论《大学》中的大学之道

论《大学》中的大学之道 2011届本科毕业论文 论《大学》中的大学之道 姓 名: 周斌 系 别: 文学院 专 业:_ 汉语言文学___________ 学 号: 070111166 指导教师: 时国强 2011年 4月 25日 论《大学》中的大学之道 摘要 本文主要研究在《大学》中的“大学之道”。首先，我对“大学”在古代的 众多意思进行考查，结合《大学》一 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 的主题思想和内容指出“大学”的意义应 为政治的博大学问，是大成之学。其次，注重研究“大学之道”，分析以往学者 关于“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善”的解释。指出在《大学》中 “大学之道”的意义是:先修己身，再影响他人，然后共同达到“明明德”的境 界。 This paper mainly studies in the university, the "university way". First of all, I to "university" in ancient numerous meaning carries on the examination, combined with the theme of the book of the university thought and content says the meaning of "university" and should be political study of learning, is unparalleled. Secondly, paying attention to the research of "university way" on " analying scholars, plainly, in the word of university, in close to people's, stop yu zhishan" in the explanation. Points out that in the university "in" the meaning of the word "university is: ap oneself, again influence others and then achieving" brightening morality "border. 关键字:大学 明德 亲民 止于至善 众所周知《大学》原是《礼记》中的一篇文章，唐朝以前从未单行。在北宋仁宗天圣八年，皇帝赐进士王拱辰《大学》篇，自是以后，凡是考试及第的，必定赏赐《儒行》篇，或《中庸》、《大学》，于是《大学》逐渐有了单行本。而后为《大学》作注的很多，可是原本大多不传。到了南宋，为《大学》作注的就更多了，其中朱熹的《大学章句》风行海内，流传于世。特别是元仁宗以后的科举考试明定采用《大学》等儒家经典作品，与《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》合为《四书》，于是成为了显学。影响一代又一代的中国知识分子，然而，何为大学,什么又是大学之道却众说纷纭、意见不一。这里从《大学》这本书的内容和主题思想为依据，来探讨《大学》中的大学之道。 在论大学之道前，我们先了解一下何为大学,大学在古代也有许多意思，孔颖达在《礼记正义》引郑玄《三礼目录》曰:“名曰大学者，以其记博学可以为政也。”他认为大学乃是从事政治的博大学问，联系《大学》中的治国、平天下，也可以说大学是政治的博大学问。但不能说这是它的唯一的意思，在宋儒黎立武的《大学本旨》中曰:“大学者，大成之学也。”它是根据《学记》而注。《学记》:“比年入学，中年考校。一年视离经辨志，三年视敬业乐群，五年视博习亲师，七年视论学取友，谓之小成。九年知类通达，强立而不反，谓之大成。夫然后足以化民易俗，近者悦服而远者怀之，此之谓大学之道也。”这种说法也有一定的道理，大成之学中的化民易俗与《大学》中的亲民意义相近，亲民通新民，(下文对亲民通新民有详细的解释)指使民众日新又新，去除旧的习惯而革新。至于近者悦服而远者怀之更是内圣外王之道，大学谓之大成之学理通意通、名正言顺。除此之外，朱熹在《大学章句》有这样的见解:“大学者，大人之学也。”意思是指大人所学的学问。