精读其中一本，然后再看其他两本就可以，其实三本书内容也差不多 但看问题的角度方式以及面向的读者也都不同，嗯，怎么说呢，找适合自己的吧 最后要说的是 由于虚拟机的存在，J2SE的大多数软件的使用会比一般桌面软件慢一些 效果不尽如人意，现在大概只有swing控件还在使用吧，其它没怎么听说 J2EE&J2ME 这是java应用的重中之重，如果想拿高薪，最好把J2EE学好 记得以前在csdn上看过一个调查，月薪上 万的程序员主要从事哪方面的工作 十个中有八个是做J2EE的，其他两个一个做J2ME，还有一个做嵌入式 也许有些夸张，但也从某一方面说明J2EE人才的稀缺以及应用的广泛 所以如果想学java，只精通j2se是永远不够的，至少还需要时间去了解其它两个J2*E 给初学者之三:java企业级应用之硬件篇 总算讲到企业级应用了，内容开始逐渐有趣起来 java企业级应用分为硬件篇和软件篇 重点在软件，硬件是外延，严格地说与java没有必然联系 但是，由于java是网络语言，不了解硬件的一些基础知识 软件知道再多也没什么用，不要上了战场还不知道为什么而打仗 硬件是软件的基础，在这个前提下，有必要专门花一点点篇幅来聊一下硬件 硬件，简单地说就是我们实际生活中看得见摸得着的东西 也就是那些冰冷的机器，比如服务器，个人电脑还有网络交换机，路由器等等 那么先抛开网络设备不谈，先来说说计算机电脑的历史 在很早很早以前，人类创造了第一台电脑，那时候的电脑只是一台用来计算的机器 无比大，无比重，无比傻，除了算其它屁事不会做，没有所谓的人工智能与计算机网络 但是总算是诞生了，虽然以今天的眼光去看那时候的机器巨傻无比 只配叫做计算器而不是电脑，没有逻辑思维能力，只会死算 但千里之行，始于足下，反正是造出来了 然后随着时间的推移，制造业发展发展发展 电脑性能逐渐得到提升，速度快了起来，成本也逐渐低了下来 于是人们造出了第二台，第三台，第四台，第五台……第n台计算机 人们就造出了无数台计算机并使其成为一种产品 逐渐应用于许多复杂计算领域，不仅仅是科研，许多生产领域也开始出现计算机的影子 然后又随着时间的推移，人们发现不可能把所有的计算机都做成一个样子 因为各行各业对计算机性能的要求各不相同 于是开始把计算机划分档次，最简单地是按照计算机的大小划分 就是教科书上写的大型机，中型机，小型机 //个人感觉这样分纯粹扯淡，还以为是小孩子玩球，分为大球，中球和小球 但是不管怎样，计算机不再是千篇一律一个样子了 按照性能的不同，在不同领域，出现了满足符合不同要求的计算机 几乎在同时，人们也开始考虑计算机之间通 讯问题 人们开始考虑将不同的计算机连接起来，于是网线出现了，网络出现了 又随着网络的发展，出现了一下专门为了寻址而存在的机器 这就是路由器和交换机，然后又出现了一些公益性的组织或团体 他们制定了一系列的标准来规范以及管理我们的网络 于是3w出现了，计算机的网络时代来临了 嗯，说到这里，计算机发展到今天的历史大概说完了 我们来详细说说网络时代的计算机以及各个硬件供应商之间的关系 前面说到了，计算机分为大型机，中型机和小型机…… 但是现在市场上没有人这样分，要是出去买机器，对硬件供应商说 我要买一款中型机，或者说，我要买一款小型机，硬件供应商肯定会问问题 他们会问你买机器干什么用的,科学计算啊还是居家用，是作服务器啊还是图形设计 但不管怎样，简单地说大中小型机已经没有什么意义了 我们按照使用范畴来划分 简单划分为 服务器，工作站还有微机 服务器(server) 服务器涵盖了几乎所有的大型机以及大部分中型机甚至一些小型机 用通俗点话说 衿骶褪悄掣龉 ?4小时不间断运行提供服务的机器 比如卖飞机票(中航信)，比如酒店预定(携程) 比如提供门户站点相关服务(sina)，比如电子商务(ebay，amazon，阿里巴巴) 这些服务对机器都有一些特定的要求，尤其强调安全和稳定 工作站(workstation) 工作站其实是图形工作站的简称，说白了， 就是某种功能极其强大的计算机 用于特定领域，比如工程设计，动画制作，科学研究等 个人电脑/微机(pc) 计算机网络的最末端，这个应该不用我说太多了 网络时代的pc已经普及到千家万户 说完了分类，我们就来说说各个硬件供应商 首先是服务器还有工作站 这两类硬件供应商主要是以下三家 Sun,IBM还有HP(惠普) 然后是PC 以前IBM还有PC事业部，现在被联想吞并了(蛇吞象) 现在国际市场上有联想和DELL(戴尔)，目前戴尔还是国际老大 还有HP康柏 然后是网络，也就是路由器和交换机 这块市场嘛，Cisco(思科)Brocade(博科)还有McDATA三足鼎立 内核(CPU) PC内核 主要是AMD和Intel，前者最近与Sun公司合作，Sun也有一部分单双核服务器用的是AMD的 服务器与工作站内核 这一块与硬件厂商绑定 还是Sun,IBM,HP三家自己生产 题外 在一些大型主机应用市场，比如卖飞机票 德国的汉莎，中国的中航信，香港的国泰用的都是尤利(美国的公司，英文名我忘了) 其它用的是IBM的机器，现在能做大型机的感觉似乎只有IBM可以 尤利已经快倒了，技术太落后了，现在他们的系统还是fortran写的，连c都不支持 要特别说明的是，一个超大型主机然后多个 小终端/pc的结构现在越来越没市场了 将来的趋势是用一整个包含多个服务器的分布式操作系统来取代这些大型主机 因为大型主机更新换代极其困难，一旦数据量超过了主机的处理能力 那么就要换主机，这个成本是极大的，但是如果用分布式操作系统 那就只需要增加小服务器就行了 硬件就大概说到这里，与大多数人没什么关系 因为大多数人压根不可能进入这些硬件领域，除非做销售 说了这么多，只是为了给软件部分打基础而已 //做嵌入式的除外 给初学者之四:java企业级应用之软件篇 嗯，说过了硬件就该是软件了 这篇是这个系列的重中之重 首先我们来说说什么是软件，统一一下概念 所谓软件通俗地说就是一套计算机程序 实现了某些功能的计算机程序 在很早很早以前，一台计算机的软件是不分层次结构的 一台计算机只有一个系统，这个系统既是操作系统又是应用软件，与硬件紧密绑定 后来经过许多年的发展发展发展 人们把一些与硬件紧密相连的又经常用到必不可少的功能做到一套程序中去 这一套程序就被人们称做操作系统 另外一些可有可无的，不同工作适应不同环境的功能封装到另外一套程序中去 而这一系列程序被人们称作应用软件 如下图: ------------------------------------- ------ |应用软件: falshgat/IE/realplayer/winamp..