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欧盟WTO改革方案欧盟WTO改革方案(2018年)ThispaperisintendedtoserveasabasisfordiscussionwiththeEuropeanParliament,theCouncilandwithotherMembersoftheWTO,inresponsetotheconclusionsoftheEuropeanCouncilof28June2018,whichinvitedtheEuropeanCommissiontoproposeacomprehensiveapproachtoimprovin...

欧盟WTO改革方案
欧盟WTO改革 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 (2018年)ThispaperisintendedtoserveasabasisfordiscussionwiththeEuropeanParliament,theCouncilandwithotherMembersoftheWTO,inresponsetotheconclusionsoftheEuropeanCouncilof28June2018,whichinvitedtheEuropeanCommissiontoproposeacomprehensiveapproachtoimprovingtogetherwithlike-mindedpartners,thefunctioningoftheWTOincrucialareas,includingthedisputesettlementandtheAppellateBodyinparticular.ItiswithoutprejudicetothefinalpositionoftheEuropeanCommissiononthemattersdescribedwithin.本文的目的是为一个与欧洲议会进行讨论的打基础。针对2018年6月28日欧洲理事会的结论,安理会和其他世贸组织的成员邀请欧盟委员会与志同道合的伙伴一起,提出一个全面的方法来改善世贸组织在关键领域的功能,特别是争端解决机制和上诉机构。它不妨碍欧洲委员会关于其中所述事项的最后立场。2001年,第四届部长级会议,中国成为WTO第143个成员国一、欧盟提案简介TheEuropeanCouncilof28-29June2018gavetheCommissionamandatetopursueWTOmodernisationinpursuitoftheobjectivesofmakingtheWTOmorerelevantandadaptivetoachangingworld,andstrengtheningtheWTO'seffectiveness.2018年6月28日至29日,欧洲理事会授权欧盟委员会推动世贸组织现代化,以实现世贸组织贴近现实和适应不断变化的世界的目标,以及加强世贸组织的效力。TheEUremainsastaunchsupporterofthemultilateraltradingsystemandfirmlybelievesthattheWTOisindispensableinensuringfreeandfairtrade.Themultilateralsystemhasprovidedthebasisfortherapidgrowthofeconomiesaroundtheworldandfortheliftingofhundredsofmillionsofpeopleoutofpoverty.Ithasbeentheguarantoroftradeattimesofgrowingtensionsandthebackboneoftheinternationalsystemofeconomicgovernance.Evenatatimeoftheharshesteconomicconditionsduringthegreatrecession,ithashelpedavertrecoursetothetradewarsthathavefuelledeconomicdeclineinthepast.Assuchthehealthandcentralityofthemultilateralsystemneedstobepreserved.Itsmarginalisation,weakeninganddeclinehavetobepreventedatallcosts.欧盟仍是多边贸易体制的坚定支持者,坚信世贸组织是确保自由和公平贸易不可或缺的组织。多边体系为世界各国经济的迅速增长和数亿人摆脱贫困提供了基础。在国际局势日益紧张时,它一直是贸易的保护者,是国际经济治理体系的支柱。即使在大衰退期间经济状况最糟糕的时候,它也有助于避免过去导致经济衰退的贸易战。因此,我们需要维护多边体系的健康运行和中心地位,不惜一切代价防止它的边缘化、削弱和衰落倾向。Unfortunately,therules-basedmultilateraltradingsystemisfacingitsdeepestcrisissinceitsinception.Forthefirsttime,thebasictenetsoftheWTO,bothinsettingtheessentialrulesandstructureforinternationaltradeandindeliveringthemosteffectiveanddevelopeddisputesettlementmechanismofanymultilateralorganisation,arethreatened.不幸地是,以规则为基础的多边贸易体系正面临自建立以来最严重的危机。世贸组织在制定国际贸易基本规则和结构,以及向任何多边组织提供最有效和最发达的争端解决机制方面的基本原则也首次受到威胁。