在《序》中有进一步解释，曰:“人生八岁，则自王公以下，至于庶民之子弟，皆入小学，而教之洒扫应对进退之节，礼乐射御书数之文。及其十有五年，则自天子之元子众子，以至公卿大夫元士之适子，与凡民之俊秀，皆入大学，而教之以穷理、正心、修己、治人之道。”可见“大学”是相对于八岁至十五岁间的“小学”而言。小学重在实际的待人接物、为人处事的规矩，以至于生活须知。大学则是除了知道实践立身行事、修己治人之道外，还要明其根源[1]。朱熹的这个观点是在对《大学》注解的基础上得出的，但在《大学》里并没有说十五岁才能学《大学》或十五岁学的才是《大学》这样的说法。可见大学不应该从年龄上划分。认为是大成之学或政治的博大学问，从思想和内容上更符合《大学》的主题思想。综述，《大学》中的“大学”是政治的博大学问，是大成之学。 我们了解了《大学》中的大学的意义后，在论述《大学》中的大学之道就有了立足点。既然是论《大学》中的大学之道就要从《大学》中的内容和主题思想出发探究何为大学之道。在《大学》的首句就说:“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善”。这构成了《大学》的基本思想和纲领。然而对于什么是明明德、什么是亲民、什么是止于至善在学术界有种种不同的看法，那么在《大学》的主题思想下它们又作何意义呢,下面我们逐一分析。 首先，什么是明明德,宋明理学家如朱熹、王阳明等都把“明德”理解为“虚灵不昧”的心体，认为“明明德”即是发明此本有的心性，所不同的是前者把它看作是“性”，而后者则看作是“心”。当代有些学者则往往把“明明德”与思孟的性善论联系起来，认为“明明德”是对《中庸》“自明诚”一语的发挥，并说 “所谓‘明明德’，就是指通过修行，使‘明德’显明于心，并同时使性得以呈现于心。”[2]这些看法明显难以让人苟同，也未必符合《大学》的原义。因为从思想史的角度来看，“明德”的观念虽然产生较早——《大学》引《康诰》“克明德”以释“明明德”即是明证——但自人性的角度以言“明德”则是相对较晚才出现的。从《大学》全文来看，其言“明德”尚处在未与人性联系在一起的阶段，更没有将其看作是内在的性，这是《大学》“明明德”的一个重要特点，也是《大学》成书较早的一个反映，看不到这一点，显然不符合《大学》思想的实际;与此不同，牟宗三先生则认为《大学》引“尧典《康诰》言‘德’或‘峻德’皆指德行说:“那时似更不能意识到本有之心性也。”[3]徐复观先生也说“《大学》此处的明德，大概也只能作明智的行为解释，而不是指的是心。”[4]从《大学》所处的时代来看，说“明德”包含“德行”、“明智的行为”的意思并不为过，但这并不是《大学》“明德”的重点所在，因为《大学》全文很少提到“德行”、“明智的行为”，相反它反复强调“正心”、“诚意”，把它看作是“明明德”的重要手段，所以把“明德”仅仅理解为“德行”、“明智的行为”同样不够全面。其实，《大学》的“明明德”主要是针对“修身”而言的，因为下文接着说到:“古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国，欲治其国者，先齐其家，欲齐其家者，先修其身。”徐复观先生说:“尤其值得注意的是:在‘国治而后天下平’一句之后，接着便说‘自天子以至于庶人，皆以修身为本。’而并未说‘皆以格物为本’，或‘皆以致知为本’;由此可知，正心、诚意、格物、致知，皆是修身的工夫。”[5]因此，由“格物”到“平天下”并非“一条鞭”式的并列关系，而是一种交叉关系，《大学》的八条目也应该只是四条目，“修身”以下四项实际是对“修身”的进一步展开，严格说来，只是一项。我们还要注意的是，《大学》中说“古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国，欲治其国者，先齐其家„„”而不是说“古之欲平天下者，先治其国，欲治其国者，先齐其家„„”从《大学》的这一句话来看，在修、齐、治、平之上实际还有一个更高的“明明德于天下”，而修、齐、治、平则是实现这一目标的过程和手段。“明明德于天下”与“平天下”并不相同，前者是就理想、道德实践，后者则是就现实、政治实践，但二者又存在密切关系，“平天下”为“明明德于天下”提供了保证，使其成为可能，而“明明德于天下”反过来又促使“平天下”的实现。因此，在《大学》那里，实际形成了这样一种循环往复的道德实践过程，一方面由修身出发，达到“家齐、国治、天下平”，而“家齐、国治、天下平”则在更大范围内使明明德成为可能，使社会的每一个人都能够去修其身、齐其家、治其国、平天下，使社会每一个人的道德生命都得到充分实现，而社会每一个人道德生命的实现，反过来又促使“家齐、国治、天下平”，如此延续，不断循环。