土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译

土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete (来自《土木工程英语》) Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars. The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, 第91页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself. The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely. The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations: 1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs. In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration. 2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function. A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage 第92页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape and texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members. 3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings. 4. Low maintenance. Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used for surfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals. 5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are very widely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas. On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include: 1. Low tensile strength. The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such 第93页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage. 2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction. 3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume. The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel. 4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled, and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads. In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements. Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the 第94页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) traditional equations derived in a course in strength of materials for homogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations. A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability. Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because unreinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and fails suddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design. A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction. Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of 第95页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) a particular class of structures. The second type of code, called a building code, is established to cover construction in a given region, often a city or a state. The objective of a building code is also to protect the public by accounting for the influence of the local environmental conditions on construction. For example, local authorities may specify additional provisions to account for such regional conditions as earthquake, heavy snow, or tornados. National structural codes genrally are incorporated into local building codes. The American Concrete Institute ( ACI ) Building Code covering the design of reinforced concrete buildings. It contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced concrete manufacture, design, and construction. It includes specifications on quality of materials, details on mixing and placing concrete, design assumptions for the analysis of continuous structures, and equations for proportioning members for design forces. All structures must be proportioned so they will not fail or deform excessively under any possible condition of service. Therefore it is important that an engineer use great care in anticipating all the probable loads to which a structure will be subjected during its lifetime. Although the design of most members is controlled typically by dead and live load acting simultaneously, consideration must also be given to the forces produced by wind, impact, shrinkage, temperature change, creep and support settlements, earthquake, and so forth. The load associated with the weight of the structure itself and its permanent components is called the dead load. The dead load of concrete members, which is substantial, should never be neglected in design computations. The exact magnitude of the dead load is not known accurately until members have been sized. Since some figure for the dead load must be used in computations to size the members, its magnitude must be estimated at first. After a structure has been analyzed, the members sized, and architectural details completed, the dead load can be computed more accurately. If the computed dead load is approximately equal to the initial estimate of its value ( or slightly less ), the design is complete, but if a significant difference exists between the computed and estimated values of dead weight, the computations should be revised using an improved value of dead load. An