非谓语动 介词口诀[新版]

非谓语动 介词口诀[新版] 非谓语动词的用法(1) 在英语语法中,掌握好动词的用法是最重要的,而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分,由于它们内容多,有些用法相似,所以不好掌握,经常被混淆用错,笔者通过列表比较方法,我们会对非谓语动词的用法一目了然,找出异同,更好的掌握它们的用法,下面通过列表比较的方式,分析非谓语动词的主要用法。 非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系 非谓相对谓语动词的时间意义 例句 语动 词 说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后,多数是那I want to go home. 一般些表愿忚的词:want; hope; expect; wish等。 I hope to see you. 式不说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生,多数是I saw him come in. 定式 那些省略不定式符号的词,一般是复合宾语。 He helped him (to) carry things. 表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。 We enjoyed seeing the film. I am thinking of taking over the job. 一般在动词insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示He insisted on doing that work 式动动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。 名词 在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on; upon I remember seeing him before. after代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示On arriving Beijing, he went to see his 的动作先发生。 friend. 说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动He stood there speaking. 持续性现词表示的动作同时发生。 Holding a book under his arm, he 动词 在entered the room. 分说明分词表示的动作发生之后,句Entering the room, I found nobody in. 终止性词 中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。 Turning to the right, you will find the 动词 一般post office. 式分通常说明分词表示的动作,此句中Written in simple English, the book is 词 谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 easy to read. 过持续性I can't find my lost pen. 去动词 说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动He is a person well-known in this 分词表示的动作并无先后。 country. 词 代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。 Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter. 说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发I'm sorry to have troubled you. 生。 He is said to have come here. He is thought to have done it. 完成 He is believed to have done it. 式不 定式 He seemed to have known it. 在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等We wished to have done this. 动词过去时后,说明行为动词没有实现。 I expected to have left by then. (=I had expected to heave by then.) 说明动名词表示的动作,此句中动词表示的动作先We regret having told you the news. 完成发生。 After having finished his work, he 式动went home. 名词 He denied having broke the glasses. 说明分词表示的动作,此句中谓语动词表示的动作Having finished his work, he went 先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是hear; home. 完成see或表示位置转移的动词arrive; leave; turn; Sitting down with him, we begun to 式分open.不用完成时 discuss it. 词 Hearing this, he rose and went to the door. 二,非谓语动词的被动语态 1. 非谓语动词被动语态的意义 非谓语意义和用法 例句 动词 表示被动的意义 The meeting is to be held next week. He wanted to be sent to the hard area. 有时主动形式表示被动的意义,同被动没什么区别,具The box is not strong enough to 有“应该”,“值的”的意思。不定式是主语的承受者,但stand this. 有时作某些形容词的宾语, 如:nice, easy, hard, It's too small to see. difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。 不定式 There is a lot of work to do The house is to let at low rent. I am not to blame. Houses are still to seek. Much remains to do. The text is hard to learn. 表示被动的意义 He insisted on being sent to the hard area. 动名词 在动词need, require等的主动语态和形容词worth后, My watch needs repairing. 表示被动的意义 The book is worth reading. 现在分词 表示被动的意义 The building being built is a school. 分词 Not having been told, he didn't know where to start. 过去分词 表示被动的意义 Heated, the metal expands. 2. 一般现在分词,完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的区别 非谓语动意义和用法 例句 词 一般式现含有具体的意义,说明和句中谓语动词表示的The person being criticized is our 在分词 动作同时发生,一般是持续性动词 monitor. 完成式分表示动作状态比句中谓语动作先发生,一般是Not having been told about it, I don't 词 瞬间动词 know how to do it. 具有一船的意义,强调事实,说明比句中谓语Given more time, (=Having been given) 过去分词 动词表示的动作先发生,有时同完成式的被动I can do it much better. 词态可互换。 To the top(回页首) 三,非谓语动词的句法作用 1. 非谓语动词的句法作用一览表 非谓语动词 不定式 动名词 分词 句子成分 主语 ? ? 直接宾语 ? ? 短语动词宾语 ? ? 宾宾语补语 ? ? ? 语 介词宾语 ? 形容词宾语 ? ? 表语 ? ? ? 定语 ? ? ? 状语 ? ? 同谓语 ? ? 插入语 ? ? 2. 非谓语动词作主语 非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句 动词不定式表示比较具体To master a foreign language is no easy job. 的意义,经常和特定的动To do it well is my earnest desire 作和执行者联系起来,经To see this film is to waste time. 常带时间或地点状语,有To solve this problem is out of the question 时表示将要发生的动作。 1)形容词作表语,常见的形容词有:important, difficult, easy 动词不定式,短语,作主hard possible, 语时,常见的另一种形式It is foolish to act in this way. 是在句首用先行代词it作It sounds reasonable to do it this way. 形式主语,而将动词不定It appears likely for them to arrive. 不定式 式,短语,移到谓语之后2) 动词作谓语,常见的动词有:require, cost, amuse, delight, 作真正主语。用于这种形irritate, annoy 式是一些特定形容词,动It took much time to do this. 