2012牛津小学+初中英语基本语法汇总总结

2012牛津小学+ 初中英语 初中英语完形填空题解初中英语口语资料初中英语单元作业设计初中英语语法时态ppt初中英语作业布置浅谈 基本语法汇总总结 2012-10-9 目 录 第一部分 名词 ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 一、名词的单复数 ................................................................................................................................................. 2 二、名词的格 ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 第二部分 冠词 ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 一、不定冠词的用法: ......................................................................................................................................... 4 二、定冠词的用法: ............................................................................................................................................. 4 三、零冠词的用法: ............................................................................................................................................. 4 第三部分 代词 ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 一、人称代词 ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 二、物主代词 ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 一、形容词: ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 6 二、副词 ................................................................................................................................................................. 三、形容词和副词比较等级: ............................................................................................................................. 6 第五部分 数词 ............................................................................................................................................................... 6 一、基数词 ............................................................................................................................................................. 6 二、序数词 ............................................................................................................................................................. 7第六部分 动词 ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 一、动词的基本形式及时态 ................................................................................................................................. 7 二、动词的被动语态: ......................................................................................................................................... 8 三、情态动词 ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 四(非谓语动词 ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 第七部分 介词 ............................................................................................................................................................. 10 一、介词的定义与分类 ....................................................................................................................................... 10 二、常见介词的用法 ........................................................................................................................................... 11 第八部分 简单句与复合句 ......................................................................................................................................... 15 一、简单句 ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 二、复合句 ........................................................................................................................................................... 16 三、倒装句 ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 四、虚拟语气 ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 第九部分 时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时) ...................................................................................... 18 一、一般现在时 ................................................................................................................................................... 18 二. 一般过去时 .................................................................................................................................................... 18 三、 现在进行时 ................................................................................................................................................. 19 四、一般将来时 ................................................................................................................................................... 19 第十部分 There be句型与have, has的区别 ............................................................................................................. 19 缩略形式 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20 重要句型 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20 1 牛津小学英语语法汇总 第一部分 名词 一、名词的单复数 在英语中，名词按其所 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词可分为单数和复数两种形式:表示一个人或事物的名词用单数形式，在使用时，前面一般加不定冠词a或an;表示两个或两个以上的人或事物的名词用复数形式,一般是在词干后附加词尾s 或es,如:bags ,boxes.名词单数变复数。具体规则如下: 1).规则变化 名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 加-s 4 party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es 5 toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 元音字母+y结尾的名词;专有名词以y结尾的-s hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 一般加-es 以辅音字母加-o结尾6 piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 不少外来词加-s 的名词 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 两者皆可 7 radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 8 truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 以-th结尾的名词加-s 2).