| ------------------------------------- ------ |操作系统: UNIX/Windows/Linux/Solaris... | ------------------------------------------- 前一篇我们知道，硬件分为服务器工作站与 pc 其实无论哪种硬件的软件，都有操作系统与 应用软件 ok，那下面我们来谈应用软件 在现在企业级应用中，我们的应用软件一般 分为三层 三层分别是表示层，业务逻辑层，数据持久 层 ------------------------------ |表示层|业务逻辑层|数据持久层| ------------------------------ 我们来说说三层中的代表软件 表示层 这一层一般在客户端pc机上，最常见的是 IE浏览器，这就是表示层的软件 表示层是直接与使用者交互的软件 业务逻辑层 这一层一般在服务器端，顾名思义，所有业务逻辑处理都在这一层完成 最典型的是appserver，比如IBM的websphere，BEA的weblogic还有tomcat/jboss等 这一层也是三层中的重点，我们要说的大部分内容都是关于这一层的，这个等会再说 这一层就叫做中间层 数据持久层 这一层典型的就是数据库，一般也在服务器端 但该服务器一般与装业务逻辑层软件的服务器分开 当然你也可以用IO输入输出流往硬盘上写东西 但没人会建议你这么做，因为这样做你的数据缺乏管理，不管怎样 这一层要做的就是保存数据，业务逻辑层软件一般不负责保留数据 或者说业务逻辑层只负责暂时储存数据，一关机，业务逻辑层数据全部over了 那么数据的持久化(也就是储存数据)就必 须要在这一层完成 下面放着这些概念不谈，我们来说说将来的趋势 趋势一: 瘦客户端，很早很早以前，当时C/S模式也就是client/server 客户端软件大行其道的年代，一个pc用户，是采用一个傻终端连接到服务器上 然后进行相应的操作，最典型的就是我们上bbs经常用的c-term 这就是那个时代的产物，同样还有我国现行的机票定座用的e-term 后来呢，浏览器变得非常流行，人们发现，浏览器也能传递一些数据 虽然这些数据并不像那些终端那样准确，但应付大多数日常需求足够了 于是人们就提出一个瘦客户端概念，也就是说，将来表示层所有的其他软件疾挥? 我们唯一需要的就是一个网页浏览器，然后通过浏览器输入ip地址连接到服务器 然后进行相关的操作，由于网页浏览器一般 每个操作系统都有自带一个 这样做就达到了给我们客户端瘦身的目的(不需要安装额外软件) 这样模式被称作B/S模式，也就是browser/server模式 但需要指出的是，虽然瘦客户端是趋势，但并不代表胖客户端没有市场 尤其是一些复杂的业务操作，还是浏览器这种简单软件无法胜任的 趋势二: 傻数据库，ok，首先，我承认，这个名词是我发明的，但我实在无法找到一个更好的表达 什么是傻数据库，如果谁对数据库有所了解的话，就知道，以前的数据库 有自己的一套管理体系，甚至有自己的客户端，比如oracle,mysql,sqlserver都有 在某个管理工具上写什么sql语句查询数据库是我们以前常做的事 那么将来我们提倡的是:将所有的业务逻辑封装到业务逻辑层去 管理的事情由软件来做，由业务逻辑层的软件来做 所谓傻数据库就是说，将来的数据库什么事都不用做 只用把数据给我保存好就行了，那些复杂的业务逻辑什么外键什么关联 都没数据库什么事了，都交给业务逻辑层软件来做 这样做的好处就是:我们就不需要这些该死难懂又复杂的数据库系列管理工具了 而且这些工具每个数据库都有自己的工具，完全不一样，乱七八糟，没有人喜欢面对他们 除了数据库维护人员，也就是DBA，我们是软件工程师，维护的事让他们去做 而且严禁数据库维护人员改动数据库的数据，他们只做备份，必要时候恢复一下就是了 了解了这两个趋势之后，是不是有种砍头去尾保中间的感觉, 没错，未来的趋势就是中间件时代，中间件 工程师将是未来计算机应用的主流 那再次统一一下概念，什么是中间件, 记得我上学的时候，看ibm的教材，看了半天中间件定义，就看懂记住一句话 中间件是做别人不愿意去做的事情，现在想想，狗屁定义，呵呵 什么是中间件，中间件是业务逻辑层的应用软件 是处理业务数据与客户端之间业务逻辑的一种应用软件 一种提供网络服务的服务器端应用软件 举个非常简单的例子，网上银行，某个人想用IE进入工行的账户，然后转帐 在这个例子中，客户端表示层显然是IE，数据持久层显然是银行的核心数据库 那么中间件是什么,中间件就是提供这种服务的系统 这三层的划分如下 ------------------------------ |表示层 | 业务逻辑层 | 数据持久层 | ------------------------------ | IE | 网上银行 | 数据库 | ------------------------------ 给初学者之五:企业级应用之中间件 前面一篇简单介绍了一下应用软件的分层 下面重点介绍一下中间件，也就是业务逻辑层的软件结构 从本系列第二篇我们知道，java程序是跑在虚拟机之上的 大致结构如下: ------------ | grogram | ------------ | 虚拟机 | ------------ | 操作系统 | ------------ 也就是说操作系统先运行一个java虚拟机，然后再在虚拟机之上运行java程序 这样做的好处前面也说过了，就是安全，一旦出现病毒或是其他什么东西 挂掉的是虚拟机，操作系统并不会受多大影响 这时候有人可能会问，为什么非要虚拟机,把操作系统当成虚拟机为什么不行, 可以，当然可以，但是这样做某一个应用软件的bug就可能造成整个操作系统的死亡 