词和名词 It makes us excited to think about that. It needed hard work to finish the job. It does no good to say like that. It didn't occur to me to ask him to help me. 3)名词作表语 It seems a pity to waste them. It is a great pleasure to do this It is a good idea to think this way. 动名词表求比较抽象,一Collecting stamps is a good hobby. 般,和经常性的意义,有Swimming is a best sport in summer. 时可同不定式互换 There is no telling what will happen. There is no denying the fact. There is no need informing him of it. 动名词短语作主语时,常1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有:enjoyable, good, hard, 见的另一种形式是在句首worthwhile) 动名词 用先行代词it作形式主语It is nice talking to you. 面将动名词短语移至谓语It's foolish behaving like that. 之后作真实主语。用于这It is useless doing that 种形式是一些特定形容词2)名词作表语 和名词 It's waste of time doing this. It's no good (use) doing that. It's an awful job doing this. It's fun doing this It is not an easy task doing this work. 3. 非谓语动词作宾语 成非谓语动意义和用法 例句 分 词 不定式的逻辑主语一般I want to read a novel. 同谓语动词的主语一致 用于该形式的常见的动词有:afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish. 有时宾语省略不定式符号(常见的有:let fall, let pass, let 不定式 go, let slip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon, He made believe he was correct. 动词不定式,短语,作宾He found it necessary to work hard at English. 语时,如其后有补足语,用于该形式的常见的动词有:acknowledge, believe, 则可以用先行语it作形consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, 式宾语,而将动词不定式feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, ,短语,后移作直接宾语 realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, 直 take(think), understand, think. 接 动名词的逻辑主语有时Do you mind my smoking? 宾 同谓语动词的主语不一语 致 动名词,短语,作宾语时,We found it troublesome solving this problem. 如其后有补足语则可以 We consider it worthwhile spending some time on 用先行词it作形式宾语, this. 而将动名词短语后移作 直接宾语 动名词 有一类动词后面必须跟We enjoyed staying there. 动名词 常见的动词有:admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, renounce, resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist. 有一类动词后面可跟动1) 意义区别不大。 名词也可以跟不定式 He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five. 常见的动词有:start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear. 2)意义有区别 a) remember doing sth 记住做过某事。 remember to do sth 记住要做某事。 b)forget doing sth 忘记做过某事。 forget to do sth 记住要做某事。 c)regret doing sth 遗憾做过某事。 regret to do sth 遗憾要做某事。 d)try doing sth 试着做某事。 try to do sth 努力做某事。 e)mean doing sth 意旨做某事。 mean to do sth 打算做某事。 f)stop doing sth 停止做某事。 stop to do sth 停下来做某事。 g)can't help doing sth 忍不住做某事。 can't help to do sth 不能帮做某事。 h)go on doing sth 继续做某事。 go on to do sth 接着做另一事。 短这一类多是动词和小品He insisted on doing that. 语动名词 词构成的短语 常见的短语有:stand up, leave off, put off, give up, 动can't help(stand) 词这一类多数是一些特定He is about to leave. He did nothing but play. 宾不定式 的用法。 'd rather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to do 语 sth, 强调动作发生的事实、将We saw him come in. I asked him to help me. 要和应该做的事 I helped him (to) learn English. He arranged for me to stay there. 常见的动词有: 1)省略不定式符号的动词:make, let, have, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at 宾2)表示“致使”意义的动词:advice, cause, allow, ask, 语beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, 不定式 宾intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, 补 trust, urge, want, warn 3)表示心理状态的动词:consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand. 4)短语动词 arrange for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, long for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depend on, count on 说明实际的情况,这种形We call this process testing. 动名词 式数量不多。 We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet. 强调动作进行的过程 I found him coming in. He kept him waiting outside. 现在 分词 如谓语动词是被动语态的形式,这时分词成了主语补语, 分词形式不变。 He was seen coming in 分词 表示动作已完成,同宾语We found him tied to the tree. 是被动关系,说明动作在I had my hair cut. 谓语动词表示的动作之I can't get this motor started. 过去前。 如谓语动词是被动语态的形式,这时分词成了主语补语, 分词 have (get) 表示的动作分词形式不变。 往往表示别人完成,有时He was found tied to the tree. 这个动作可能由主语完 成 这一类多是一些特定的I hardly remember what I did besides read. 形式, He had nothing in mind except to work hard. 不定式 It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly. There is no way out than climb the cliff. 介 词这一类数量较多。 I'm afraid of making mistakes while speaking English. 宾He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her. 语 On (as soon as he arrived) arriving, he came to see 动名词 his friend. In (while) doing this, he learned a lot. 常见的短语:look forward to, be used to, object to, prefer doing sth to doing sth I am glad to see you. 这一类有些语法家也认 常见的形容词有:cross, angry, context, furious, happy, 为是这些形容词的原因 impatient, curious, proud, sorry, thankful, free, 状语。 