不规则变化 规则 例词 1 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 2 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 单复数相同 3 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 只有复数形式 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, 部分集体名词既可作单数(整体)也可作复数(成员) 5 government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮6 复数形式表示特别含义 料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 加-s 表示―某国单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 7 人‖ 以-man或-woman结尾的改为Englishmen, Frenchwomen -men,-women sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 将主体名词变为复数 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 8 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 合成名词 women singers, men servants 将两部分变为复数 3)不可数名词没有单复数形式，要表示不可数名词的数量，可用以下两种方法。 ?用much, a little, a lot of /lots of some, any等修饰不可数名词。如: The rich man has a lot of money. ?可用表单位的词修饰不可数名词， 如:a piece of paper, two pieces of paper, a bottle of orange, a glass of milk, three bags of rice。 表示国家、民族的名词单复数顺口溜 (1)―中、日、瑞‖友好是一致。 (2)―英、法‖联盟a变e。 (3)其他一律加s 即chinese，japanese单复数同形;englishman，frenchman的复数为englishmen， frenchmen;其他像german，american，australian等的复数形式是在后面加―s‖。 o结尾的名词顺口溜 1)有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加s。 2 有生命:potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro--negroes 如无生命:zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo(竹竿)--bamboos, tobacco (烟丝)--tobaccos1) 2)两人两菜一火山。(+es) 小学—中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时，加es的只有negro(黑人)，hero(英雄)，potato(土豆)，tomato(西红杮)，volcano(火山)，这就是―两人两菜一火山‖。 或:黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿egroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes) 2)其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。 fe结尾的顺口溜 以f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时，有的把f(e)改为v(e)再加s，其他的以―f(e)‖结尾的名词则直接加―s‖。 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌;躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife(妻子)，knife(刀子)，wolf(狼)thief(小偷)，shelf(架子)，life(生命)leaf(树叶)，self(自己)，half(一半)，这9个名词变复数时，都要改―f(e)‖为―ve‖再加―s‖。 特殊情况:直接加-s的:如gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchief。编成口诀联想: 海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆相望; 谁说他们无信仰，语气定在手帕上 巧记不规则名词单变复 1) 元音字母变化。 如man--men(男人) ， woman--women(妇女) tooth--teeth(牙齿) ， foot--feet(脚) mouse--mice(老鼠) ， policeman--policemen(警察) policewoman--policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。 如child--children(小孩) ， ox--oxen(公牛) 3) 单、复数形式相同。 如fish--fish(鱼) ，sheep--sheep(绵羊) ，deer--deer(鹿) ，chinese--chinese(中国人) ，yuan--yuan(元) 注意 不说an english，要说an englishman. ?fish作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。 ?fishes指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。 如people(人，人们)these people (不说a people，可说a person) police(公安，警察)ten police (不说a police，可说a policeman) 5) 由man和woman构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及man或woman都变成复数。 如a man driver-men drivers(男司机) a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生) 6) 合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。 如passer-by-passers-by(过路人) bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机) 注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如: grown-up-grown-ups(成年人) letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱) 注意?hair和fruit通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个词的复数形式。 如would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果, we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果， china has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。 his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。 注意?wind ,snow和rain这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。 注意以boy 和girl开头的复合名词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。 如 boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend--girlfriends(女朋友) 7) 有些名词只有作复数。 如scissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄)writings(作品) 名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把man(woman)改成men(women)。 如englishman--englishmen(英国人) frenchwoman--frenchwomen(法国妇女) 注意german不是复合词，它的复数是germans 二、名词的格 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加‘s构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ‘s所有格的构成: the boy‘s father, Jack‘s book, her son-in-law‘s photo, 单数名词在末尾加‘s the teachers‘ room, the twins‘ mother, 复数名词 一般在末尾加‘ 3 the children‘s toys, women‘s rights, 不规则复数名词后加‘s Dickens‘ novels, Charles‘s job, the Smiths‘ house 以s结尾的人名所有格加‘s或者‘ 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加‘s Japan‘s and America‘s problems, Jane‘s and Mary‘s bikes Japan and America‘s problems, Jane and Mary‘s father 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加‘s 表示:某人家::店铺:，所有格后名词省the doctor‘s, the barber‘s, the tailor‘s, my uncle‘s 略 2. ‘s所有格的用法: , 表示时间 today‘s newspaper, five weeks‘ holiday 2 the earth‘s atmosphere, the tree‘s branches 表示自然现象 3 the country‘s plan, the world‘s population, China‘s industry 表示国家城市等地方的名词 4 the ship‘s crew, majority‘s view, the team‘s victory 表示工作群体 5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile‘s journey, five dollars‘ worth of apples 6 the life‘s time, the play‘s plot 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 a bird‘s eye view, a stone‘s throw, at one‘s wit‘s end(不知所7 某些固定词组 措) 3. of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 第二部分 冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法: 1 A plane is a machine that can fly. 