由于以上各项是一种条件的蕴涵关系，这段话实际是说:欲明明德于天下，先修其身，然后齐其家、治其国、平天下。显然，“明明德”即“修其身”，而“明明德于天下”也即在此基础上使天下之人皆能修其身。孔颖达释“明明德”为“谓身有明德而更彰显之”，正指明了这一点。既然“明明德”主要是指“修身”，那么它就应当包括“正心”、“诚意”、“格物”、“致知”等内容，理解《大学》的“明明德”，正应从此入手。 其次，“亲民”在《大学》中又作何讲呢,程颐、朱熹主张“亲民”当作“新民”，程颐作《大学》定本一卷时[6]，对《大学》文字作了两处更动，一是将“身有所忿懥，则不得其正”改为“心有所忿懥，则不得其正”，另一处即是将“亲民”改为“新民”;朱熹也认为:“今亲民云者，以文义推之则无理;新民云者，以传文考之则有据。”[7]其所作《大学章句》“亲民”下注曰:“亲，当作新。” 但反对程、朱者也不乏其人，影响较大者如王阳明，曾与弟子徐爱辨“宜从旧本作‘亲民’”，列在《传习录》首章，认为“说亲民便是兼教养意，说新民便觉偏了”，足见二者的对立。郭店简中有“教民有新(亲)也”，(《唐虞之道》)“不戚不新(亲)，不新(亲)不爱”(《五行》)等语，其中“亲”皆写作“新”，说明“亲”、“新”本可通用。但要确定“亲民”是否为“新民”，仅有文字的根据还不够，因为这里实际存在两种可能性，一是“亲民”写作“新民”，但作“亲”讲，郭店简就是这种情况;一是“亲民”通“新民”，所以还须从思想内容上作进一步的判断。朱熹等改“亲民”为“新民”，主要是他们看到下文有“苟日新，日日新”、“作新民”等语，而没有“亲民”的内容，这就是其所说的“以传文考之则有据”;另外则是考虑到思想上的联系。他在“新民”下注曰:“新者，革其旧之谓也，言既自明其明德，又当推以及人，使之亦有以去其旧染之污也。”在他看来，前面既已说“明明德”，下面自当是与“明德”有关的“新民”，若说是“亲民”，则“文义”多少不够联贯。朱熹认为“今亲民云者，以文义推之则无理”，多少有些夸大其词，但他把“新民”与“明明德”、“止于至善”理解为一种并列关系，无疑是合理的。与此不同，王阳明则把“明明德”与“亲民”看作是体用的关系:“明明德者，立其天地万物一体之体也。亲民者，达其天地万物一体之用也。故明明德必在于亲民，而亲民乃所以明其明德也。”[8]显然不符合原义，且与后面的“止于至善”无法统一，故从文义的联贯来看，“新民”无疑胜于“亲民”。但王阳明主张恢复古本的“亲民”，并非仅仅出于文义的考虑，而是对早期儒学政治理想的一种承接，他认为“说亲民便是兼教、养意，说新民便觉偏了”，所谓“偏了”，便是指偏于“教”的一面。在他看来，早期儒家往往重视民众的生养问题，主张先养后教，孔子讲“老者安之，朋友信之，少者怀之”(《论语?公冶长》)，也是“养”之意大于“教”之意，所以“亲民”显然比“新民”更符合早期儒学的一贯主张。王阳明所论，可能是针对后儒“重教轻养”甚或“只教不养”的流弊而发，有其自身的价值[9]，但却不足以解决《大学》“亲民”、“新民”问题的争论，因为《大学》虽然提出“修、齐、治、平”的政治理想，但其主要是属于儒学内部的“明德”系统，而不是“事功”系统，从它的一些论述来看，也是重“教”(德)甚于重“养”(财)，如“德者本也，财者末也”，“是故财聚则民散，财散则民聚，”“仁者以财发身，不仁者以身发财。”所以从《大学》的思想性格看，仍是“新民”比“亲民”更接近原义。另外，从上下文看，《大学》的“亲民”主要对应的是“齐家”、“治国”，而作者在论述这些内容时，依然侧重的是“德”、“教”，如，“一家仁，一国兴仁;一家让，一国兴让;一人贪戾，一国作乱。„„此谓一言偾事，一人定国”，“上老老而民兴孝，上长长而民兴弟，上恤孤而民不倍”，“君子贤其贤而要亲其亲，小人乐其乐而利其利。”这同样说明，《大学》的“亲民”应作“新民”。 再其次，“止于至善”在《大学》中的怎么理解。“止于至善”中的“至善”，前人往往理解为“至善之行”，如孔颖达认为:“在止于至善者，言大学之道在止处于至善之行。”朱熹也认为“至善，则事理当然之极也。”这种理解可能源于下面的一段文字:“为人君，止于仁;为人臣止于敬;为人子，止于孝;为人父，止于慈;与国人交，止于信。”