不定式 grateful, keen, anxious, eager, prone, ready, reluctant ,不情愿的,, willing, humble, jealous, miserable, 形(un)able, lucky,sad 容I am surprised to see you. 词常见的过去分词有:annoyed, ashamed, astonished, 这一类有些语法家也认宾 bored, concerned, amazed, confused delighted, 为是这些形容词的原因determined, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, 状语。 dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, inclined, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offended, scared, thrilled, vexed,为难的烦恼的, 这一类多是一些特定的The tree seems like trembling. 用法。 动名词 The book is worth reading. He is busy working. 4. 非谓语动词作表语 非谓语动词 意义和用法 连系动词 例句 表示具体的动有时可用To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.(一般同主作,表示打算、appear, 语的形式一直) 计划、命令和要seem, What I wanted to do is write it down. 求等意义 happen等作 连系动词 The only thing you can do is to wait and see. 原来是没有to 的 How am I to pay such a debt? 不定式 Such questions are to be avoided. He was never to see his friend again. What he said proved to be true. He seems to be ill. 常作主语的名词有:aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion. 相当于名词,说一般是be What like best is swimming in the sea. 明主语动作的My job is teaching English 情况和状态。 (My job is to teach them to learn English.) 动名词 Seeing is believing. 有时同不定式可以互换 Our duty is serving the people. Our duty is to serve the people. 相当于形容词,有时可用It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 说明主语动作become ; get常见作表语的现在分词有:amusing, boring, 现性质的。一般分等 charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, 在分词 词后不再接任discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, 分何成份 pleasing, fascinating, interesting, inviting, 词 missing, obliging(亲切的), promising, puzzling, shocking, striking, surprising. 相当于形容词有时可用He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with 说明主语动作Become ; that. 的性质或状态,get ;remain ; My work is finished. My watch is gone. 一般后面带介appear ; 常见的过去分词有:1)常见带介词about分词: 词短语,有些形seem; fell; annoyed, concerned, excited, pleased, puzzled, 容词化的过去go; look等动shocked, worried 2) 常见带介词at分词: amazed, 分词前可加词 amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, very. disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offended, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3) 常见带介词against分词: arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4) 常见带介词for分 词: celebrated, concerned, destined, disqualified, noted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常见带介词 in分词: absorbed, celebrated, concerned, disappointed, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, engaged, entangled,被缠住的，卷入的), experienced, interested lost, 6) 常见带介词on分 词: founded, based, bent, set 7) 常见带介词to分 词: abandoned, accustomed, acquainted, addicted, adapted, committed, dedicated, destined, devoted, doomed, engaged, entitled, 过exposed, known, lost, opposed, related, inclined, 去 married 8) 常见带介词with分词:annoyed, bored, 分 concerned, delighted, disappointed, discontented, 词 disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed, pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stunned, surrounded loaded, tormented, torture 5. 非谓语动词作定语 非谓语动词 位置 意义和用法 例句 动词不定式表示将要发生,应该做I have much work to do. 必须放在所的动作,说明动作在谓 He has no place to live in. 不定式 修饰词,名或语动词表示动作之后, 有时根据意思的需要加介词,这时介词不能代,后 具有形容词性质。 省略,因被修饰的名词是它的宾语。 动名词放在说明所修饰词的性质,He looked me with questioning eyes. 在所修饰的具有名词的性质,它同 动名词 a living room. 词前 所修饰的名词间不存 在什么主谓关系 现在所修饰词说明正在进行的动作,a sleeping boy, on the day following, for 在前,有些放在同它所修饰的动作存years running 分所修饰词后 在着逻辑主谓关系 一词 般在所修饰词表示被动的意思,多数a lost child, a fallen leaf, retired workers, 分词 形过前,有些放在不及物动词的过去分faded flowers 式 去所修饰词后 词不能用作定语,只有We have no time left. 分少数表示动作改变的Fill the blanks with the words given. 词 动词表示在谓词动词 动作之前完成 放在所修饰一般表示要做和应该He is the first one to come this morning. 词后 做的动作。 I have a lot of housework to do at home. There is a lot of work to do in the company. He didn't have the chance to go to school in the past. 1)一般所修饰词是抽象名词 agreement, attempt, claim, decision, decisive, determination, failure, hope, intention, need, plan, promise, refused, 短resolution, tendency, threat, wish 不定式 语 2)说明被修饰词内容的名词 campaign, chance, courage, efforts, evidence, fight, news, measures, move, movement, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, skill, strength, struggle, means 3)跟不定式作状语的形容词生成转化来的抽 象名 ability, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, reluctance, willingness 放在所修饰现在分词短语有动作The bird singing in the tree is very 词后 进行之意。 beautiful. 分词 过去分词短语有被动This is the bird shot by the boy. 之意。 My brother, working in the south will be coming in a few days. 6. 非谓语动词作状语 非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句 表示目的,很常用。 He went home to see his mother. He came to ask a question. He got up early in order to (so as to) have time to study. 