Thecrisisissettodeepenfurtherinthecomingmonths,asmoreunilateralmeasuresarethreatenedandimposed,leading,insomecases,tocountermeasures,ortomercantilistdeals.Inparallel,asmoreAppellateBodymembersleaveofficewhilethenewappointmentsarebeingblocked,thedisputesettlementsystemwillsoonfallintoparalysis,renderingenforcementoftherulesimpossible.Thatwouldequatetoa20-yearstepbackwardinglobaleconomicgovernance.Itwouldmeangoingbacktoatradingenvironmentwhererulesareonlyenforcedwhereconvenientandwherestrengthreplacesrulesasthebasisfortraderelations.未来几个月,随着更多单边措施的制定和强加,反制措施和重商主义也会行为也会兴起,WTO的危机将进一步深化。与此同时,随着越来越多的上诉机构成员离职和新任命成员尚未就位,争端解决机制将很快陷入瘫痪,这些规则将无法得到执行。这相当于全球经济治理倒退了20年,意味着世界将退回到另一种贸易环境。在这种环境中,规则只能在方便的情况下执行,而实力将取代规则,成为贸易关系的基础。ThisdevelopmentconstitutesamajorriskfortheEU,bothforthestabilityofthepoliticalorderandforthesustainabilityofeconomicgrowth.TheEUeconomyishighlyintegratedwithglobalvaluechainsanddependsonpredictable,rules-basedinternationaltradeforbothimportsandexports.这一事态发展对欧盟构成重大风险,对政治秩序的稳定和经济增长的可持续性都是如此。欧盟经济与全球价值链高度融合,对可预测的、基于规则的进出口贸易高度依赖。Forthisreason,thereisanurgentneedtomovethecurrentdebateonapositivepathfocusingonthemodernisationoftheWTO.Itisclearthat23yearsafterthecreationoftheorganisationandtheconclusionoftheUruguayRound,themultilateralsystemisinneedofchange.WhilethebroaderWTOmembershipmayhavedifferentviewsregardingtheparticularitiesofthischange,itisunquestionablethatadiscussionneedstotakeplaceonthequestionofhowtomaketheWTOrelevantagain.因此,迫切需要将当前的辩论转向一条聚焦于WTO现代化的积极道路。很明显,在本组织成立和乌拉圭回合谈判结束23年之后,多边体系需要改变。虽然不同的世贸组织成员对这一变化的特点可能有不同的看法,但毫无疑问的是,我们需要就如何使世贸组织重新具有意义的问 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 进行讨论。FortheEU,thecurrentcrisisandtheongoingmarginalisationoftheWTOhavetheirrootsintheinefficienciesofthecurrentsystem.TheWTO'snegotiatingfunctionhasnotbeenabletodeliveranysignificantimprovementsinthetraderulebookapartfromtheagreementsreachedonTradeFacilitationandExportCompetition.Thesystemremainsblockedbyanantiquatedapproachtoflexibilitieswhichallowsover2/3ofthemembershipincludingtheworld'slargestandmostdynamiceconomiestoclaimspecialtreatment.TheWTO'smonitoringfunctioniscrippledbyineffectiveandrepetitivecommitteeprocedureswhicharebasedoninsufficienttransparency.And,thecoreofthedisputesettlementsystemisbeingchallenged,withthedistinctpossibilityofitsparalysisinthenearterm.Theseproblemsarecompoundedbythebroadergeo-strategicdevelopments.Inessence,since1995theworldhaschanged;theWTOhasnot.对欧盟来说,当前的危机和世贸组织不断被边缘化的根源在于当前体系的低效率。除了在贸易便利化和出口竞争方面达成的 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 外,世贸组织的谈判职能一直未能在贸易规则方面取得任何重大改善。该体系仍然受到过时的便捷化方法的阻碍,它允许超过三分之二的成员国(包括世界上最大、最具活力的经济体)所要求的特殊待遇。