比如说我们在某个服务器上安装了一个收发电子邮件的软件和java虚拟机 那么一旦黑客通过收发电子邮件的软件入侵系统，那么操作系统就整个玩完 那么如果黑客通过java程序进行攻击的话，那么死的将会是虚拟机而不是操作系统 大不了虚拟机崩溃，而操作系统正常运行不受任何影响 举个简单例子，比如说最常见的是将数据库(DB)与中间件放在同一台服务器上 ------------------------ | program | | -----------| DB | | 虚拟机 | | ------------------------ | 操作系统 | ------------------------ 那么此时如果没有虚拟机，黑客病毒攻击中间件系统，就有可能造成操作系统的死亡 那此时数据库也有可能跟着一起玩完，那损失可就大咯 那如果此时有虚拟机，那么一旦被攻击，死的是虚拟机，操作系统与数据库不受任何影响 嗯，回顾完虚拟机，再来介绍中间件 在很早很早以前，任何一家企业，想要搭建一个局域网系统，他需要请许多个工程师 比如说我们想搭建一个网上银行，客户端用浏览器,后台数据库比如说用oracle 那么搭建这样一个网上银行，可能需要用到多少个工程师，我们来算一算 首先，由于客户端用的是浏览器，我们需要 一些了解网络通讯 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 以及一些浏览器标准的网络工程师 其次，由于后台数据库用的是oracle，那我们还需要请oracle的工程师，因为数据库这一层每个数据库公司的接口什么都不一样 然后，我们还需要一些操作系统的工程师，因为我们的系统需要跟操作系统直接交互 最后，我们需要一些设计网上银行系统及其相关业务的工程师 太多了太多了，这样一个中间件队伍实在太庞大了，制作维护成本实在太高了 不仅如此，这样一个中间件就算做出来，他们所写的代码也只能满足这一家公司使用 其它公司统统不能再用，代码重用率极低，近乎不可能重用 毕竟这个系统中改动任何一个部分都有可能涉及到整个系统的改动 那么如何降低成本, 我举出了四组的工程师: 网络工程师，数据库工程师，操作系统工程师以及设计网上银行系统的业务工程师 除了最后一组设计网上银行的业务工程师之外，前面三组工程师是不是每一个项目都需要的, 就算不是每一个项目都需要，至少也是绝大多数项目需要的吧, 哪个项目能够脱离网络，数据库和操作系统,不可能，在这个时代已经很少很少了 好，那既然每个项目都需要，我们是不是可以用一个产品来取代这三组的工程师呢, 我们的业务工程师只需要遵循这个产品所提供的接口，进行相应的开发就行了 人们提出了一种叫做appserver也就是应用服务器的东西 应用服务器是干什么的,按官方的说法，应用服务器是包括有多个容器的软件服务器 那容器是什么,容器(Container)到底是个什么东西我想多数人还是不清楚 在说这个之前，先介绍一下组件 什么是组件，组件是什么,组件其实就是一个应用程序块 但是它们不是完整的应用程序，不能单独运行 就有如一辆汽车，车门是一个组件，车灯也是一个组件 但是光有车灯车门没有用，它们不能跑上公路 在java中这些组件就叫做javabean，有点像微软以前的com组件 要特别说明的是，由于任何一个java文件编译以后都是以类的形式存在 所以javabean肯定也是一个类，这是毫无疑问的 好，那么容器里装载的是什么呢,就是这些组件 而容器之外的程序需要和这些组件交互必须通过容器 举个例子，IE发送了一个请求给容器，容器通过调用其中的一个组件进行相关处理之后 将结果反馈给IE，这种与客户端软件交互的组件就叫做servlet 但是组件有很多种，那么如何区分这些组件呢, 有多种管理办法，比如同是同样是servlet，有些是通过jsp生成的 而有些是开发人员自己写的，那么通过jsp生成的servlet集中放在一个地方 而开发人员自己写的则需要在xml里面配置一些基本的参数 同时，不同组件有可能还需要继承一些特定的父类或者接口，这也是容器管理的需要 还有其他的一些组件，这里就不一一说明举例了 那么容器有很多种，按照他们装载的组件类型划分 比如有装ejb的ejb容器，有装servlet与jsp还有静态页面的web容器等等 //这种只含有web容器的应用服务器也被叫做web服务器 当表示层的应用软件通过网络向appserver 发送一个请求的时候 appserver自动找到相应容器中的组件，执 行组件中的程序块，把得到结果返还给客户 而我们要做的事就是写组件也就是javabea n，然后放到appserver里面去就可以了 至于怎样与IE通讯，怎样截获网络上的请 求，怎样控制对象的数量等等 这些繁琐而无味的工作我们都不管，都由a ppserver去做吧，把注意力集中在业务逻辑 上 appserver与其他相关软件的关系如下图: ------------------------------------- ------------------ | 表示层 | 业务逻辑层 | 数据持久层 | ------------------------------------- ------------------ | | ----------------- | | | IE | | javabean | | | | -> ----------------- -> DB | | client <- appserver <- | | |-------------------------| | | | 虚拟机 | | |--------------|-------------------------|------------| | Windows | Linux/Saloris |LinuxSaloris| |--------------|-------------------------|------------| 图上可以看出:虚拟机负责处理中间件与操 作系统之间的交互 appserver则负责组件的管理以及与其他两 层的业务交互 1 附图: image002.gif (76463 字节) 