表示结果,很常用。 She says so well as to bring down the house. Will you be so good as to tell him this? He is not old enough to do this. 不定式 He is too excited to speak anything. 表示原因, He laughed to see them fall down. He wept to hear the news. 表示选择和比较 She opened her lips as through to speak He would die rather than to give in. 表示条件 To hear him talk, you would think he was tiring. 表示时间,相当于表示时间,相He went through the papers while having 当于状语从句when, while。 breakfast. Since leaving school, I met him only once. 常用于这些连词后When, before, while, after, since 表示原因,有时同用作时间状语Being ill, he didn't come. 的分词难以分清,相当于原因状 Not understanding this, he asked the teacher about 语从句because, since, for 和 it. as。 表示条件,相当于条件状语从句Given more time, I can finish the work. if。 We'll not attack unless attacked. Working hard, you'll succeed. 分词 表示让步,相当于让步状语从句 Though warned of the danger, he still went skating though, although。 on the thin ice. 表示结果,相当于结果状语从Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing 句,这种分词前通常有thus 或the delay. thereby。 表示方式或伴随情况,分词短语They shook hands, smiling at each other. 没有相当的状语从句,汉译时The children ran out of the room, laughing and 一般译成并列复合句 talking merrily. He lay on his back, his legs drawn up. He made the boy sit there, promising they would not hurt him. 表示方式 He sat there, as though waiting. 7. 非谓语动词作同谓语 非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句 不很常用 He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the next. 不定式 不很常用 I saw many people in the room, some talking, some listening. 动名词 His chief hobby, sailing a boat, cost him most of his salary. 8. 非谓语动词作插入语 非谓语动意义和用法 例句 词 多是一些特定的短To tell you the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be 语 short, to be sure, to be honest, to begin with, to cut 不定式 a long story short, to be exact, so to speak To tell you the truth, I don' t know computers very well. 多是一些特定的短Generally speaking, frankly speaking, strictly 动名词 语 speaking. Generally speaking, his work is successful. 四. 非谓语动词的特殊形式 非谓语动形式 意义和用法 例句 词 for sb to do sth这种结构可It is impossible for me to do this. 用先行代词it作形式主语面It is for you to decide. 将该结构后移作真正主语。 It is time for us to do this. There is a lot of work for us to do. I'd like you to do it. 复合常引导该形式的形容词有:dangerous, easy, 不定式 结构 useful, hard, difficult, strange, astonishing, pleasant, fortunate lucky, necessary, reasonable, right, wrong, natural, interesting. with+名词或代词 to do sthI feel quite easy, with her to help me. 的复合结构表示将要发生的 动作 It (That) is +形容词 of to It kind of you to help me. do sth. 表示性格特征,行为常引导该形式的形容词有:absurd(荒谬的), bold, 表现。 brave, careful, careless, cruel, considerate, clever, cunning(j狡猾的，可爱的), clumsy(笨拙 的), decent(得体的—), foolish, good, honest, impudent(厚颜无耻的，放肆的), naughty, nice, polite, right, rude, silly, splendid, wise, wrong, wonderful, thoughtful. send, bring, take 等动词表The king sent the official to have a look. 目的时,可带出自己的逻辑主 语。 动名词之前的名词,如果是有His coming won't help much. 生命的,通常用所属格表示,I don't mind your (you) smoking. 如果是无生命的,则用通格表They insisted on our staying there. 动名词 示,现在有一种趋势用名词和We are happy about his coming to see us. 代词代替所有格。 Do you remember Mary coming to see you? I objected to you smoking here. 分词短语作状语时,一般没有He stood there with his hand rising (raised). 自己的主语,其逻辑主语就是We walked in, he leading the way. 整个句子的主语,但有时分词Greeting being over, they got down to business. 分词 短语可以有自己的主语,由名He cried suddenly, tears rolling down his 词和代词表示放在分词短语checks. 之前,它们存在着逻辑主谓关His leg being badly hurt, he had to sty in bed. 系 There being nobody in the room, we didn't go in. 不定式 多用于否定形式。 Why stay in the room? Why not ask the teacher? 无主 语句征求别人意见。 What about playing basketball? 动名词 子 How about going to see a film? 多表示要发生的事。 To think how I started! 不定式 感叹To invite him! You are asking for trouble. 句 表示的意义根据句子而定。 Going to Beijing! What for? 分词 Finished my book! I have just started. 相当语这些疑问代词和副词What to do next has not been decided. 引导的从句。 What worries me most is how to do it I don't know how to leave. We are seeking the way in which to make the 其它work easy. 不定式 形式 It is not yet decided whether to discuss this. 常见引导该形式的动词有:decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, remember, see, settle, think, understand, wonder 分裂式不定式,被副词分开。 He wants to really know this. 用do和go构成的短语。 Go shopping, (hunting, fishing, swimming, 动名词 walking, dancing, skating, skiing) Do some reading (shopping, sewing, washing) 悬浮式分词, 可以和主句的主1) admitting that…, supposing that…, provided 语不一致。 (that)…, regarding, seeing that…, concerning 分词 that…, granted…, owing to dangle 2) talking about…, judging from.. Judging from his clothes, he is a doctor. 