世贸组织的监督职能因不够透明的委员会程序而变得无效或低效。而且,争端解决机制的核心正在受到挑战,它在短期内就有可能瘫痪。这些问题由于更广泛的地缘战略发展而变得更加复杂。实际上,自1995年以来,世界发生了变化,但世贸组织没有。Inthisbroadercontext,theEUbelievesthatamodernisationoftheWTOisurgentlyneeded.Thefollowingthreepaperscovering:(1)rulemakinganddevelopment;(2)regularworkandtransparency;and(3)disputesettlementsetoutthedirectionofapossiblemodernisationeffort.在这种背景下,欧盟认为,迫切需要推动WTO的现代化:(1)规章制定与发展;(2)常规性工作和透明度;(3)为可能的现代化方向制定争端解决机制;中国商务部长陈德铭与美国贸易代表RonKirk二、欧盟关于规则制定的建议Background/背景TheEuropeanCouncilof28-29June2018gavetheCommissionamandatetopursueWTOmodernisationinpursuitoftheobjectivesof(1)makingtheWTOmorerelevantandadaptivetoachangingworld,and(2)strengtheningtheWTO'seffectiveness.ModernisingtheWTO’srulemakingactivitiesformthecentralpillarofthisprocess.2018年6月28日至29日,欧洲理事会授权欧盟委员会实施世贸组织现代化,以实现以下目标:(1)提高世贸组织的相关性和适应性;(2)提高世贸组织的有效性。世贸组织规则制定议程的现代化是这一进程的核心支柱。BroadercontextandthefocusofEUefforts背景和欧盟努力的重点TheWTOalsohastheobjectiveoffacilitatingrulemaking.Unfortunately,thishasonlymaterialisedtoaverylimitedextent.Despiteaninstitutionalstructuredesignedtohelpadvancediscussions,theWTO’snegotiatingfunctionhaslargelybeenblockedandisnoweffectivelyparalysed.Therearemultiplereasonsforthissituationincluding,inparticular,divergentinterests,theextremedifficultyinarrivingatconsensusdecisionsbyall164Membersandthecurrentapproachondevelopment.Inthiscontext,anymodernisationdiscussionhastocoverboththesubstantivesideandtheprocesssideofnegotiations.世贸组织的目标包括促进规则的制定。不幸的是,这个目标只在非常有限的程度上实现了。尽管WTO的制度结构旨在帮助推进讨论,但它的谈判职能的发挥在很大程度上受到了抑制,目前实际上已陷入瘫痪。造成这种状况的原因有很多,特别是利益分歧——使164个成员国达成协商一致的决定极为困难。在这方面,任何现代化方案都必须包括谈判职能的实质和流程两个方面。Overallobjectiveformodernization现代化的整体目标Theobjectiveistoupdatetherulesandtocreatetheconditionsfortherulestobeupdated.目标是更新规则并为规则的更新创造条件。Substance:addressissuesthatarekeytoglobaltradeasitevolves.实质:随着全球贸易的发展,解决对全球贸易至关重要的问题。Process:movetheorganisationtowardsamodelofnegotiationswhereindividualissuescanbebuiltupbyinterestedMembersundertheauspicesoftheWTOtowardeventualagreementbysomeorallMembersformingintegralpartoftheWTOframework.过程:使组织朝着有助于谈判的模式迈进。在此模式下,由世贸组织的主持,有兴趣的成员国可提出相关问题,最终由世贸组织的部分或所有成员国达成协议。(一)ProposalsforfuturerulemakingactivitiesintheWTO未来关于世贸组织规则制定活动的建议WhiletheEUshouldcontinuetopursuetheissuesthatformpartoftheexistingDohamandate,thereisanurgentneedtobroadenthenegotiatingagendawiththeobjectiveofcreatingrulesthat:rebalancethesystemandleveltheplayingfield;addressmarketaccess,discriminationandregulatorybarriersinallsectorsoftheeconomy;andstrengthenthecontributionoftradetoaddressingthesustainabilityobjectivesoftheglobalcommunity.ThisshouldbuilduponanumberofinitiativesalreadylaunchedinBuenosAirestoreducethecostsoftradeandgotogetherwithabroaderreflectionondevelopment.