要说明的是上图中还包含有应用程序客户端容器(Application client container) 管理应用程序客户端组件的运行，应用程序客户端和它的容器运行在客户机 这种情况比较复杂一般说的是两个server之间的通讯 比如jsp/servlet容器在一个服务器上，而ejb容器在另外一个服务器上等等 这是分布式操作系统大面积应用的基础，这个以后再说 下面这张相对简单: 2 附图: j2ee.gif (8226 字节) 嗯，那么话题再回到中间件上去，什么是中间件, appserver就是所谓的中间件，但是中间件不仅有appserver，还有其他的东西 换句话说，appserver只是中间件的一种 而关于中间件有诸多规范以及遵循这些规范的模型 最流行的规范无非两种，一个是j2ee还有一个是.net 但是.net几乎只有微软在用，所以很多人把.net这个规范就当成是微软的中间件产品 也不为过，毕竟没几个公司喜欢跟着微软屁股后面跑的 给初学者之六:java企业级应用之综合篇 我们知道中间件有很多种规范以及相关的模型 最流行的一个是j2ee还有一个是.net 那么各大公司关于这两套规范各有什么产品以及周边呢, j2ee: 黄金组合 操作系统:Solaris 应用服务器:Weblogic 数据库:Oracle 开发工具:JBuilider/IntelliJ IDEA 优点:性能一级棒，大企业大公司做系统的首选，世界五百强几乎都是这套组合 缺点:极贵 超级组合，也是最安全最酷的黄金组合，硬件采用SUN公司的机器 但是SUN的服务器很贵，同等价格不如去买IBM的机器 SUN的服务器支持Solaris的效果自然不用说，Solaris号称是世界上最安全的操作系统 Oracle也是世界上最安全，性能最优的数据库，Weblogic是当今性能最优的appserver JBuilder和IDEA各有所长，JBuilder是Borland公司的招牌之一 是当今世界上最流行的java IDE，用delphi写的，但网络上评价似乎不是很好 IDEA拥有插件功能，界面在所有java IDE中最为漂亮，东欧人开发的产品 东欧人严谨的作风在这个产品上体现得尤为突出，用java写的 IDEA甚至号称自己被业界公认为是最好的IDE//个人保留 意见 文理分科指导河道管理范围浙江建筑工程概算定额教材专家评审意见党员教师互相批评意见 ，没有最好只有更好 但我用JBuilder的时候发现了不少bug，而 至今还没有在IDEA上发现什么bug 个人推荐IDEA 价格方面，Solaris开源，但是SUN的服务器比较贵，Weblogic最高是34万 oracle标准版要18.6万，企业版要49万，JBuilder要2.7万左右 IDEA零售价大概是500美金，也就是5000多元 另外，虽然理论上这些产品的综合性能要高于其他选择，但是必须看到 由于产商之间的利益冲突，比如oracle也有自己的appserver，但是性能不怎样 使得这几种产品之间协作的性能要比预想中的要差一点点 -- 开源系列 操作系统:- 应用服务器:JBoss 数据库:MySql 开发工具:Netbeans 优点:便宜，性能未必最佳，但是对付中小企业足够了 缺点:出了问题自己抗吧 嗯，这是java阵营最大的特色，免费免费，还有在开发工具这一栏Eclipse也是免费的 但后面要说，算了，换个有代表性的开源产品来 tomcat仅有web容器而没有ejb容器，而jboss已经集成了tomcat 也就是说下载了jboss之后，启动的同时也就启动了tomcat jboss在tomcat基础之上多加了一个ejb容器，使得jboss+tomcat成为和weblogic websphere之外又一个得到广泛应用的appserver 现在大概是这样，中小型企业多用jboss，如果应用小一点就用tomcat 只有给那些大型企业做的项目，才会花钱去上一个weblogic或者websphere mysql也是开源的数据库，做得非常不错，如果系统对数据库要求不高 或者安全要求不是非常严格，mysql是一个 非常不错的选择 开发工具方面，netbeans是sun公司极力推广的一种IDE 听说在北美市场使用量已经超过eclipse了 操作系统，软件再不用钱，服务器也要钱，看这台机器上跑什么操作系统就用什么了 -- IBM套餐 操作系统:Linux 应用服务器:Websphere 数据库:DB2 开发工具:Eclipse/WebSphere Studio 优点:服务好，IBM可以提供全套服务，也可以替客户承担风险 缺点:把机器数据全部交给IBM，安全什么的都由不得你了 呵呵，IBM全套产品，甚至包括硬件设备IBM的服务器 由于是一个公司的产品，各产品之间的协作自然不错 价格方面，Linux，DB2，Eclipse都是开源产品，Websphere目前零售价是33.8万人民币 IBM服务器不错，可以考虑 -- .net: 微软阵营 操作系统:Windows 应用服务器:.net应用服务器(好像叫IIS) 数据库:SqlServer 开发工具:MS Visual Studio 优点:客户端的用户体验良好，和客户端诸多微软产品的兼容性强 缺点:离开了微软，寸步难行，和其他任何一家公司的产品都不兼容 微软的东西，怎么说呢，太专横了 微软所有的东西都是围绕着windows来做的 .net其实已经可以实现跨平台了，但是微软 出于自身商业考虑 在其应用服务器跨平台的实现上设置了种种障碍 而且针对windows，微软做了大量的优化，可以这么看 .net就是与windows捆绑的一套产品 所以有些人说，微软的产品离开了windows，就是渣 而且.net开源选择也少，安全性方面考虑，windows本身就有一堆补丁要打了 sqlserver也不安全，至于.net到底安全不安全我不清楚，毕竟我没怎么用过 但整体考虑，感觉.net不是大企业的首选，鉴于其浓厚的商业背景 也不是中小企业的首选，但是必须看到 客户端也就是微机pc市场已经完全被windows所垄断 所以在一些快速开发，还有和微软产品兼容性要求较高的领域，.net还是比较有市场的 最后一个visual