accurate estimate of dead load is 第96页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) particularly important when spans are long, say over 75 ft ( 22.9 m ), because dead load constitutes a major portion of the design load. Live loads associated with building use are specific items of equipment and occupants in a certain area of a building, building codes specify values of uniform live for which members are to be designed. After the structure has been sized for vertical load, it is checked for wind in combination with dead and live load as specified in the code. Wind loads do not usually control the size of members in building less than 16 to 18 stories, but for tall buildings wind loads become significant and cause large forces to develop in the structures. Under these conditions economy can be achieved only by selecting a structural system that is able to transfer horizontal loads into the ground efficiently. 钢筋混凝土 在每一个国家，混凝土及钢筋混凝土都被用来作为建筑材料。很多地区，包 括美国和加拿大，钢筋混凝土在工程建设中是主要的结构材料。钢筋混凝土建筑 的普遍性源于钢筋的广泛供应和混凝土的组成成分，砾石，沙子，水泥等，混凝 土施工所需的技能相对简单，与其他形式的建设相比，钢筋混凝土更加经济。混 凝土及钢筋混凝土用于桥梁、各种地下结构建筑、水池、电视塔、海洋石油勘探 建筑、工业建筑、大坝，甚至用于造船业。 钢筋混凝土结构可能是现浇混凝土结构，在其最后位置建造，或者他们可能 是在一家工厂生产混凝土预制件，再在施工现场安装。混凝土结构在设计上可能 是普通的和多功能的，或形状和布局是奇想和艺术的。其他很少几种建材能够提 供建筑和结构如此的通用性和广泛适用性。 混凝土有较强的抗压力但抗拉力很弱。因此，混凝土，每当承受荷载时，或 约束收缩或温度变化，引起拉应力，在超过抗拉强度时，裂缝开始发展。在素混 凝土梁中，中和轴的弯矩是由在混凝土内部拉压力偶来抵抗作用荷载之后的值。 这种梁当出现第一道裂缝时就突然完全地断裂了。在钢筋混凝土梁中，钢筋是那 样埋置于混凝土中，以至于当混凝土开裂后弯矩平衡所需的拉力由纲筋中产生。 钢筋混凝土构件的建造包括以被建构件的形状支摸板。模型必须足够强大， 以至于能够支承自重和湿混凝土的静水压力，工人施加的任何力量都适用于它， 具体的手推车，风压力，等等。在混凝土的运作过程中，钢筋将被放置在摸板中。 在混凝土硬化后，模板都将被移走。当模板被移走时，支撑将被安装来承受混凝 第97页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 土的重量直到它达到足够的强度来承受自重。 设计师必须使混凝土构件有足够的强度来抵抗荷、载和足够的刚度来防止过度的挠度变形。除此之外，梁必须设计合理以便它能够被建造。例如，钢筋必须按构造设计，以便能在现场装配。由于当钢筋放入摸板后才浇筑混凝土，因此混凝土必须能够流过钢筋及摸板并完全充满摸板的每个角落。 被建成的结构材料的选择是混凝土，还是钢材、砌体，或木材，取决于是否有材料和一些价值决策。结构体系的选择是由建筑师或工程师早在设计的基础上决定的，考虑到下列因素: 1.经济。常常首要考虑的是结构的总造价。当然，这是随着材料的成本和安装构件的必需劳动力改变的。然而，总投资常常更受总工期的影响，因为承包商和业主必须借款或贷款以便完成建设，在建筑物竣工前他们从此项投资中将得不到任何回报。在一个典型的大型公寓或商业项目中，建筑成本的融资将是总费用的一个重要部分。因此，金融储蓄，由于快速施工可能多于抵消增加材料成本。基于这个原因，设计师可以采取任何措施规范设计来减轻削减的成本。 在许多情况下，长期的经济结构可能比第一成本更重要。因此，维修和耐久性是重要的考虑因素。 2 .用于建筑与结构功能适宜的材料。钢筋混凝土体系经常让设计师将建筑与结构的功能相结合。混凝土被放置在塑性条件下借助于模板和表面加工来造出想要的形状和结构，这是它具有的优势。在提供成品楼或天花板表面时，这使得平板或其他形式的板作为受力构件。同样，钢筋混凝土墙壁能提供有吸引力的建筑表面，还有能力抵御重力、风力，或地震荷载。最后，大小和形状的选择是由设计师而不是由提供构件的标准决定的。 3 .耐火性。建筑结构必须经受得住火灾的袭击，并且当人员疏散及大火扑灭之时建筑物仍然保持不倒。钢筋混凝土建筑特殊的防火材料及其他构造措施情况下，自身具有1-3个小时的耐火极限。