尽管欧盟应继续推动多哈谈判授权的部分问题,但更为迫切的是拓展谈判议程,制定规则以:重新平衡体系,推动公平竞争;解决所有经济部门的市场准入、歧视和监管障碍;强化贸易对实现全球的可持续性目标的贡献。这些目标,应建立在布宜诺斯艾利斯已经采取的一些行动的基础上,旨在降低贸易成本,同时对发展问题进行更广泛的思考。A.Creatingrulesthatrebalancethesystemandleveltheplayingfield制定规则,平衡系统,实现公平竞争Economicoperatorsinanumberofcountriesincreasinglybenefitfromtargetedandsignificantmarket-distortinggovernmentsupportthatisoftenchannelledthroughstate-ownedenterprises.Whiletheprovisionofindustrialsubsidiescanincertaincasesconstitutealegitimatepolicytool,theirusemayalsocarrysignificantrisksforglobaltradeastheycandisruptproductionprocesses,affectbusinessperformanceandskewthecompetitivefield.TheAgreementonSubsidiesandCountervailingMeasures(SCMAgreement)isthemaintoolfordiscipliningindustrialsubsidies.However,ithasnotbeenaseffectiveasnecessarytocurtailcertainpracticesthathaveemergedinrecentyears.Indeed,itsapplicationhasrevealedanumberofgapsandambiguitiesthatneedtobeaddressedasamatterofurgency.有些国家的经济经营者越来越多地受益于有针对性的、严重扭曲市场的政府支持措施,这些政府支持措施通常通过国有企业来提供。虽然在某些情况下,提供工业补贴可以构成一种合法的政策工具,但它们的使用也可能给全球贸易带来重大风险,因为它们可能扰乱生产过程,影响企业业绩,并扭曲市场竞争。《补贴与反补贴措施协定》(SCM协定)是约束产业补贴的主要工具。然而,限制近年来出现的某些做法并没有达到预期的效果。事实上,在SCM的执行过程中,揭示了一些需要作为紧急事项加以处理的漏洞和含糊不清之处。InthiscontexttheEUshouldpursuethefollowingproposalsaimedatdiscipliningtheuseofindustrialsubsidiesandtheactivitiesofstate-ownedenterprises.在这方面,欧盟应执行下列建议,以产业补贴的使用和国有企业的活动。1.Improvetransparencyandsubsidynotifications增强补贴的透明度ThelackofcomprehensiveinformationonsubsidiesprovidedbyMembersisoneofthebiggestshortcomingsintheapplicationofthecurrentsystem.AlthoughtheSCMAgreementalreadyrequiresMemberstonotifytheirsubsidies,thelevelofcomplianceispoorandhasdeterioratedinrecentyears,totheextentthatasofendofMarch2018overhalfofthemembership(90Members)hadnotmadeanynotification1.Yet,withouttransparencyinsubsidies,Memberscannotrevieweachother'sactionsandfacesignificantobstaclesinseekingenforcementoftherules.Thisgreatlyweakensthevalueofthesubstantivedisciplines.缺乏关于成员国提供补贴的全面信息是现行制度在执行过程中的最大缺点之一。尽管供应链管理协议已经要求成员国 通知 关于发布提成方案的通知关于xx通知关于成立公司筹建组的通知关于红头文件的使用公开通知关于计发全勤奖的通知 其补贴,但遵守协议的程度较低,而且近年来有所恶化。截至2018年3月底,超过一半的成员(90名成员)没有发出任何通知。然而,如果补贴不透明,成员国就无法相互审查对方的行动,在寻求执行规则方面也面临重大障碍。这大大削弱了规则的价值。TherulemakinginthisareashouldfocusoncreatingincentivesforWTOMemberstofullycomplywiththeirnotificationobligations.TheEUhasalreadyidentifiedwaystoimprovetransparencyandsubsidynotificationn,forexample,thecreationofageneralrebuttablepresumptionaccordingtowhichifasubsidyisnotnotifiedoriscounter-notified,itwouldbepresumedtobeasubsidyorevenbepresumedtobeasubsidycausingseriousprejudice.