studio对它之前的版本兼容，且支持c,c++,c#,vb等语言 在其传统领域，比如写一些桌面软件等客户端应用上，.net还是第一选择 -- 最后要说明的是 这些组合不是固定不变的 由于J2EE得到了绝大多数IT企业的支持以及JAVA跨平台的特性 我们可以自由地定制个性化的组合 比如我可以选择windows+jboss+eclipse+o racle 也可以选择solaris+websphere+IDEA+mysq l 等等，这些自由组合都是可以的，但是有一点必须说明 微软的东西，一般来说离开了windows就不能用 比如你选择了.net应用服务器，那操作系统就必须是windows 你选择了sqlserver，那就必须在windows上用 还有就是遵循j2ee规范的所有的组件都可以在不同的应用服务器上互相移植 比如你可以在测试的时候用jboss 而在正式投产上线的时候使用websphere，只需要在配置文件中作相应改动即可 给初学者之七:java企业级应用之术语篇 在了解完J2ee的相关周边产品之后需要深入J2ee规范内部去了解一下到底这些规范 这里介绍几个最常用的规范 再继续说下去之前有必要说几个常识 Java的诞生 Java之父James Gosling早年从cmu毕业之后 从事了一段时间的开发工作，后来意外碰到一个项目 这个项目要求他用C++开发，但可爱的JG是天才，凡是天才在某方面特别突出的同时 必然有一些天生的缺陷，恩，或说共性，比如说懒，急躁和傲慢 JG既然是天才，那就必然具备这些共性，JG懒，以至于他学不好C++ 不仅他学不好，当年开发出Java的那个团 队也都学不好C++ 他们急噪，以至于他们中有人甚至威胁以辞职的方式离开这个需要使用CPP开发的项目 他们傲慢，所以他们决定开发出一种新的语言来取代那个该死的CPP 更可爱的是，他们一开始居然给这门语言起名C++++--//没错，我没敲错 叫什么C加加 加加减减，意思是加上一些好东西，减去一些坏东西 天才的设定，有时候你会发现天才和傻瓜真的只有一线之隔 还好这个可爱的名字没有被继承下来，这些天才们给他们的产物起名叫Oak//橡树 只是后来当他们去注册这个名字的时候，发现这个名字已经被注册了 于是在Sun公司的一个女职员//mm就是心细，这个说法也是我们公司mm告诉我的 的提议下，把这个可爱的语言起名为Java，就是他们当时喝的咖啡的名字 所以我们看到Java的标志就是一杯冒着热气的咖啡 JavaBean 了解完Java之后，再来说说什么是JavaBean//华为面试题 JavaBean是什么, 咖啡豆 ja，更为科学点的解释是 用java语言编写的可重用的软件组件//组件的定义前面说过了，不再重复 很形象不是么, 将javabean放入杯子//容器，还记得容器的概念么,web容器，ejb容器 就可以冲泡//编译 成咖啡，供客人们品尝//运行 完美的服务 下面进入正题 再谈容器 前面介绍过容器，我觉得有必要再补充一点 容器从某种意义上说其实就是一个可运行的java写的应用程序 犹如c++/c编译后生成的.exe文件 不同的是java编译后的文件需要用命令行或者脚本启动执行 由于容器是由java写的，所以容器都能够跨平台 虽说如此，似乎大部分容器都针对不同的操作系统提供了不同的版本 但可以肯定的一点是，相同容器间的移植组件不需要重新编译 Servlet web容器组件 Servlet确切地说，就是web容器运行的java组件 与普通javabean不同的是，Servlet定义了一系列方法//比如init()和destroy() 供容器调用，调用的主要目的是为了管理 当一个request请求被web容器截获之后，容器分析该请求地址 然后通过一个配置文件中的映射表//web.xml 调用相应的Servlet组件处理后将结果返还给客户端 JSP//Java Server Page web容器组件 Servlet出现了之后，人们发现几乎没有办法用一个非常直观的方式去编写页面 毕竟页面是html语言编写的 而让我们用一种流程式的处理方式去逐行教计算机如何写html代码太困难 在这种情况下JSP应运而生，JSP将java代码嵌入html代码内部 然后存成.jsp文件，再由计算机编译生成Servlet储存起来//注意这个过程 所以JSP和Servlet对于web容器来说其实是一种东西，虽然它们编写遵循的标准有所不同 极大地简化了代码同时增加了代码的可读性，生产维护成本下降 值得一提的是，在制定JSP规范的过程中，借鉴了ASP的很多规范 写过ASP并熟悉Java语言的人应该能很快掌握JSP EJB//Enterprise JavaBean ejb容器组件 随着时间的推移，人们发现普通的JavaBea n似乎并不能满足企业级应用的需要 最典型的就是虚拟机提供的垃圾回收收集机制也就是GC不够完善 可以优化的余地极大，在这种情况下，EJB应运而生 EJB和其它组件一样，不过遵循了某些规范而已 但是这些规范更多的是为充分利用机器并提高性能为主要目的的 举个简单例子 比如某个web服务器有100个用户同时连接上 由于网络连接是瞬时连接，所以很多时候并发数并没有100那么大 前一秒有可能有30个请求被发送过来并被处理 后一秒可以只有10个请求被发送过来并被处理 只有在非常非常极端的情况下才有可能发生100个请求同时被发送过来并被处理的情况 那么我们是否需要保留100个那么多个对象 在服务器的内存里面去处理这些请求呢, 很显然，不需要，大多数时候//甚至可以说是所有时候，我不相信有那么极端的情况 我们只需要保存其中的10-30%就够了，那么什么时候需要20%，什么时候需要50% 甚至100%，这个过程就交给容器去管理，这就是ejb容器每天在干的事 管理内存中活跃的对象 恩，必须强调的一点是，由于使用的不成熟 我们经常把规范以及具体的应用两个名词混用 举个简单例子，我们说Servlet，极有可能说的是Servlet规范 也有可能说的是一个具体的Servlet，这个就要看情况而定了 EJB，JSP也是如此 JDBC 和数据库的连接 这个严格说来是数据库产商需要关心的事 关于AppServer如何与数据库的连接 