钢结构或木结构必须采取防火措施才能达到类似的耐火极限。 4 .低维护。混凝土构件本身比结构钢或木材构件需要更少的维修。如果致密，尤其如此，加气混凝土已经被用于暴露于大气中的表面，如果在设计中已经采取谨慎措施，以提供足够的排水和远离的结构。必须采取的特别预防措施是让混凝土接触到盐，如除冰化学品。 5 .材料的供应。砂、碎石、水泥和混凝土搅拌设备是被非常广泛使用的，以及钢筋比结构钢更容易运到多数工地。因此，钢筋混凝土在偏远地区经常使用。 另一方面，有一些因素可能会导致选择钢筋混凝土以外的材料。这些措施包括: 1 .低抗拉强度。混凝土的抗拉强度是远低于其抗压强度(约1 / 10 ) ，因此，混凝土易经受裂缝。在结构用途时，用钢筋承受拉力，并限制裂缝宽度在 第98页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 允许的范围内来克服。不过，在设计和施工中如果不采取措施，这些裂缝可能会有碍观瞻，或可允许水的浸入。发生这种情况时，水或化学物质如道路除冰盐可能会导致混凝土的恶化或污染。这种情况下，需要特别设计的措施。在水支挡结构这种情况下，需要特别的措施和/或预应力，以防止泄漏。 2 .支摸。建造一个现浇结构包括三个步骤，在钢或木结构的施工中是遇不到的。这些都是(a)支摸 (b)拆摸( c ) 安装支撑，直至其达到足够的强度以支承其重量。上述每个步骤，涉及劳动力和/或材料，在其他结构形式中，这是没有必要的。 3 . 每单位重量或量的相对低强度。该混凝土抗压强度大约是钢材抗压强度5至10 , ，，而其单位密度大约是钢材密度的30 ,。因此，一个混凝土结构，与钢结构相比，需要较大的体积和较大重量的材料。因此，大跨度结构，往往建成钢结构。 4 .时间依赖的量的变化。混凝土与钢进行大约同样数量的热膨胀和收缩时，有比较少量的钢材加热或冷却，因为钢与混凝土相比是一个较好的导体，钢结构比混凝土结构在更大程度上更易受温度变化。另一方面，混凝土经历了干缩，如果被抑制，可能会导致变形或开裂。此外，变形随着时间的推移将趋于增加，由于混凝土在持续的负荷下的徐变，可能会增加一倍。 几乎在土木工程和建筑的每一个分支中，钢筋混凝土在结构和基础领域内都得到了广泛的使用。因此，工程师及建筑师在其整个职业生涯中需要钢筋混凝土设计的基本知识。文章的大部分是直接关于组成典型的钢筋混凝土结构的部件如梁、柱和板他们之间的作用、协调。一旦这些个别要素的作用被理解，设计师将有能力分析和设计这些元素组成的各种各样的复杂结构，例如地基，建筑物和桥梁。 由于钢筋混凝土是一个徐变、收缩，并出现裂缝的非匀质材料，它的应力不能由适用于材料强度均匀弹性材料的传统方程推导出的方程准确预测。因此，许多钢筋混凝土的设计基于实证，即设计方程和设计方法是基于实验和费时的证明，而不是从理论的提法被完全导出的结果。 对钢筋混凝土性能彻底的了解将允许设计师将脆性材料转换变成强硬的韧性结构材料，从而利用混凝土良好的特点，其高抗压强度，其耐火性，其耐久性。 混凝土--石状的物质，是由搅拌水泥，水，细骨料(通常砂)，粗骨料，并经常添加其他外加剂(即改善特性)而成为的一种和易性好的混合物。在其未硬化或塑性状态下，混凝土可放置在模板里产生大量的各种结构要素。虽然硬化的混凝土本身，也就是说，没有任何钢筋，它具有较强的抗压强度，但缺乏抗拉强度，因此很容易产生裂缝。因为无钢筋的混凝土是脆性的，它在荷载作用下不能进行大变形，并在没有预兆下突然断裂。钢筋与混凝土相结合，可以减少其主要的两个固有弱点的负面影响，其易开裂性和其脆性。当钢筋牢固黏结于混凝土时， 第99页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 一种强大、刚性、延性的建筑材料就诞生了。这种材料，所谓的钢筋混凝土，被广泛用于建筑基础、结构框架、仓库、网状结构、公路、墙壁、水坝、运河及无数的其他结构和建筑产品。混凝土的其他两个特点，是混凝土被加固时会发生收缩和徐变，但采用仔细的设计可以减轻这些特性的负面影响。 规范，是一套技术规格和控制设计与施工重要细节的标准。规范的目的是产生合理的结构，使使用者将免于劣质和不合格的设计和结构。 现有两种规范。其中一类，所谓的结构规范，是源于关心正确使用具体材料或关心某一特定类别结构安全设计的专家。 第二种类型的规范，所谓的建筑条例，涵盖了建设在某一地区，往往是一个城市或一个国家的建筑。建筑条例的目标，也是以对抗当地环境条件对建设的影响来保障公众的权益。例如，地方当局可以规定其他的条款，以对抗这样的区域条件，地震、大雪或龙卷风。国家结构规范常常被纳入当地的建筑法规。 美国混凝土学会( ACI )的建筑规范包括钢筋混凝土建筑物的设计。它包括涵盖钢筋混凝土制造的各个方面--设计和施工的条文。它包括材料质量的规格、混合和现浇混凝土的细节，连续结构分析的设计假定，配料成分的设计方程。 所有构件必须协调，这样它们在任何可能的工作条件下就不会失效或发生过大变形。因此，一名工程师非常谨慎地预期结构在其一生中所有可能经受的荷载，这是非常重要的。 虽然大部分构件的设计是由同时作用的恒载和活载所控制，但还必须考虑到风、冲击、收缩、温度变化、徐变和地基沉陷、地震等等所产生的的力。 与结构自重和固有的构件重量有关的荷载称为恒载。混凝土构件的恒载是固有的，在设计计算过程中是必须要考虑的。恒载值的大小直到构件尺寸确定后才能清楚的知道 。由于恒载的一些数值在计算构件尺寸时要用到，所以首先要估计他们值的大小。在结构进行了分析构件、构件尺寸确定、建筑的细节完成后，恒载可以计算更准确。