中美非言语交际的比较与探索

中美非言语交际的比较与探索 中文摘要 人类的交际有两种方式:言语交际与非言语交际。言语交际通常被认为是人 类最重要、最有效、最强有力的交际手段。正因为如此,人们往往很容易忽视人类的非言语交际手段。目前,对言语交际的研究已经得到了极大的重视,对跨文化交际的研究也侧重于言语交际。然而,在面对面交际中,大量的社交信息是通过非言语方式传送的。这充分说明了非言语交际在人类的交际中占有举足轻重的地位。 然而,尽管非言语交际的研究已引起人们的极大关注,但对非言语交际的系 统研究,特别是从跨文化交际的角度来研究非言语交际在我国还未深入开展。因此,本研究尝试探索非言语交际的跨文化差异,目的在于增强学习者在跨文化交际中的文化意识,从而提高他们的跨文化交际能力。 基于文化和交际理论,运用对比和分析的方法,本文对中美两国非语言交际 进行对比研究。作为对比分析依据的材料是从非语言实际使用及相关经典著作中收集来的实例资料。从中美日常交际中最基本、最常见、最重要的非语言符号为研究对象,以非语言交际的五个范畴,即身势语、副语言、时间语言、空间语言和客体语言为基点进行中美双方对比研究。文中列举了大量的例子,并对典型案例进行分析以得到详实可信的结论。 文化与交际,虽然是截然不同的两个方面,但他们紧密相连。他们的联系如 此紧密,以至于有些人类学家认为“文化与交际”为同意词语。豪尔曾说过,“文化即交际,交际也就是文化。"一方面,文化是通过交际得以学习,实践,传播和保存。另一方面,交际也依赖于文化。在跨文化交际中,听者的文化背景影响 他对言语与非言语行为的理解。当文化背景不同,交际行为也不同。本文致力于发现引起非言语行为不同的原因。 本文主要从三个方面探讨中美文化的差异:一是历史与文化的差别;二是集 体主义与个人主义的差别;三是高低语境的差别。集体主义是我国文化的精髓。同时我国文化也属于高语境文化它注重人与人之间关系的和谐。而美国则属于个人主义文化;它更注重个人的发展与空间。他属于低语境文化。这些文化的不同,导致了两国的非言语行为的不同。 通过对比分析和探讨研究,本文发现文化的不同对非言语交际的影响主要 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 山东师范大学硕士学位论文 现在两个方面:一方面,不同的行为在不同的文化中可能具有相同的意义;另一方面,相同的行为在不同的文化中可能意义不同。所以我们必须注非言语行为中本族语与目标语的不同,才能在跨文化交际中正确的使用。 本研究的重要意义显而易见:一是我们意识到要培养、提高学生跨文化交际 能力,理解非言语交际,洞察其文化差异至关重要。二是在我们的语言教学中非言语交际必须得到重视。然而,因为历史的原因,非言语交际在国内与国外的教学中常被忽视。 真诚希望本研究能够使人们意识到非言语交际的重要性,关注和理解中美非 言语交际的文化差异,从而提高跨文化交际的能力。以期能帮助交际双方减少误解,建立更良好的关系,为跨文化交际作出应有的贡献。 关键词:非言语交际,跨文化交际 山东师范大学硕士学位论文 Abstract Human communication covers two forms:verbal and nonverbal.Verbal communication is commonly regarded嬲the most important,efficient,powerful means of communication.Thus,much attention has been given to the research on verbal communication and much stress has been 1aid on the verbal form of intercultural communication, while nonverbal means of human communication is often ignored.However, in face—to-face communication the bulk of information is sent and received through nonverbal channels.This suggests that nonverbal communication also plays a vital role in human communication. However, the systematic research on nonverbal communication from the perspective of intercultural communication in our country has not gone far although some scholars have done some work.Therefore,the aim of this study is to explore the Cultural differences in nonverbal communication between China and America, Based on culture and communication theories,applying contrastive and analytic method, this research intends to study the nonverbal communication between China and America.The materials for contrast and analysis are collected from nonverbal codes of daily use and related authentic works.The most basic,familiar and important nonverbal codes used in Chinese and American daily communication are the objective of this research.The active study is based on five categories of nonverbal communication, namely body language,paralanguage,time language,space language and objectives of language.Abundant examples are provided for the study and some typical cases serve for the detailed analysis SO as to offer valid and convincing descriptions. Culture and communication, although being two different concepts,are directly linked.They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms al e virtually synonymous.Hall(1 976:1 4)stated:”Culture is communication and communication is culture."On one hand, culture is learned, acted out,transmitted, and preserved through communication.On the other hand, communication is dependent largely On the culture.Whether we use verbal 01"nonverbal language in 山东师范大学硕士学位论文 cross-cultural interaction, Our listeners’cultural background influences the meaning they attach to what they hear or see.When cultures differ, communication practices may also differ. 111e main social and cultural reasons for nonverbal differences are discussed in this paper, which can be summarized as the follows:(1)culture and history(2); collectivism VS.individualism.(3);high—context culture VS.10w-context culture. Collectivism is at the core of China SO it is a high·context culture.It pays attention to interpersonal togetherness and harmony.However American culture is centralized on individualism which pays attention to interpersonal apartness and independence and it is a low-context culture.These cultural differences between Chinese and Americans result in different sets of nonverbal communication. Through contrastive analysis and detailed discussion, this study has proved that cultural differences in nonverbal behaviors between Chinese culture and America culture chiefly manifest themselves in two aspects.In the first place,different gestures or movements carry different cultures can indicate the same message,whereas the sane gesture or movement has different meanings in different cultures.So,we must pay attention to the differences of nonverbal behaviors between native and target language and make proper use of them in intercultural communication. new significance of this exploration is evident.Firstly, we realize that in developing students’competence of intercultural communication, the perception of nonverbal communication and the awareness of nonverbal difference are essential. Secondly, in our language teaching nonverbal communication should be stressed.In fact,nonverbal communication has been almost completely neglected in the teaching of both native and foreign languages for a number of historical reasons. Thus,this study aims at arousing readers’awareness of the importance of nonverbal communication and their due interests in the differences between Chinese and American nonverbal communication.Therefore,the competence of intercultural Communication can be improved and misunderstanding between people from different countries Can be reduced and a better relationship will be build. Key words:nonverbal communication, cross-cultural communication. “