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 2 A boy is waiting for you. 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 3 We study eight hours a day. 表示―每一‖相当于every，one 4 We are nearly of an age. 表示―相同‖相当于the same 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out 5 That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 有类似性质的人或事 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many 6 用于固定词组中 a time 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之7 This room is rather a big one. 后 8 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 二、定冠词的用法: 1 The horse is a useful animal. 表示某一类人或物 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 Would you mind opening the door? 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 4 play the violin, play the guitar 用于乐器前面 5 the reach, the living, the wounded 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 6 表示―一家人‖或―夫妇‖ the Greens, the Wangs 7 He is the taller of the two children. 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词the United States, the Communist Party of China, the 8 French 前 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China. 10 in the 1990‘s 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 11 I hired the car by the hour. 用于表示单位的名词前 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词12 He patted me on the shoulder. 组前 三、零冠词的用法: 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词1 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air 前 2 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限 4 制 3 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America. 5 He likes playing football/chess. 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 6 by train, by air, by land 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 7 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals. 第三部分 代词 代词是用来代替人、事物等名词的词。 一、人称代词 ?人称代词有人称、数和格之分，在句子中作主语用主格，作宾语或表语用宾格。 在比较句型中的连词后，可以用主格也可用宾格。 ? ?句子中同时有几个人称代词出现时，一般按第二人称、第三人称、第一人称的顺序。 主格和宾格区别:主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前(有时位于than之后)，宾格一般位于动词或介词之后 二、物主代词 ?形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词关系为: 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。 ?双重所有格:名词+of +名称性物主代词. Ann is a friend of my mother’s. ?名词性物主代词用在比较句型中表示与前文中的比较对象相呼应。 区别:形容词性用时后面一般要带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词，如: My father is older than yours.(yours 指的是your father) 我 我们 你 你们 他 她 它 他们 I we you you he she it they 人称 主格 me us you you him her it them 代词 宾格 my our your your his her its their 物主 形容词性物主代词 mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs 代词 名词性物主代词 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves 反身代词:表示―我自己‖ this, that, these, those, such, some指示代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 不定代词 other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either 疑问代词:构成特殊疑问句 who, whom, whose, which, what等 This is my book. The book is mine. 这是我的书。这书是我的。 一、形容词: 1. 形容词的位置:形容词作定语通常前置(名词前) 1) 但在下列情况后置: 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 1 nobody absent, everything possible 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 2 3 the only person awake alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 4 a bridge 50 meters long 和空间、时间、单位连用时 5 a huge room simple and beautiful 成对的形容词可以后置 6 a man difficult to get on with 形容词短语一般后置 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词 大小 冠词前的指示代词 性质 新旧 国籍 材料 序数词 基数词 长短 颜色 形容词 不定代词 状态 温度 产地 质地 形状 名词 代词所有格 all The、a、this beautiful large second one new black Chinese silk both good short another next four cool yellow London stone such poor square your 3) 复合形容词的构成: 1 kind-hearted world-famous 6 形容词+名词+ed 名词+形容词 2 dark-blue peace-loving 7 形容词+形容词 名词+现在分词 5 3 ordinary-looking snow-covered 8 形容词+现在分词 名词+过去分词 4 hard-working three-egged 9 副词+现在分词 数词+名词+ed 5 newly-built twenty-year 10 副词+过去分词 数词+名词 二、副词 副词的分类: 1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 how, where, when, why 地点副词 疑问副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 3 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 方式副词 连接副词 4 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 8 when, where, why 程度副词 关系副词 三、形容词和副词比较等级: 英语中大多数形容词、副词是可以分等级的，一般有三个等级:原级，比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的本来形式就是形容词的原级。如:John is a tall boy.两者间进行比较用到形容词比较级。如:Jim is taller than John.三者或者三者以上进行比较用形容词的最高级。Mike is the tallest of the three boys.(形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the) 2).形容词、副词比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化 规则变化 ?单音节或双音节的形容词(或副词)比较级，er;最高级，est: small,smaller,smallest等 ?以e结尾的词，比较级，r，最高级，st即可:nice,nicer,nicest ?以辅音字母，y结尾的，变y为i，er或est:easy,easier,easiest ?双写最后一个辅音字母，er或est :hot,hotter,hottest ?