如果计算的恒载大约等于它的初步估计值(或略少) ，但设计完成后，如果计算值和估计值之间存在显着性差异时，计算应用改进的恒载值加以修正。当跨度较长时，恒载的准确估计是特别重要的，因为当跨度超过七十五英尺( 22.9米)时 ，恒载是设计荷载的一个重要组成部分。 建设使用的相关活荷载是由城市或国家结构规范规定的。设计构件均布活荷载的值是由结构规范规定的，而不是根据设备的特定项目和某一个特定地区的使用者来估计。 结构在竖向荷载下定了尺寸后，还要根据风荷载和规范中规定的恒载活载组合后的结果来进行验算。风荷载在少于16到18层楼房中通常不控制构件的大小，但对于高层建筑，风荷载在结构中成为重要的控制因素和引起强大作用力的因素。在这种情况下，只有选择一个能够有效地将横向荷载传递到地面的结构体系，经济才能实现。 第100页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 下面红色字体部分是赠送的散文欣赏摘自网络，不需要的朋友下载后可以编辑删除～～～谢谢～～～ 可依靠的唯有自己 这是发生在一个普通犹太人家庭里，父亲和儿子的故事: 儿子叫约翰，在他4岁那年，有一天他和姐姐在客厅玩捉迷藏。他们玩得正高兴，父亲抱起小约翰，把他放在沙发椅上面，然后伸出双手做出接的姿势，叫他往下跳。小约翰毫不犹豫地往下跳，在即将抓住父亲的瞬间，父亲缩回了双手，约翰摔到了地板上，他号啕大哭起来。小约翰向坐在沙发上的妈妈求助，妈妈若 第101页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 无其事地坐着，并不去扶他，只是微笑着说:“呵，好坏的爸爸～”父亲站在一边，以嘲弄的眼光望着上当受骗的小约翰。 这便是犹太家庭教子的方法之一，这样做的目的是灌输给孩子一个理念:社会是复杂的，不要轻信他人，唯一可依赖的就是自己。 犹太家庭的孩子都要回答这样一个问题:“假如有一天房子被烧着了，你将带着什么东西逃跑,”如果孩子回答是钱财，母亲会进一步问:“有一种没有形状、没有颜色、没有气味的宝贝，你知道是什么吗,”如果孩子回答不出来，母亲会告诉他:“孩子，你要带走的不是钱财，而是智慧。因为智慧是任何人都抢不走的，你只要活着，智慧就永远跟着你。” 你对爸爸的爱，远远胜过那部车 一个犹太家庭的父亲，存钱存了很久，终于买了一辆自己向往已久的新车。新车开到家后，他珍爱有加，每天都要洗车打蜡。他5岁的儿子见父亲这么爱车，也常常乐此不疲地帮爸爸一起洗车。 有一天，这位父亲开车回到家后，累得一动也不想动。于是他决定破一次例，改天再洗车，尽管自己的爱车因淋了雨，而显得脏乱不堪。 这时，5岁的儿子见父亲这么累，就自告奋勇地要帮爸爸洗车，见他这么小的年纪，就知道体谅自己，心里甚感欣慰，便放手让儿子去洗。 儿子要动手洗车了，却找不到洗车用的毛巾。于是他走进厨房，立刻便想到母亲平时煮菜洗锅时，都是用钢刷使劲刷才刷干净的，所以既然没有毛巾，就用钢刷吧～他拿起钢刷用力地洗起车来，一遍又一遍，像刷锅一样地刷车。 等他洗完之后，听见“哇”的一声，他失声大哭起来，车子怎么都花了,这下可闯大祸了，他急忙跑去找父亲，边哭边说:“爸爸，对不起，爸爸，你来看～”父亲疑惑地跟着儿子走到车旁，他也“哇”的一声，“我的车，我的车～” 这位父亲怒气冲冲地走进房间，气急败坏地跪在地上祷告:“上帝呀，请你告诉我，我该怎么做,那是我新买的车，一个月不到，就变成这样，我该怎么处罚我的孩子,” 他才祷告完，耳边忽然出现一个声音“世人都是看表面，而我却是看内心～”突然间，他彻悟了。 他走出房门，儿子正害怕地流着泪，动也不敢动。 父亲走上前去，把孩子紧紧地拥在怀里，亲切地说:“谢谢你帮爸爸洗车，爸爸对你的爱，远远胜过对那部车子。” 第102页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 凡事要透过表面去看本质，当家人或朋友无意间做错了某件事时，我们要理智对待，不要只看事情的表面，而忽略他们内心真实的想法。学会用爱心去包容爱心，家会让你感觉自己的周围，时时洋溢温暖的阳光。 小饭馆的生意很好，因为物美价廉，因为他的谦和和妻子的热情。每天早晨，三四点钟他就早早起来去采购，直到天亮才把所需要的蔬菜、鲜肉拉回家。没有雇人手，两个人忙得像陀螺。常常，因为缺乏睡眠，他的眼睛红红的。 不久，一个推着三轮车的老人来到他门前。她驼背，走路一跛一跛的，用手比划着，想为他提供蔬菜和鲜肉，绝对新鲜，价格还便宜。老人是个哑巴，脸上满是灰尘，额角和眼边的几块疤痕让她看上去面目丑陋。妻子不同意，老人的样子，看上去实在不舒服。可他却不顾妻子的反对，答应下来。不知怎的，眼前的老人让他突然想起了母亲。 老人很讲信用，每次应他要求运来的蔬菜果然都是新鲜的。于是，每天早晨六点钟，满满一三轮车的菜准时送到他的饭馆门前。他偶尔也请老人吃碗面，老人吃得很慢，很享受的样子。他心里酸酸的，对老人说，她每天都可以在这儿吃碗面。老人笑了，一跛一跛地走过来。他看着她，不知怎的，又想起了母亲，突然有一种想哭的冲动。 一晃，两年又过去了，他的饭馆成了酒楼，他也有了一笔数目可观的积蓄，买了房子。可为他送菜的，依旧是那个老人。 又过了半个月，突然有一天，他在门前等了很久，却一直等不到老人。时间已经过了一个小时，老人还没有来。他没有她的联系方式，无奈，只好让工人去买菜。两小时后，工人拉回了菜，仔细看看，他心里有了疙瘩，这车菜远远比不上老人送的莱。老人送来的菜全经过精心挑选，几乎没有干叶子，棵棵都清爽。 只是，从那天后，老人再未出现。 春节就要到了，他包着饺子，突然对妻子说想给老人送去一碗，顺便看看她发生了什么事。怎么一个星期都没有送菜,这可是从没有过的事。妻子点头。 煮了饺子，他拎着，反复打听一个跛脚的送菜老人，终于在离他酒楼两个街道的胡同里，打听到她了。 他敲了半天门，无人应答。门虚掩着，他顺手推开。昏暗狭小的屋子里，老人在床上躺着，骨瘦如柴。老人看到他，诧异地睁大眼，想坐起来，却无能为力。他把饺子放到床边，问老人是不是病了。老人张张嘴，想说什么，却没说出来。他坐下来，打量这间小屋子，突然，墙上的几张照片让他吃惊地张大嘴巴。竟然是他和妈妈的合影～他5岁时，10岁时，17岁时……墙角，一只用旧布包着的包袱，包袱皮上，绣着一朵梅花。他转过头，呆呆地看着老人，问她是谁。老人怔怔地，突然脱口而出:儿啊。 他彻底惊呆了～眼前的老人，不是哑巴,为他送了两年菜的老人，是他的母亲, 那沙哑的声音分明如此熟悉，不是他母亲又能是谁,他呆愣愣地，突然上前，一把抱住母亲，号啕痛哭，母子俩的眼泪沾到了一起。 不知哭了多久，他 第103页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 先抬起头，哽咽着说看到了母亲的坟，以为她去世了，所以才离开家。母亲擦擦眼泪，说是她让邻居这么做的。她做工的爆竹厂发生爆炸，她侥幸活下来，却毁了容，瘸了腿。看看自己的模样，想想儿子进过监狱，家里又穷，以后他一定连媳妇都娶不上。为了不拖累他，她想出了这个主意，说自己去世，让他远走他乡，在异地生根，娶妻生子。得知他离开了家乡，她回到村子。辗转打听，才知道他来到了这个城市。她以捡破烂为生，寻找他四年，终于在这家小饭馆里找到他。她欣喜若狂，看着儿子忙碌，她又感到心痛。为了每天见到儿子，帮他减轻负担，她开始替他买菜，一买就是两年。可现在，她的腿脚不利索，下不了床了，所以，再不能为他送菜。 这种信任和理解真的很重要。 这个故事对于众多家长来说有很强的的启迪和警示作用:“你到底爱的是孩子，还是孩子努力的结果,如果是后者，那说明你不会爱～”亦或是“你到底是爱自己的孩子，还是爱那个你心目中的孩子,如果是后者，那说明你不会爱～”，往往，在和孩子互动过程中，我们关注自己的感受，关注孩子是否改错，关注孩子是否优秀，而我们忽略了关注孩子本身，这些都是打着爱的旗号伤害着孩子，但我们往往认为这就是爱。请牢记，孩子本身最重要～ 让孩子去开辟自己的天空 《一个犹太人的家庭教育》讲的是一个伟大的犹太母亲把三个孩子培养成才的理念和方法。这位母亲生在上海，父亲是犹太人，在她12岁那年去世了，随后母亲也离她而去，她成了孤儿。长大后在上海铜厂做女工，结婚后生下三个孩子，但不久后丈夫又离她而去了。为了逃避痛苦，她成为中以建交后第一批回到以色列的犹太后裔。 为了生存，也为了三个孩子能早日回到以色列，她先发奋学习希伯来语，然后，在路边摆了个小摊卖春卷。以色列的官方货币是谢克尔，一谢克尔兑换人民币2块钱，更小的币值是雅戈洛，一谢克尔等于100雅戈洛。她的春卷小摊每天只能赚到十来个谢克尔…… 1993年，她接回了三个孩子，大儿子14岁，二儿子13岁，小女儿11岁。开始她一直秉承再苦不能苦孩子的原则，依旧做着合格的中国式妈妈。把孩子送去学校读 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf ，她卖春卷，孩子放学，她就停止营业，在小炉子上面给他们做馄饨或者面条。这一幕被邻居看到了，就来训斥大儿子:“你已经是大孩子了，你应该学会去帮助你的母亲，而不是看着你母亲忙碌，自己就像废物一样。”然后转过头训斥母亲:“不要把那种落后的中国式教育带到以色列来……” 大儿子和她都很难受，但他们都在慢慢地改变，大儿子不但学会了做春卷，还把春卷带到学校卖，每天，三个小孩子能赚到10个谢克尔，回家交给母亲。母亲觉得很心酸，让他们小小年纪就担起生活的担子，但犹太人不这么认为，在 第104页 青岛理工大学毕业设计(论文) 犹太家庭里，孩子们没有免费的食物和照顾，任何东西都是有价格的，每个孩子都必须学会赚钱，才能获得自己需要的一切。 于是妈妈不再提供免费的餐食和服务，同时也给他们赚钱的机会，以每个春卷30雅戈洛的价钱批发给他们，带到学校后，可自行加价出售，利润部分自由支配。 三个孩子卖春卷的方式竟然截然不同。小女儿最老实，按老价钱50雅戈洛一个零售;二儿子则以40雅戈洛的价钱批发给学校餐厅，每天让他送100个春卷;大儿子则举办了一个“带你走进中国”的讲座，讲座的噱头就在于可以免费品尝美味的中国春卷，但需要买入场券，每人10雅戈洛，结果收入1500雅戈洛。 随后他们琢磨出了更多更新颖的赚钱方法，他们很努力地去学习和思考，学业并没有受到任何影响。 同样作为父母，是不是应该引起我们的反思,我们每天一睁开眼睛就为了孩子忙活，做饭、洗衣服、接送、辅导作业，然后才是做自己的事情，每天忙的团团转，累得筋疲力尽。一发牢骚，孩子还会心生厌烦，根本不理解我的付出。再回头看看，每一位中国母亲不都是这样吗,这样我们就很伟大吗,我们付出了很多，却造就了一个又一个“小皇帝”、“小公主”…… 我们希望孩子成才，却又过度的保护他们，使得孩子变得无能无法自立;过分的溺爱，带来孩子的无情;过多的干涉，让孩子多了很多无奈;过多的指责，让孩子变得不知所措，找不到前进的方向…… 想要为孩子创造一个无忧无虑，快乐成长的天空，但却发现自己完完全全的占据了创造者的位置，其实，这个位置也要有一部分让孩子承担。现在的照顾，也许会暂时保护着他们，但是他们总有一天会长大，会在长大后遇到许许多多的困难，那个时候，我们是如何也帮不了他们的……也许，让孩子过早的面对金钱面对名利面对社会，会有不舍和心疼，但他们总有一天要面对，总有一天要承担。 我们为何不像那位犹太母亲那样，放开手，让孩子自己去开辟属于他们自己的天空呢, 第105页