规则制定重点应该为WTO成员国充分履行其通知义务创造激励。欧盟已经确定了提高透明度和补贴通知的方法,例如,建立一个可反驳的一般推定,据此,如果补贴没有被通知或被反通知,它将被推定为补贴,甚至被推定为造成严重损害的补贴。2.BettercaptureSOEs更好的覆盖国企State-ownedenterprises(SOEs)are,inanumberofcountries,aninstrumentthroughwhichthestatedecisivelygovernsandinfluencestheeconomy,oftenwithmarketdistortiveeffects.However,thegrowthandinfluenceofSOEsinrecentyearsisnotyetmatchedwithequivalentdisciplinestocaptureanymarket-distortingbehaviourunderthecurrentrules.在许多国家,国有企业是国家管理和影响经济的工具,常常产生市场扭曲效应。然而,现行规则与近年来国有企业的增长和影响力不匹配,无法捕捉到任何扭曲市场的行为。SubsidiesgrantedtoSOEsarealreadycapturedbytheSCMAgreement,inthesamewayasanyothersubsidygrantedbythestate.WithregardtoinstanceswhereSOEsthemselvesgrantsubsidies,theSCMAgreementcapturesthemthroughtheconceptofa"publicbody".However,thishasbeeninterpretedinarathernarrowmanner,whichallowsaconsiderablenumberofSOEstoescapetheapplicationoftheSCMAgreement.TheEUthereforeshouldproposeaclarificationofwhatconstitutesapublicbody,onthebasisofacasebycaseanalysistodeterminewhetherastate-ownedorastate-controlledenterpriseperformsagovernmentfunctionorfurthersagovernmentpolicy,aswellashowtoassesswhetheraMemberexercisesmeaningfulcontrolovertheenterpriseinquestion.对国有企业的补贴已经在《SCM协定》中得到了体现,就像国家给予的任何其他补贴一样。对于国有企业自己提供补贴的例子,《供应链管理协议》通过“公共机构”的概念对其进行了阐述。然而,这种解释相当呆板,使得相当多的国有企业得以避开供应链管理协议的约束。因此,欧盟应该澄清什么是公共机构,通过一个一个的案例分析,来确定国有或国有控股企业是否在履行政府职能或推进政府政策,以及如何评估成员国是否对相关企业拥有实质性控制权。Inaddition,theEUshouldproposerulescapturingothermarket-distortingsupportprovidedbySOEswhenusedasvehiclestopursuegovernmenteconomicpoliciesratherthanfocusingontheirowneconomicperformance,includinginteralia,transparencywithregardtothelevelanddegreeofstatecontrolinSOEs.此外,欧盟应提出规则,以考察政府利用国有企业作为工具以执行政府经济政策所造成的其它扭曲市场的行为,而不是关注国有企业自身的经济表现,包括国家对国有企业控制水平和程度方面的透明度。3.Capturemoreeffectivelythemosttrade-distortivetypesofsubsidies更有效地识别对贸易扭曲程度最高的补贴类型TheSCMAgreementprovidesfortwocategoriesofprohibitedsubsidies,namelysubsidiescontingentuponexportperformanceandsubsidiescontingentupontheuseofdomesticoverimportedgoods.Allothersubsidiesareactionable:theyarepermissible,unlessthecomplainingcountryshowsthatthesubsidyhadanadverseeffectonitstradeinterests.However,thelatterisquiteoftenachallengingexerciseandthereforeanumberofegregioustypesofsubsidiesthatheavilydistortinternationaltrade,suchasthosecontributingtotheovercapacityplaguingseveralsectorsoftheeconomy,cannotbecapturedsufficientlyunderthecurrentrules.《SCM协定》禁止了两类补贴:依据出口额提供的补贴和根据使用国产商品相教于进口商品的补贴。所有其他补贴都是可操作的:它们是允许的,除非一国表明补贴对其贸易利益产生了不利影响。然而,这往往是一项具有挑战性的工作,因此,许多令人震惊的严重扭曲国际贸易补贴类型在现行规则下是无法充分体现的,例如那些导致产能过剩,从而困扰多个经济部门的补贴。