这里的“仁”、“敬”、“孝”、“慈”等皆是指具体的人伦行为，而这段文字又是对“止于至善”的阐释、发挥，故人们往往以此来理解《大学》的“至善”。但仔细辨析，不难发现这种理解存在不少问题，首先，没有揭示出“至善”与“明明德”、“亲民”的关系，使人无法看清二者的联系;其次，先秦儒学中“仁”、“敬”、“信”等概念往往既指适用于所有人的普遍道德 规范，又指具体人伦间的 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 ;与“至善”有关的往往是前者而不是后者，所以把“至善”理解为具体人伦的“至善之行”，显然不合适。实际上，“为人君，止于仁„„”及与其前面的“《诗》云:邦畿千里，维民所止”、“《诗》云:缗蛮黄鸟，止于丘隅”、“子曰:于止，知其所止，可以人而不如鸟乎”等语一样，是对“止于至善”中“止”的解释，而不是对“至善”的解释，用它来理解“至善”乃是对原文的误解。王阳明说“至善者，明德、亲民之极则也”，注意到“至善”与“明德”、“亲民”的关系，无疑胜于前面的解释，但他认为“至善是心之本体”(《传习录上》)[10]，显然又不合适了。其实“止于至善”就是下文的“明明德于天下”，《大学》的这两段话实具有一种内在的联系，作者先在文章的首段提出“明明德”、“新民”、“止于至善”三纲领，又在“古之欲明明德于天下也”一段里，通过“修、齐、治、平”等八条目对此作了进一步阐发，前面说过，“明明德”主要是指“修身”，那么，“止于至善”显然是指修身的最终结果“明明德于天下”了，由此我们也可以知道，《大学》的三纲领与八条目实际是一个整体，后者是对前者的补充、发挥，并非在三纲领之外另有一个八条目，也并非在八条目之上还有一个三纲领，二者不过是对同一件事的不同 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 述。明白这一点，不仅“止于至善”等问题可以得到理解，整个《大学》的思想结构都可有一贯通。除了内容之外，三纲领的关系同样也是《大学》研究中需要澄清的一个问题。由于《大学》的表述方式，人们往往以为由“明明德”到“止于至善”是一个渐进过程，“明明德”是始，“止于至善”是终，二者之间有一段距离。其实不然，在作者那里，“明明德”与“止于至善”实际是密不可分的，在“明明德”时便应以“止于至善”为目标，而只有确立了“止于至善”的目标，也才能真正地“明明德”。从这一点看，说《大学》是以“止于至善”为目标和出发点的，可能更为合适。三纲领后，作者接着说道:知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。物有本末，事有终始。知所先后，则近道矣。“知止”的“止”，朱熹注为:“所当止之地，即至善之所在也”，那么，“知止”即知道自己的人生理想和目标是“止于至善”，而这种目标一旦确立，思想就会有一定向，平静而不妄动，对自身的境遇也能够安然处之，能够正确的思虑，能够有所收获、有所获得。需要指出的是，这里的“虑”显然不是一般的思虑，而主要是对如何“止于至善”的思虑，“得”也是对如何“止于至善”有所得，所以下面紧接着说:“物有本末，事有终始。知所先后，则近道矣。”朱熹注此句为:“明德为本，新民为末。知止为始，能得为终。”基本可取。这样作为道德实践手段的“明明德”，与作为道德实践目标的“知止”便呈现一种复杂而密切的关系:一方面，从“本末”来说，“明明德”是本，离开了“明明德”，“新民”、“止于至善”便无从谈起;另一方面，从“终始”说，则“知止”是始，只有“知止”，只有确立了“止于至善”的人生目标，才能真正去“明明德”，才能真正去实现这一目标。明白了这一点，才能真正理解“大学之道”，也才能“近道矣”。 综上所述，我们对《大学》中的大学之道有了一个比较清晰的认识，明白了大学之道乃是:先修己身，再影响他人，然后共同达到“明明德”的境界。知道了这些，感觉大学四年还有些收获。人生的路虽然还很漫长，长的让人看不到边际，但明白了大学之道，心中仿佛生起了一盏明灯。 参考文献: [1] 叶匡政的《大学中庸高级读解》 海峡文艺出版社2009年版 ，第20页。 [2] 郭沂:《〈大学〉新论》，载《新儒家评论》第二辑，中国广播电视出版社1995 年版。 [3] 牟宗三《心体与性体》第三册，台北中正书局1969年版，第369页。 [4] 徐复观:《中国人性论史?先秦篇》，第九章《先秦儒家思想的综合棗大学 之道》，第282页，台湾商务印书馆民国五十七年版。 [5] 徐复观:《中国人性论史?