但是也需要开发人员做一点事，因为AppServer不知道什么时候组件需要用到数据库 同时也需要开发人员告诉AppServer他们使用的是什么数据库，ip地址等等 JDBC就是关于这一套东东的规范 包括数据库的产商应提供什么样的接口 AppServer应用服务器应该如何去连接 开发人员应该如何去配置这些连接等等 还有一些数据源，连接池等概念参考相关数据在此就不再赘述 其它的规范比如JMX等确切地说与开发人员关联并不大了 这类高级应用只对AppServer应用服务器产商重要 也不再罗嗦了 --------- 记得听说过这样一种说法 大一时候不知道自己不知道 大二时候知道自己不知道 大三时候不知道自己知道 大四时候知道自己知道 为什么呢，因为大一时候刚进大学，什么都不懂，很正常，大家 都一样 大二或者大三时候开始接触知识，虽然还是不懂，但慢慢地开始学习，开始积累 过了一段时间，知道自己知道了//也就是前一种说法的大四，后一种说法的大三 开始屁癫，开始拽得不得了，觉得自己怀才不遇，千里马难寻伯乐的那种感觉 有些人是大四毕业了以后开始拽，悟性高一点的，大三就开始拽，因人而异 这几乎是每一个初学者经过一段时间学习后的必然阶段 不管如何，总之开始入门了，这也不是坏事 但最后每个人都会知道自己不知道的，也就是后一种说法的大四阶段 //前一种说法里面的那些家伙估计要到工作以后才能明白 因为任何一门学科都博大精深，要是能在两三年之内就统统搞懂 那不是在吹牛就是坐井观天，java如此，c如此，c++也是如此 那么到了本系列的第七集，可爱的读者应该处在什么阶段呢, 恭喜，在看完这篇文章之后，你就基本处于知道自己不知道的那种阶段 离拽起来还有那么一段距离，因为你们毕竟还没有学习和积累一定的基础知识 但是骗骗外行，蒙蒙国企那些吃闲饭的管理人员问题不大 给初学者之八:java高级应用之框架篇 没错，我没敲错 之所以不再声称是企业级应用而称之为高级应用 是因为下面要讲的东西属于纯民间性质 是java具体应用的上层建筑，可用可不用，没有人强迫你用 首先给框架//framework 下一个定义 我想读者你可能听说过.net framework这个概念 没错，我们将要说的framework也和这个framework差不多 所不同的是.net framework的竞争对象是j2ee那一系列标准 而我们将要说到的几个框架则应用在j2ee的不同层面 单就单个框架而言，没有.net framework管得那么多 但是却要比它精专多了，而且总量加起来，也远比微软那一套框架要广泛得多 回到正题，框架是什么, 软件工程之所以被叫做软件工程就是因为有那么一批人觉得可以用工程学里面 那些管理Project的方法来管理软件从开发到维护这一系列流程 那么在建筑工程里面框架是什么, 现在建筑多采用钢筋混凝土结构，注意里面一个很重要的词汇:钢筋 托福阅读中曾有一题听力就是关于钢筋结构的诞生，在美国 恩，现代建筑中多在建筑起来之前，先用钢筋搭建出一个框架出来 然后往钢筋中间填入混凝土，从而形成一个完成的建筑 而今天要说到的框架就是这么一个东西在每一个软件中间的实现 框架就是那么一个通过预先写好代码从而帮我们建立起一个软件结构的这么一个东西 这里提一下框架与规范//主要指J2ee规范也就是官方标准的区别 从某种意义上说，J2ee规范本身就是一个框架 无论是web容器也好，还是ejb容器也好，它们都开发了一部分通用的代码 并且帮助我们搭建起来了一个软件结构，我们要做的就是往里面填入组件 比如ejb/servlet/jsp等等 没错，要这么理解也没错，但是为了避免混乱，我们还是严格区分开来 本文中将要提到的框架如无特别说明，就是指的是非官方标准的框架 规范是规范，而框架是建立在规范之上的一种东西 可以说是标准的延续，或者说是民间的尝 试，总之是这么一个非官方的东西 说到这里顺便提一下JCP组织也就是Java Community Process/Java社区 当初Sun公司在java发布之初，为了提倡开源和共项 同时也出于一个提出合理的标准的目的，而让广大的开发者参与标准的制定 而成立了这样一个社区，现在还健在，网址是jcp.org 每一个新的规范发布之前都会在这个社区广泛讨论，最终对规范的制定产生巨大的影响 其中就包括企业级的参与者，相当有名的JBoss以及我国的金碟公司都是其中的成员 下面介绍一下几个相当著名的框架，必须要指出的是，虽然框架大多开源 但并不代表所有的框架都开源，比如.net framework，但是java框架大多数开源 言归正传 Struts 表示层框架，名字来源于飞机的金属框架 可能有读者会提问了 表示层不是客户端么, 没错，但是语言这东西，众口烁金，别人都这么说你就不好不这么说了 最早表示层说的是客户端，后来随着时间的发展 人们也把服务器端直接与客户端//比如IE 打交道的那部分也称为表示层//JSP+Servlet 那么表示层框架是干什么的呢, 早先大规模应用JSP的时候，人们发现，JSP里面充斥着逻辑代码与数据 可读性极差，于是人们借用很早很早以前的MVC模式的思想 把表示层组件分为V-Viewer，也就是JSP M-Model模型，一般来说是一个JavaBean C-Controller控制器，一般来说是一个Servlet 所有人通过JSP和服务器打交道，发送请求，Viewer把这个请求转发给Controller Controller通过调用一个Model来处理该请求，然后返回数据到Viewer 这么一个过程，从而达到数据与逻辑的剥离，增强代码可读性，降低维护成本 而帮助人们实现这一系列东西的就是Struts框架，就是这么一个东西 Struts的竞争对手主要是产商们极力倡导的JSF也就是Java Server Faces 但是由于Struts出道时间早，所以应用比较多 JSF则是产商们大力支持，前景看好 对于这一层来说，在JSP的html代码中出现的java语句越少越好 因为java代码越少说明页面处理的业务逻辑越少，也越合理 这也是Struts最初的目的，记住这话 Spring 大名鼎鼎的Spring框架 有人曾说2005年一片叫春之声，指的就是该框架 Spring起源于Rod