Therulemakinginthisareashouldaimatsubjectingthemostharmfultypesofsubsidiesthatareinprinciplepermissibleunderthecurrentrulestostricterrules.ThiscouldbeachievedforexamplebyexpandingthelistofprohibitedsubsidiesorbycreatingarebuttablepresumptionofseriousprejudicesimilartothelapsedArticle6(1)oftheSCMAgreement.Typesofsubsidiesthatcouldbesubjecttosuchstricterrulesinclude,forexample,unlimitedguarantees,subsidiesgiventoaninsolventorailingenterprisewithnocrediblerestructuringplanordualpricing.该领域的规则制定目的在于,使现行规则原则上允许的但却有害的补贴类型服从更严格的规则。例如,可以通过扩大禁止补贴的名单,或者创建一种可反驳的关于严重损害的假设,类似于《SCM协定》中失效的第6(1)条。举例而言,可能受到如此严格规则约束的补贴类型包括:无限制的担保,对没有可靠的重组计划或双重定价的资不抵债或陷入困境的企业的补贴。B.Establishingnewrulestoaddressbarrierstoservicesandinvestment,includinginthefieldofforcedtechnologytransfer制定新规则,解决服务和投资方面的障碍,包括在强制技术转让领域FollowingtheJointStatementsagreedinBuenosAires,workisalreadyongoingintheareasofdomesticregulation,e-commerceandinvestmentfacilitationbutfurthereffortswillbeneededtoaddressgapsandtoupdatetheWTOrulebook.发布布宜诺斯艾利斯联合声明之后,国内监管、电子商务和投资便利化等领域的工作已经在进行,但还需要进一步努力协调差距,并更新世贸组织规则 手册 华为质量管理手册 下载焊接手册下载团建手册下载团建手册下载ld手册下载 。1.Needtoaddressmarketaccessbarriers,discriminatorytreatmentofforeigninvestorsandbehindtheborderdistortions,includingastheyrelatetoforcedtechnologytransferandothertradedistortivepolicies需要解决市场准入障碍、对外国投资者的歧视性待遇以及其他广泛存在的扭曲背后的问题,包括与强制技术转让和其他贸易扭曲政策有关的问题Themultilateralrule-bookoninvestment,whetherinservicesorothersectorsoftheeconomy,needstobeupdated.TheGATScoversinvestmentintheareaofservicesviaMode3.Nonetheless,manyWTOMembersstillmaintainbroadreservationsorexclusions.Sectorsoutsideofservices(suchasinvestmentinmanufacturingormining)arenotcovered(althoughservicesincidentaltominingandincidentaltomanufacturingarecovered).TheTRIMSonlycontainsalimitedsetofdisciplinesrelatingtodiscriminatorymeasures/quantitativerestrictionsregardingtradeingoods.需要更新关于投资的多边规则手册,不论是在服务部门还是在经济的其他部门。通过模式3,《服务业贸易总协定》(GATS)覆盖了服务领域的投资。尽管如此,许多WTO成员仍对排斥其他国家对许多领域的投资。服务业以外的部门(如制造业或采矿业的投资)不包括在内(尽管矿业附带的服务和制造业附带的服务也包括在内)。《与贸易有关的投资措施》(TRIMS)只包含有限的有关商品贸易歧视措施/数量限制的项目。Forcedtechnologytransfer,whereforeignoperatorsaredirectlyorindirectlyforcedtosharetheirinnovationandtechnologywiththestateorwithdomesticoperators,hasemergedasamajortradeirritant.ThereareanumberofprovisionsinthecurrentWTOrulebookinGATT,GATS,TRIMSandTRIPS,thatshouldhelptoaddressforcedtechnologytransfers.However,thescopeofapplicationoftheseprovisions(includingintermsofcommitmentstakenbytheparties)islimitedandthereforeinsufficienttoaddresssomeofthemostimportantsourcesofproblemssuchasrequirementsprohibitingorlimitingforeignownership(e.g.jointventurerequirementsorforeignequitylimitations).Newrulesarealsoneededtoaddressadministrativereviewandlicensingprocessesbasedonunclearrules,andprocessesallowingforwidediscretion(e.g.marketingapprovals)aswellaslicensingrestrictions(whereforeigninvestorsarelimitedinsettingmarket-basedtermswhennegotiatingtheirtechnologylicensingagreements).Certainrulesinareassuchastradesecretsshouldalsobereinforced,notablyasregardsenforcement.Forexample,investorsarefacedwithdifficultiestogeteffectiveprotectionbeforetheadministrationandcourtsagainstunfaircommercialuseandunauthoriseddisclosureoftradesecrets.强制性技术转让(即外国运营商直接或间接地被迫与国家或国内运营商分享他们的创新和技术)已成为一个主要的贸易障碍。在现行的《关贸总协定》、《总协定》、《贸易和投资协定》和《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》的WTO规则手册中,有一些条款本应该有助于解决强制技术转让问题。但是,这些规定的适用范围(包括缔约方作出的承诺)是有限的,因此不足以解决某些最重要的问题,例如禁止或限制外国所有权的规定(例如合资企业规定或外国股权限制)。还需要制定新规则,以解决基于不明确规则的行政审查和许可程序,以及允许广泛自由裁量权的程序(如市场许可)和许可限制(外国投资者在谈判技术许可协议时,在设定基于市场的条款方面受到限制)。商业机密等领域的某些规则也应该加强,尤其是在执行方面。例如,投资者很难在政府和法院得到有效的保护,以防出现不公平地利用或未经授权而披露商业机密的行为。Thus,besidesthespecificrulestoaddressforcedtechnologytransfers,theEUshouldproposenewrulesthatwouldcomplementtheexistingdisciplines.Thenewruleswouldintroducedisciplinesthatwouldenableustoimproveoverallmarketaccessconditionsforforeigndirectinvestment(bothintheservicesandnon-servicessectors)aswellasaddressdistortiveanddiscriminatorypracticesincludinglegalformrestrictionsandperformancerequirements(suchasthesourcingorproductionofgoodsorserviceslocally)inamorecomprehensivemanner.因此,除了针对强制技术转让的具体规则外,欧盟还应提出新的规则,以补充现有规则。新规则需引入一些条款,以一种更综合的方式,提高外商直接投资(包括服务和非服务部门)的整体市场准入条件,解决扭曲和歧视性做法,包括法律限制和经营要求(例如在本地采购或生产货物或服务)。Thereisalsoaclearneedtoaddressbehindtheborderdiscriminatorypracticesbyreinforcingnationaltreatmentobligationsanddevelopingstrongdomesticregulationdisciplinesensuringnon-discriminatoryandtransparentregulatoryandenforcementprocessesintheservicesandnon-servicessectors.此外,还需要通过加强国民待遇义务和发展强有力的国内监管纪律,以确保服务业和非服务业的非歧视性和透明性的监管和执法过程,来解决国别歧视行为背后的问题。2.Needtoaddressbarrierstodigitaltrade需要解决数字贸易的障碍Digitaltrade,ortradeenabledbyelectronicmeans,isnowadayspervasivethroughouttheeconomy,coveringbothtradeinservicesandingoodsandenablingtransactionsperformedcompletelyonlineaswellasfacilitatingphysicaltransactions.Asaconsequence,establishingdisciplinescoveringdigitaltradeisimportanttoremoveunjustifiedbarrierstotradebyelectronicmeans,tobringlegalcertainlyforcompanies,andtoensureasecureonlineenvironmentforconsumers.Crucially,thereareimportantcross-linkagestoaddressingforcedtechnologytransfers(suchasdisclosureofsourcecoderequirements).Again,newdisciplinesshouldcovernotonlytradeinservices,butapplytoalleconomicsectors.