其他否定表达法-passage 12

12.其他否定表达法 (1)He is not wiser than his brother. 他并不比哥哥聪明。 (2)He is no wiser than his brother. 他跟哥哥一样愚蠢。 (3)Everybody is not prepared. 并非人人都准备好了。 (4)He does not work very hard every day on mathematics. 他每天都很用功,但并 不是在做数学。 (5)She does not speak English and French. 他并非英语法语都会讲。 (6)They didn't praise him in the slightest. 他们丝毫也没表扬他。 (7)I'm afraid not. 恐怕并非如此。 (8)I don't know how often I haven't warned you. 我不知道警告过他多少遍了。 (9)His speech leaves much to be desired. 他的讲话很不如人意。 (10)No news is good news. 没有消息本身就是好消息。 Teacher’s notes: 英语的否定表达法是非常值得注意的问题,弄不好就会是非不明。这里举的例子只是一些表现较为突出的方面。 在讲否定比较句是没有谈no和not的区别。第一二两句正是为弥补这一点而设立的。 在对比较级形容词否定时not和no很不一样,前者只否定其存在,后者则指其反面。 所以句1暗示两人都很聪明;句2者暗示其兄本来就不聪明,而他并不就好些。 第三句充分说明英汉的差别,此句极易被中国人理解为“谁都没有准备好”,其实not并把否定prepared而是否定everybody中的every,属于部分否定而非句子否定。 Everybody改用all,both之类全称词也一样。如果要表示都没准备好,应说Nobody is prepared或Everybody is(ALL are)UNPREPARED. 否定不放在谓语上反而能构成句子否定(全称否定)。 第四句同样说明not放在谓语上并不否定谓语而是否定后面的状语。如果有几个状语时,往往最后的状语是新知信息,成为语义重点,因而便成了否定对象。如去掉on mathematics,便否定every day,以此类推。句5两个宾语是用and连接的,相当于both,从not与全称词的关系来看它不能两者都否定,再参照第四句的情况,实际含义侧重在否定最后一词即FRENCH上,意即会英语而不会法语。如要否定两者应说she does not speak english or french. 第6句不能按句4类推,not并不否定in the slightest,这是因为此短语已有内含否定意,起强势作用,相当于at all。相当于They didn’t praise him at all.如果将此短语改为 slightly:They didn’t praise him slightly,便可引用句4规律,not否定slightly。句意便成 了强调肯定:“他们对他大加赞扬。” 句7not与句子主体没有直接关系,所否定的是未明言的对方的看法或问话,例如May I smoke here? I’m afraid not, 否定的正是对方的问话。如果not移至afraid前,就成了 否定afraid。 句8中第二个not(haven’t)是多余的,不可照译。汉语有时也用多余的否定词,例 如:好不热闹=好热闹。 句9形式上是肯定句,意义却是否定的。此句也可译成“他的讲话很有改进的余地”, 那就是形式肯定内容否定。 句10已成为一句熟语,参考译文是一般的理解。但说话者可以用不同的语调,可以 使之成为句子否定,意为“所有消息都不是好消息。”可见强调点的改变会改变否 定的意义。这种语言的灵活性需要随时注意。 Passage 12 Game playing In a game the moves are set up beforehand. In a non-game situation the moves are supposed to arise out of events as these develop. A girl wants to encourage her boyfriend so she pretentds to be busy when he phones her or she pretends that someone else is courting her. A young child who is reluctant to go to bed deliberately spills milk from a cup on to the carpet so that in the ensuing fuss and scolding the immediacy of his bedtime will be forgotten. Diplomats at a conference make a great fuss over the shape of the table as they play the prodedural game. An agent selling the film rights in a first novel casually mentions other parties who have shown interest in buying the rights. A hostess deliberately places a seductive lady next to a husband with a jealous wife. Union negotiators go through a ritual of complaints before settling down to discuss the current issue. The characteristic of a game is that a sequence of moves are recognisable as part of the game. The game may be played very seriously; it may also be played for a purpose rather than as an end in itself. Nevertheless each move in the sequence is determined by the requirements of the game rather than the realities of the situation itself. Someone who is aware that a game is being played sits back and waits for the game to be played out. Someone who is not aware that it is a game gets involved and manipulated by the games player who knows the moves of the game better. It is the expertise in the moves of the game which makes it worth playing. If the player knows, from long experience, the moves,reactions and counter-moves then he only has to entice the other person to play the game to achieve success.if the situation works itself out naturally neither side has an advantage. But if one side sets up a game with which only he is familiar then that side immediately acquires the advantage of skill and foreknowledge. A good games players not only knows how to make the next move, he can think one, two or three moves ahead. This player is extremely difficult for an inexperienced player. Thus the player who sets up a familiar game can lay traps several moves ahead with very little chance of the opponent noticing what is being done. Just as a philosopher will always try to run an argument according to his own definitions so a games player will always try to make an opponent play his special game. 译文: 玩游戏/博弈 游戏时,游戏步骤都是预先设计好的。非游戏场合要采取什么步骤要看事态发展。姑娘想要鼓励男友时大都欲擒故纵,半推半就,假装说自己很忙或是借口另外有人对之大献殷勤。不想去睡觉的小孩,故意将牛奶洒在地毯上,制造乱子,引来大人责骂从而使马上睡觉的事反倒给忘了。外交官在玩程序游戏时,会拿谈判桌的形状来小题大做。经纪人在推销将某i初出版的小说改编成电影的权利时,会装着不经意间透露已有他人对购买改编权很感兴趣。女主人明知人家的老婆爱吃醋,偏偏安排一个风骚女人坐在这位丈夫旁边。工会谈判人员在切入正题之前照例发上一通牢骚等等。 游戏的特点是游戏步骤(本身也是游戏内容的组成部分)是清楚的。游戏可以玩得很认真,也可以仅仅是用以达到某一目的的手段而非一定要在游戏中分出个输赢。不管怎样,游戏中的每一步都是按游戏本身的要求来定,而不是根据实际发生的情况来定。明白这是在玩某种游戏的人会处之泰然,坐待游戏玩完。不明白这只是在玩游戏的人倒会则深陷其中,被玩游戏者所利用。因为玩游戏者比他更了解游戏的步骤。正是对游戏步骤非常了解才使游戏值得一玩。要是游戏者从长期经验中得知该采取什么步骤,对方会做何反应,怎样应对,那么他只需诱使对方一步步玩下去就能够获胜。如果让形势自然发生自行了结,则双方均无优势。但如果游戏是一方设局,只有设局者熟悉的话,那他很快就能靠技术和事先掌握的信息情况建立优势。 优秀的博弈者不仅懂得下一步怎么走,而且能够提前预见两三步,没有经验的玩家就很难战胜这样的对手。因此,设局者就能够提前几步设下套,让对手一步步的钻进他所熟悉的棋局中,而对手尚对自己的处境毫无察觉。 正如哲学家总是试图按照他自己的定义来展开论辩一样,游戏玩家也总想对手按照他的路子来游戏。