Johnson的《Expert On e-on-One J2EE Design and Development》一书 Rod Johnson认为，J2ee里面的那一套//尤 其是ejb 太重了，对于单机的系统来说，没有必要使用那么复杂的东西 于是就开始设计并引导Spring小组开发出这样一个构架 不能不说他是个天才，因为的的确确不是所有的系统都是跨多服务器的 没有必要把一个简单的系统设计得那么复杂//天才的那几个共性又体现出来了 Spring从诞生之日起就是针对EJB的，力争在不少应用上取代EJB 而它也确实达到了这个目的 现在包括WebLogic等主流应用服务器还有主流IDE都开始逐渐接受该框架 并提供相应支持 提到Spring就不能不说控制反转Ioc//Inv ersion of Control 和依赖注射DI//Dependency Injection 什么叫控制反转呢, 套用好莱坞的一句名言就是:你呆着别动，到时我会找你。 什么意思呢,就好比一个皇帝和太监 有一天皇帝想幸某个美女，于是跟太监说，今夜我要宠幸美女 皇帝往往不会告诉太监，今晚几点会回宫，会回哪张龙床，他只会告诉太监他要哪位美女 其它一切都交由太监去安排，到了晚上皇帝回宫时，自然会有美女出现在皇帝的龙床上 这就是控制反转，而把美女送到皇帝的寝宫里面去就是注射 太监就是是框架里面的注射控制器类BeanFactory，负责找到美女并送到龙床上去 整个后宫可以看成是Spring框架，美女就是Spring控制下的JavaBean 而传统的模式就是一个饥渴男去找小姐出台 找领班，帮助给介绍一个云云，于是领班就开始给他张罗 介绍一个合适的给他，完事后，再把小姐还给领班，下次再来 这个过程中，领班就是查询上下文Context，领班的一个职能就是给客户找到他们所要 的小姐 这就是lookup()方法，领班手中的小姐名录就是JNDI//Java Naming and Directory I nterface 小姐就是EJB，饥渴男是客户端，青楼是EJB容器 看到区别了么,饥渴男去找小姐出台很麻烦，不仅得找，用完后还得把小姐给还回去 而皇帝爽翻了，什么都不用管，交给太监去处理，控制权转移到太监手中去了 而不是皇帝，必要时候由太监给注射进去就可以了 看到Spring的美妙了吧，Spring还提供了与多个主流框架的支持 可以和其它开源框架集成 Hibernate 名字取材自ORM最早的一句玩笑话//ORM就是OR-Mapping 说用了ORM之后，程序员就可以去冬眠了，而不需要操心那么多事 这里不得不说的是，该框架由于做得太好， 以至于被J2ee招安，成为EJB3.0的一部分 替代原有EJB2.X里面关于Entity Bean而成为EJB ORM的工具 这里解释一下ORM//OR-Mapping 中文名对象关系映射 什么意思呢,我们知道传统的数据库都是关系型的 一条条 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 以表格的形式储存，而表与表之间充斥着是关系/关联 比如说一个人，名字zhaoce，性别男，年龄23那么数据库中是这么储存的 姓名 性别 年龄 zhaoce m 23 某女 f 22 而实际应用服务器中的实体都是以对象的形式存在，一个个对象 zhaoce是以这种形式存在的 Human human=new Human(); human.setName("zhaoce") human.setSex("m"); human.setAge(23); 这样的，那么我们知道，传统的JDBC是通 过一个二维字符串将数据取出 需要我们自己将其包装成对象，在存入的时候，我们还需要将对象拆开 放入sql语句中//Insert into Huamn valu es('zhaoce','m',23) 然后执行该sql语句 太麻烦太麻烦，ORM理念的提出改变了这一切，ORM认为，这些东西应该由框架来做 而不是程序员，程序员做他该做的，不要为这种破事分心，还测试半天 于是就出现了Hibernate，JDO，TopLink等等，甚至.net里面也有ADO.net 过去一段时间是Hibernate和JDO争风，现在看来Hibernate逐渐成为主流并被官方接纳 成为规范标准之一，替代掉原来EJB2.X的ORM EntityBean TopLink则是Oracle公司推出和Oracle数据库结合的一种ORM 商业用软件，贵且复杂，不过正在逐渐开放 而象表示层一样，这一种专门面对数据层的 代码也被称为数据持久层 所以数据持久层这一概念有时不仅仅指代数据库 关于ORM，最高的境界应该是在java代码中不出现任何一句的sql语句 注意，是不包括sql语句，Hibernate的hql以及ejb的ejb-ql不算在内 至于出现不出现hql/ejb-ql等替代ql，这要视具体情况而定，不过最好也是不出现 当然最后所说的过分理想的情况往往不现实，总之一句话 以sql为代表的ql/*还有hql,ejbql等*/语句在代码中出现得越少越好 记住这话，现在未必能够理解，学了以后就懂了 这三个是目前最为常用的框架 而目前光已公布的框架就>500 还在不停增加中，不可能一一列举，有兴趣的可以去看相应文档 要指出的是框架不是应用程序 只是一堆组件的有序复合，应用时不能脱离 于应用服务器单独存在 给初学者之九:收尾 最后一篇介绍几个常见的概念 设计模式 这可不仅是java独有 我看的书就是c++和smalltalk例子的 先说说什么是设计模式 模式是什么,模式是 经验 班主任工作经验交流宣传工作经验交流材料优秀班主任经验交流小学课改经验典型材料房地产总经理管理经验 的总结，潜规则的抽象 什么意思呢,比如说我们坐飞机，上飞机前需要经过几个步骤 什么安检领取登机牌之类的，这一套流程能不能改呢, 可以，但为什么几乎全世界的航空公司登机前都是这一套流程呢, 因为航空公司经过长期实践之后得出了一堆结论和经验 并认为这样做才是最安全，或说是最有效率的 这就是模式，模式是编程高手之间交流的桥梁 两个编程高手通过统一命名的模式了解对方的思想 当然不借助模式可不可以,当然可以，只是模式无处不在，你不知道而已 