数字贸易,或通过电子手段进行的贸易,如今已遍及整个经济领域,既包括服务贸易,也包括商品贸易,使完全的线上交易和线下实物交易均成为可能。因此,建立涵盖数字贸易的规则,对于通过电子手段消除不合理的贸易壁垒,为企业营造合法经营的环境,确保消费者拥有安全的网络环境,都非常重要。至关重要的是,在解决强制技术转让(如披露源代码的要求)方面存在重要的交叉联系。此外,新的规则不仅要包括服务贸易,而且要适用于所有经济部门。C.Addressingthesustainabilityobjectivesoftheglobalcommunity解决全球社会的可持续性目标Finally,itiscrucialtobringtheWTOanditstradeagendaclosertocitizensandensurethattradecontributestothepursuitofbroaderobjectivessetbytheglobalcommunity,inparticularasregardssustainability.TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsagreedbytheworld’sleadersin2015alreadysetoutadetailedsetofactionsthatneedtobepursued,manyofthemwithstronglinkstotrade.最后,至关重要的是使世贸组织及其贸易议程更是公民友好型的,并确保贸易有助于实现国际社会确定的更广泛目标,特别是在可持续性方面。2015年,世界各国领导人达成的可持续发展目标已经制定了一系列需要实施的具体行动,其中许多与贸易有着密切联系。Atthecurrentmoment,theonlySDGissuesthatisactivelybeingnegotiatedintheWTOistheeliminationofthemostharmfulfisheriessubsidies,whichishoweveralsoanareaofnegotiationsclearlymandatedbytheDohaDeclaration.Morecanandshouldbedonebythetradecommunity.目前,世贸组织正在积极谈判的唯一可持续发展目标问题是消除最有害的渔业补贴,但这也是多哈宣言明确授权的谈判领域。贸易界可以而且应该做更多的事情。Consequently,theEUshouldoverthecomingmonthsprepareadetailedanalysisoftheSDGtargetsandidentifywaysinwhichtradepolicycouldcontributetoachievingthem.TheEUshouldthentogetherwithotherMembersactivelypursueputtingforwardtheseissuesforexplorationanddiscussionintheWTO.因此,欧盟应在未来几个月对可持续发展目标进行详细分析,并确定贸易政策有助于实现这些目标的方式。欧盟应与其他成员国一道,积极寻求提出这些问题,以供世贸组织探讨和探讨。(二)Proposalsforanewapproachtoflexibilitiesinthecontextofdevelopmentobjectives关于在发展目标的范围内采用更灵活的新方法的建议TheWTOwasfoundedwithdevelopmentatitscentre,underpinnedbythefactthatfreerules-basedtradecontributestogrowthanddevelopment.However,thecurrentdebatepromotestheviewthatglobaltraderulesaresomehowanimpedimenttodevelopmentandthereforethatdevelopingcountriesneedtobeexemptfromcurrentandfuturerules;infacttheoppositeistrue.Thecurrentdistinctionbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries,whichallowsnonuance,nolongerreflectstherealityoftherapideconomicgrowthinsomedevelopingcountries.Theresultisthatthedevelopingcountrygroupnowincludessomeoftheworld'stoptradingnations,whohavesignificanteconomicdifferencesfromothermembersofthisgroupandwhoinsomecasesevenpresentalevelofdevelopmentwhichsurpassesthatofcertainMemberswhoaredesignatedasdevelopedintheorganisation.ThislackofnuanceanditsconsequenceswithregardtothespecialanddifferentialtreatmentquestionhasbeenamajorsourceoftensionsintheWTOandanobstacletotheprogressofnegotiations:thedemandforblanketflexibilitiesfortwothirdsoftheWTOmembershipdilutesthecallfromthosecountriesthathaveevidentnee
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