五. 非谓语动词的否定形式 非谓语动形式 位置 例句 词 放在不定式符号前,如果是省略I want not to go home. I let him not go 不定式形式放在动词前 home. 不定式 He promises never to go there again. He got up early so as not to (in order not 一般形式 to) miss the train. 动名词 放在动名词前 Excuse me for not coming earlier. 放在分词前 Not knowing this, he didn't come. 分词 Not having told when to start, he came late. 不定式 主动形式否定意义 He was too excited to speak. 特殊形式 no和without引导的短语 No smoking. He left without saying 动名词 good-bye 介词用法口诀 早、午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分。 年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、帽in。 将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in。 有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in。 特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in。 词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分。 介 日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚, 收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论。 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准。 特定时日和"一……就",on后常接动名词。 年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in。 at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心。 工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因。 就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分。 海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man。 this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one。 接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下,above、below则不然, 若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反。 besides,except分内外,among之内along沿。 类比较except,加for异类记心间。 同 原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词 under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分。 before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时,ago过去极有限。 since以来during间,since时态多变换。 与之相比beside,除了last but one。 复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。 军、城、北、上、南。 快到、对、向towards,工、学、 but for否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言。 ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合。 之后、关于、在......方面,有关介词须记全。 in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前。 如大体掌握如上介调用法口诀,就不易出错。当然,至于介词的详尽用法,同形词又是 连词及副词等内容此章不讲。下面对该口诀分别举例帮助你理解消化。 早、午、晚要用in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天 at黎明、午、夜、点与分 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 t midnight 在午夜 a 以上短语都不用冠词 at six o'clock 在6点钟 at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 也可以写成 以上) seven to five 5点差7分(半小时 five minutes after two 2点过5分 at a quarter to two 1点45分 at the weekend 在周末 年、月、年月、季节、周 即在"来年",在"某月",在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某 日则用on),在四季,在第几周等都要用in。 例,in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in April 在四月 in March 在三月 in December 1986 1986年12月 in July l983 1983年7月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周 光、灯、影、衣、冒 in, 阳 即在阳光下,在灯下,在树阴下,穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。 例:Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。 a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯 He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。 会穷人们衣衫褴褛, The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社 以及:in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人 the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女 in uniform 穿着制服 in mourning 穿着丧服 in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋 in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫 将来时态in...以后 例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。 I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。 Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始) after... (从过去开始) 小处at大处in 例:Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县,一切很好,勿念。 I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents 小城镇,而我的父母则住在农村。 live at a village. 我住在大城市,我姐姐住在一个 I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市, 有形with无形by,语言 、单位、材料in 例:The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形) The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形) 。 "Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏(无形) The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形) I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed, 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in) I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上) The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system, 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in ) The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上) This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的,不是金铸的。 