先秦篇》，第279—280页。 [6] 《伊川先生改正大学》，收入《二程集》第四册《河南程氏经说》卷五。 [7] 朱熹:《大学或问》上，载《朱子四书语类》，上海古籍出版社1992年版。 [8] 王阳明《传习录下》，中州古籍出版社2008年版， [9] 徐复观先生对此曾有很好的论述，参见《中国人性论史?先秦篇》，第293 —294页。 [10] 王阳明《传习录上》，中州古籍出版社2008年版，第135页。 致谢 此片论文得以完成,首先要感谢张小华老师的细心指导。张老师开阔的视野，为我提供了极大的发挥空间，在这段时间里让我明白了做任何事情要严谨细致、一丝不苟，对人要宽容、宽厚，张老师宽厚待人的学者风范更是令我无比感动。 感谢各位老师在这几年一直在生活中、组织上给予我的教导和无私的帮助，让我在河北化工医药职业技术学院这个大舞台上有锻炼的能力、自我完善的平台。 在此文即将完成之际，我衷心的感谢在此过程中帮助过我的每个人，在这里请接收我最诚挚的谢意～由于时间仓促、自身等原因，文章错误疏漏之处在所难免，恳请各位老师斧正。 商丘师范学院文学院 2011届本科生毕业论文学生档案目录 论文题目: 姓 名:_ _ _ 专 业:__ 班 级:_ 学 号:__ 指导教师:__ 1.《毕业论文任务书》一式1份 2.《商丘师范学院本科毕业论文开题报告》一式1份 3.毕业论文第一稿及《指导教师意见书》1份 4.毕业论文第二稿及《指导教师意见书》1份 5.毕业论文第三稿及《指导教师意见书》1份 6.毕业论文(定稿)一式2份 7.《毕业论文导师评阅表》一式1份 8.《毕业论文评审人评阅表》(一)、(二)各1份 9.《毕业论文(设计)答辩申请书》一式1份 10.《商丘师范学院本科毕业论文答辩记录》1份 11.《毕业论文评审表》一式2份 毕业论文(设计)任务书 ____文学院_ __ 填写时间:_2010_年_11_月_19_日 课题名称 学生姓名 专业、学号 论文(设 计)基本要 求、重点需 要研究的 问题 计划进度 安排 应收集的 资料及主 要参考文 献 指导教师(签名): 系主任(签名): 单位(盖章) 商丘师范学院本科毕业论文开题报告 所 在 学生姓名 周斌 文学院 专业 汉语言文学 院(系) 论文题目: 《大学》中的修生之道 一、选题的意义: 在中国儒家文化上，《大学》作为一部经典作品占有重要地位。其内容深深扎根于现实生活的土壤之中，每一句话中所包含的意义都深深影响着每一个中国人，对几千年的中国文化也产生了深远的影响。《大学》开篇就讲:“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。物有本末，事有终始。知所先后，则近道矣。”短短数十字就道出了人生的意义，人生之道从何而起，如何乘风破浪飞入云端看清被掩盖的宇宙。给无数迷茫的心灵指明了方向，让千年历史变的辉煌。因此，通过对《大学》学习领悟我们可以看到《大学》许多道理值得我们学习，特别是其中的“修身之道”更值得我们细细研究，不仅对我们学习有指导性的作用，对我们的人生也有很大的帮助。 二、课题研究现状: 关于对《大学》的研究从本书出现就已经开始，特别是宋朝被从《礼记》中提出来独立成书以后，更被儒家学者和后世文人奉之为经典加以研读。历来的研究者对他的研究涉及到诸多领域。有的对作品的艺术特色进行深入分析;有的对作品的意义:有的对作品的内容进行探索;有的探讨作品的成因等等。历来许多学者对《大学》中的“三纲”“八目”进行研究，尤其是对作品中的“知，止，定，静，安，虑，得”研究非常广泛。本文在前人研究的基础上深入分析作品，来进一步探究作品中“修身之道”，探讨修身为何，侧重如何修身。 三、主要研究内容: 《大学》全篇仅仅数千字，主要围绕“明明德，亲民，止于至善”展开阐述，然后讲到“格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。”本文将以“修身”为中心研究大学之道。一，修身为何。二，如何修身。三，现代大学生修身的意义。 四、研究方法: 本文在阅读《大学》原著的基础上，通过图书馆、电子阅览室，广泛的搜集了关于对《大学》研究的资料。阅读和整理了大量有关方面的文章能够和作品。 五、论文基本要求、重点需要研究的问题: 基本要求:有自己的观点，论证充分，能独立完成课题，突出重点，观点论证充分。 重点研究问题:《大学》中的修身之道。 