又比如吃饭，每吃一口饭，我们要先端碗，拿筷子，张嘴，塞饭入口，咀嚼最后吞咽 这就是一套模式，我们给这套模式命名为吃饭 那么当老爸叫吃饭的时候，我们就能明白什么意思 而不用老爸进来呓呓啊啊并比画上半天，哑语也不是这么用的 这就是模式，已知的模式有400多种//好象更多，不记得了 比如数据库有数据库的设计模式，编程有编程的模式等等 面向对象有常用的21种模式，需要掌握，主要分为创建，行为，结构三类 J2ee有J2ee的模式，Sun公司出了一本书叫《J2EE核心模式》可以拿来看看 必需要指明的是，模式不是规范，比如吃饭模式 没有人规定你吃饭非得要那么吃，你可以端碗，上抛，张嘴在下落后连碗一起吞咽 这也可以，只要你愿意，同样，只要你愿意，你就可以不遵循模式 模式之外还有反模式，学模式不可定势，不要学死，活学活用，无招胜有招才是最高境界 JavaDoc 文档工具，极其好用 可以根据注释自动生成HTML文档 Ant 98年，有一位程序员在从欧洲飞回美国的飞机上想到了这么一个东西 从而改变了整个世界，他的名字叫James Duncan Davidson 组织管理工具，可以这么描述它 比如你想在编译之后自动再次生成JavaDoc 那么你只需要编辑Ant脚本//对，就像Windows脚本那样 然后批处理就可以了，不过现在Ant已经广泛集成到IDE中去 不需要自己手动编写，不过如果想要炫炫，据说此招百试不爽 JUnit 测试工具，Unit家族可不只有JUnit 还有其它版本的，这个不细说，具体实践一下就明白了 POJO //Plain Old Java Object 就是传统的Java对象，也就是一个JavaBean 由虚拟机来掌握其生死 常用的两个管理构架/规范是Spring和EJB容器 命名由来是某人//名字我忘了 觉得我们使用了太多的规范，以至于我们都忘记了纯粹的java对象 以至于我们都忽略了它的存在，所以叫了这么一个名字 以唤醒人们的记忆，这个意义上来说EJB其实不能算是POJO 毕竟遵循了一堆的接口，但是不管怎样，接口归接口，还是没有继承类 没有被强加什么//遵循可以写空方法假遵循 所以说还是POJO也对 但是由于这种东西缺乏管理，不象Servlet有专门的容器管理并继承了一定的类 而没有管理的对象在虚拟机中是很危险的，因为垃圾回收机制各个虚拟机不同 而且也不怎样，极有可能长时间不回收，这样在企业级的应用中呢 就有可能造成内存大量被占用从而死机，毫无疑问，这种机制需要优化 这种优化就是通过EJB容器或者Spring构架来实现 这么做还有一个好处就是迫使程序员对每一个类做封装 强迫他做管理，以达到防止内存泄露的目的，内存泄露最经常出现的错误就是 引用未释放，引用最典型体现在new这个关 键字上，new得越多引用得越多 随着时间地增长，有可能导致循环，不停new new new new new..... 其中哪怕只要有一个new处理不当，虚拟机无法回收内存 那就极有可能完蛋，而且这种小bug越是在大的项目越是难以找到 有可能因为一个人而影响整个项目组，所以不妨记住我的一条经验 好的系统框架不应该在业务逻辑流程中出现new关键字 现在不理解也无所谓，将来有一天会明白的 SOA 面向服务的构架 不说太多，这个属于上上层建筑 不过不妨记住我的一句话，可以帮助理解这个概念 面向什么就是对什么做封装 面向对象就是对对象做封装 面向服务类似，剩下的靠悟性 反射 1.4新增功能，非常强大 通过反射，程序可以解析出类本身的属性也就是变量 //注意这里说的属性不是.net里面的属性，我不喜欢微软造的新名词，乱 还有行为也就是方法，然后通过invoke()方法调用该方法 甚至可以新增对象等，java首创，本是其它语言所没有的 后来被微软抄了去，利用该功能，开源框架广泛受益并大量采用，近乎疯狂地使用 具体就不说了，最后要指出的是，有一种说法是利用反射会降低效率 在早期的时候，的确是，现在不会了，放心使用 容器 5.0以后的版本在J2SE中都出现了容器 各位甚至可以自己尝试用标准库去使用容器 推荐网站 www.javaeye.com //java视线论坛，Hibernate国内的权威 dev2dev.bea.com //bea的dev2dev社区，用WebLogic首选的好去处 www-128.ibm.com/developerworks //ibm developer works社区，ibm产品的老家 www.jdon.com //j道，Jboss国内相对讨论会多一点的地方，有自己的框架 www.matrix.org.cn //matrix，有自己的框架，很清新的论坛 jcp.org //JCP，前面说到过了 sourceforge.net //开源的东西几乎这里都可以找到，除java外还有游戏共享等 saloon.javaranch.com //我常去，人气不错 www.apache.org //阿帕奇老家 www.jboss.com //Jboss和Hibernate老家 www.springframework.org //Spring老家 www.wiki.org //非常好的百科站点，可惜国内被封，创始人加入了Eclipse zone www.google.com //你要的这里有，不信,输入关键字再按一下那个靠左的白色按钮试试 书籍 《Thinking in Java》 //实话说，一般，尤其是翻译后的版本，原版还行 《Java教程》 //电子工业出版社出版的那本，上下册，很厚，但翻译得不错 《21天学通Java》 //入门极好，但是《21天学通j2ee》极烂，不要买 《Mastering EJB》 //翻译过的书质量我不清楚，估计不怎样，请看原版书籍 《精通Hibernate》 //看清楚作者，孙卫琴，其它人的别买 其它的可以不用了，网络上的远比书上来得多，来得好，虽然也来得杂 最后的建议 一，不要做一个浮躁的人 二，学好英语，很重要 三，阅读源代码和文档 四，共享源代码，不要做一个功利的人 五，热爱Java (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.