特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in 特征或状态: 例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。 They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。 He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。 Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝忚情绪而来,却满怀希忚而去。 The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。 The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。 Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。 His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。 I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。 She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤,不如说她讲得很伤心。 还有一些短语也用in,如: in jest 诙谐地,in joke 开玩笑地,in spite 恶意地, in fairness 公正地,in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大,in sorrow 伤心地等。 His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。 Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈,没有一个情绪低落的。 She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。 The compaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。 方面: 例:we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。 They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。 The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。 A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。 方式: 例:All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。 The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。 如下成语惯用in 例如: in all 总计 in advance 事前 in the meantime 与此同时 in place 适当地 in hopes of(或in the hope of) 怀着.......希忚 in connection with 和……有关 in contact with 和……联系 in addition to 除......以外 in case of 倘若,万一 in conflict with 和......冲突 in force 有效的,大批 in depth 彻底地 in regard to 关于 in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近 in retrospect 回顾,一想起 in behalf of 代表......利益 in the least 一点,丝毫 in alarm 惊慌、担心 in the opinion of 据……见解 in the long run 从长远说来 in one's opinion 在……看来 in word 口头上 in a word 总之 in vain 无益地, 白白地 in case 如果,万一,以防 in detail 详细地 in haste 急急忙忙地 in conclusion 总之 in spite of 尽管 in other words... 换句话说 in return 作为回报 in the name of 以......名义 ......有信心 be confident in 对 be interested in 对......感兴趣 in doubt 怀疑 in love 恋爱中 in debt 负债 in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地 in hesitation 犹豫不决 in wonder 在惊奇中 in public (secret) 公开他(秘密地) in a good humour 心情(情绪)好 "介词at、to表方向,攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。 介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时,侧重于攻击的目标,往往表示恶意,用to表示方向时,突出运动的位置或动作的对象,侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句: 1. A,She came at me. 她向我扑过来。 B,She came to me. 她向我走过来。 2,A,Jake ran at John. 几 杰克向约翰扑过去。 B,Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。 3,A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。 B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。 4,A,He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。 B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说 5,A,I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。 B,I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。 6,A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。 B,She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢. 7,A,She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。 B,She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。 8,A,He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。 B,He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。 日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。 例: on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日 on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日 on May the first 5月1日 on the first 1号 on the sixteenth 16号 on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日 on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚 on Boxing Day 在节礼日(圣诞节次日) on New Year's Day 在元旦 on my birthday 在我的生日 但 in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪; in ancient times 在古代; in earlier times 在早期; in modern times 在现代,则用in,the present time 现在,at the present day当今则用at。 on May Day 在"五?一"节 on winter day 在冬天 on Decenber 12th 1950 l950年12月12日 on Sunday 在星期天 on Monday 在星期一 on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨 on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午 on Friday evening 星期五晚上 但last night 昨夜,in the evening 在晚上; on time准时,in time及时,等则不同。 年月日,加早午晚,of之前on代in 例: on the morning of 18th 18日早晨 on the evening of 4th 4日晚上 On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会,他们的团长发表了告别讲话。 收音、农场,值日on 例:Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night? 您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗? I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。 