六、进度计划: 1、2008年11月初选题; 2、2008年11月中旬至12月中旬资料搜集整理; 3、2008年12月下旬至2009年1月撰写初稿; 4、2009年2月至2009年3月撰写第二稿; 5、2009年4月撰写第三稿; 6、2009年5月上旬论文答辩。 七、应收集的资料及主要参考文献: [1]南怀瑾 《原本大学微言》 复旦大学出版社 2003版 [2]万里云 《修 齐 治 平 安天下》 河南人民出版社 1997版 ，3 《大学》原著 开题人(签名): 年 月 日 指导教师意见: 指导教师(签名): 商丘师范学院本科毕业论文答辩记录 答辩人 专业 学号 论文题目 指导教师 答辩组教师 答辩过程记录: 记录人,签名,: 年 月 日 毕业论文(设计)导师评阅表 学生姓名:____ __ 学号:____ ________ 课题名称 评分 评定 评价内容 评价指标 权值 成绩 能独立查阅文献和从事其他调研;能正确翻译外文资 文献综述、 料;能较好提出课题的开题报告;综合分析的正确性20 开题报告 和设计、计算的正确性;论证的充分性 有扎实的基础理论知识和专业知识;能正确设计实验 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 (或正确建立数学模型、机械结构方案);独立 进行实验工作;能运用所学知识和技能去发现与解决业务水平 30 实际问题;能正确处理实验数据;能对课题进行理论 分析，得出有价值的结论;有较好的专业外语水平 综述简练完整，有见解;立论正确，论述充分，结论 严谨合理;实验正确，分析处理科学;文字通顺，技 术用语准确，符号统一，编号齐全，书写工整规范，论文(设计说 图表完备、整洁、正确;论文结果有应用价值;图纸明书、图纸)40 绘制符合国家 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，质量符合要求;计算及测试结果质量 准确;工作中有创新意识;对前人工作有改进或突破， 或有独特见解 工作量、 按期完成规定的任务，工作量饱满，难度较大;工作 10 努力，遵守纪律;工作作风严谨务实 工作态度 合 计 100 导师评语 导师签字: 年 月 日 毕业论文(设计)评审人评阅表(一) 学生姓名:___________ 学号:____________ 论文(设计)名称 评分评价内容 评价指标 评定成绩 权值 查阅文献有一定广泛性;翻译外文资料质 20 文献综述 量较好;综合分析的正确性和设计、计算 的正确性;论证的充分性 能运用所学知识和技能去发现与解决实 际问题;能正确处理实验数据;能对课题30 业务水平 进行理论分析，得出有价值的结论;有较 好的专业外语水平 综述简练完整，有见解;立论正确，论述 充分，结论严谨合理;实验正确，分析处 理科学;文字通顺，技术用语准确，符号 论文(设计说明统一，编号齐全，书写工整规范，图表完40 书、图纸)质量 备、整洁、正确;论文结果有应用价值; 图纸绘制符合国家标准，质量符合要求; 工作中有创新意识;对前人工作有改进或 突破，或有独特见解 按期完成规定的任务，工作量饱满，难度10 工作量、难度 较大 合 计 100 评审人签字: 年 月 日 毕业论文(设计)评审人评阅表(二) 学生姓名:___________ 学号:____________ 论文(设计)名称 评分评价内容 评价指标 评定成绩 权值 查阅文献有一定广泛性;翻译外文资料质 20 文献综述 量较好;综合分析的正确性和设计、计算 的正确性;论证的充分性 能运用所学知识和技能去发现与解决实 际问题;能正确处理实验数据;能对课题30 业务水平 进行理论分析，得出有价值的结论;有较 好的专业外语水平 综述简练完整，有见解;立论正确，论述 充分，结论严谨合理;实验正确，分析处 理科学;文字通顺，技术用语准确，符号 论文(设计说明统一，编号齐全，书写工整规范，图表完40 书、图纸)质量 备、整洁、正确;论文结果有应用价值; 图纸绘制符合国家标准，质量符合要求; 工作中有创新意识;对前人工作有改进或 突破，或有独特见解 按期完成规定的任务，工作量饱满，难度10 工作量、难度 较大 合 计 100 评审人签字: 年 月 日 毕业论文(设计)答辩申请书 学生姓名 专业 班级学号 题 目 答辩申请: 学生(签字): 年 月 日 指导教师意见: 指导教师(签字): 指导教师单位、职称: 年 月 日 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.