taIk over the radio 由无线电播音 on TV 从电视里...... hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到 My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。 The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。 This is a farmer's house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍。 Who is on duty, tody? 今天谁值日? We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我们上午8点钟上班。 on关于、基础、靠、著论 例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。 Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。 You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。 The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。 Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。 The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠) The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。 You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month, 靠月薪100元的收入,你是买不起奢侈品的。 Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food, 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。 He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷,专靠损害别人过日子。 Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 让水壶的水一直开着。 The enemy are on the run (=running). 敌人在逃跑。 on后接the加上一个作名词的动词,其意义与现在分词所表达的相近。类似例子很多如: on the march在行军中,on the mend 在好转中,on the prowl徘徊,on the move活动中,on the scrounge巧取豪夺(埋语),on the go活跃,忙碌,on the lookout注意, 警戒,on the watch监视着。on the hop趁不备抓住某人等等。 on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<实践论>>和<<矛盾论>> on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<论人民民主专政>> "on Coalition Government" <<论联合政府>> 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付,相反、准 注:口诀中的"着"是指着火,罢指罢工,偷指偷偷地,公指出差、办公事,假指休假,准指准时。 例:The house next to mine was on fire. 我邻居的房子着火了。 The workers of the railway station were on strike. 铁路工人罢工了。 Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。 do something on the sly (quiet). 秘密地(暗地里,偷偷地)做某事。 I've come here on business. 我是有公事来的。 They went to Bern on a mission. 他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命。 They has been away on a long trip. 他们出去做一次长途旅行。 I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我将休假回家。 I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的,不是不告面别。 She came to see you on purpose. 她是专程来看你的。 He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的。 This lunch is on me. "No. let's go Dutch." "这顿午饭我付钱。" "不,还是各付各的。" On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反,这事儿很容易理解。 P1ease come on time. (on schedule). 请准时来。 注:in time是"及时"的意思。 The train arrived on schedule. 火车准时到达。 特定时间和"一……就",左右on后动名词 例:Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 气体加热时膨胀,冷却时收缩。(特定时间) On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一进屋,他就发现他的朋友们在愉快地跳舞。 On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就给老杨打了一个电话。 I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的来信就给他写信。(一……就) 以及on the left, right向左向右,on the stair在台阶上等。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage用in 例:On foot步行; on horse骑马; on donkey 骑驴。 He rode on, blood flowing from his side. 他骑着马,鲜血从腰部流下来。 The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 为赶上部队,那位八路军战士骑马日行百里。 Go on horse back! 骑马去, You are having me on! 你和我开玩笑呢! in cab和in carriage 不能用on或by cab或carrige。 at山脚、门口在当前,速、温、日落价核心 即在山脚下、在门口、在目前,速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。 例:At the foot of the mountain, there are thirty of our comrades. 在山脚下,有我们30个同志。 There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山脚下有一个美丽的湖。 At the gate of the house there are many children playing glassball. 门口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。 口? Who's standing there at the door? 谁站在门 I don't need the dictionary at present. 我现在还不需要这本词典。 He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在华盛顿。 The train runs at fifty kilometres an hour. 火车每小时行驶50公里。 we built the plant at top speed and minimun cost. 我们以最低的投资,最高的速度修建了该工厂。 at home 在国内,在家里 at ten degrees centigrade 在摄氏10度 at minus ten degrees centigrade 摄氏零下10度 Water freezes at 0?centigrade. 水在镊氏零度结冰。 Water usually boils at 100?. 水通常在摄氏loo度沸赐。 at zero 在零度 at the rate of 45 miles an hour at full speed 全速 at a good price 高价 at a low cost 低成本 at a great cost 花了很大代价 at that time 在当时 Evaporation takes place at all tempertures. 蒸发在任何温度下都能发生。 at 1000RPM (revolution per minute) 每分钟1000转 at a high speed 高速 The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 战士们在日落时对敌人发起了攻击。 at daybreak 日出时 The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 领导我们事业的核心力量是中国共产党。 The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一个原于核。 At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 这学期开始,我们的班主任老师对我们要求非常严格。