一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most，如:difficult---more difficult---most difficult 不规则变化: good/well,better,best,bad,worse,worst many/much,more,most little,less,least far,further ,furthest(表示程度) far,farther,farthest(表示远近) old,older,oldest(表新旧) old,elder ,eldest(表兄弟姊妹之间的长幼) 3).比较级前的修饰词:a little, a lot, much, even; far; still 4)形容词、副词比较级的特殊用法 ?形容词/副词比较级+than+ any other+单数名词(+介词短语)‖表示―比同一范围的任何一个人/物都……‖，含义是 ―最……‖。 例如，Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class. = Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earliest in his class.注意:Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Tom‘s class. ?―the+形容词比较级+of the two+……‖表示―...是两者中较…的‖。 如，Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two. ?―比较级+and+比较级‖表示―越来越……‖。He is getting taller and taller. ?―the+比较级，the+比较级‖表示―越…,越…,‖。The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you‘ll make 5).最高级常用句型结构 ?―主语+be+ the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语‖表示―……是……中最……的‖。 如，Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students. ?―主语+be+ one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语‖表示―…是……中最……之一‖。 如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. ?序数词+最高级 Hainan Island is the second largest island in China. 第五部分 数词 表示"多少"和"第几"的词,叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。 一、基数词 在十位数词和个位数词中间加上连字符 " - " 。如: 21 twenty –one?基数词三位以上的数词, 在百位和十位之间,一般要用 6 连词"and "。 如: 132 one hundred and thirty-two. 表示"万"的词英语中没有.如1万可用10千来表示。 ten thousand. 30万可用 three hundred thousand 来表示。 基数词的用法: 1.编号的事物用基数词: 如:Lesson Five, Room 101 2.表示"年,月,日" 时用基数词。 3.表示 "几点钟, 几点过几分" 用基数词。 It is two to two. 现在是两点差两分。 4.加减乘除用基数词。 One plus two is three.一加二等于三。Eight minus four is four. 八减四等于四。 Two times two is four.二乘二等于四.Ten divided by two is five.十除二等于五。 5表示百分数用基数词. Thirty percent of them is water. 它们当中有30%的水。 6.表示分数时,分子数字用基数词, 但分母要用序数词, 如分子不是1,序数词要用复数形式。 One-fifth of the books are mine. 三分之一的书是我的。 Three-tenths of water is disappeared. 十分之三的水不见了。 二、序数词 表示数目顺序的词用序数词。 1.序数词1?19 除第一,第二,第三,第五,第八,第九, 第十二变化不规则外, 其余均由在基数词后加上 -th。 2.十位整数的序数词的构成方法是, 是将十位整数基数词的词尾 -y 变成 i 再加 -eth。 3.几十几的序数词,只是把个位数变成序数词, 十位数不变。 4.第一百以上的多位序数词 由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。 one hundred and twenty-first ，one thousand，three hundred and twentieth 5.序数词的缩写形式 有时，序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。 first——lst second——2nd third——3rd fourth——4th sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd 其中lst， 2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。 6.通常前面要加定冠词 the;但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时，则表示―再‖，―又‖. We've tried it three times(Must we try it a fourth time? 7.基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写) 即可，不需要添加定冠词。 the first lesson—Lesson One ，the fifth page—Page 5, the twenty-first room—Room 21 第六部分 动词 动词表示人或事物的动作或状态。根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类， 分别是实义动词(指某个具体的静态如:think, love 等或动态如:run, walk 等)、系动词(常用的是be, feel, get, look, taste 等)、助动词(常用的是do, does, did等用来构成否定句及疑问句)、情态动词(常用的有can, may, must, shall, should等，情态动词后一定要跟动词原形)。 一、动词的基本形式及时态 绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形(一般现在时第三人称单数)、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 一般 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 进行 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been should/would have been asking 完成进行 asking 注意点: A. 第三人称单数形式的构成 一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同: 1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s，如work—works, write—writes. 2. 以o,s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词，后加es，如guess—guesses, mix—mixes, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes finish—finishes, catch—catches. 7 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，改y为i加es，如study—studies. 注:不规则变化的有have—has B. 现在分词的构成 1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing，如study—studying, work—working. 2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing, move—moving. 3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，要双写末尾一个辅音字母，再加ing，如get—getting, begin—beginning. 4. 以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ing，如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying. C. 过去式和过去分词的构成 1. 一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked, work—worked. 2. 以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved, dance—danced. 3. 以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为i加ed，如try—tried, study—studied. 4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾一个字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped. 不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate , see – saw , have – had , do – did , go - went , take - took , buy - bought , get - got , read - read ,fly - flew , am/is - was , are - were , say - said , leave - left , swim - swam , tell - told , draw - drew , come - came , lose - lost , find - found , drink - drank , hurt - hurt , feel - felt 二、动词的被动语态: 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 am/is/are asked 6 was/were being asked 一般现在时 过去进行时 2 was/were asked 7 have/has been asked 一般过去时 现在完成时 3 shall/will be asked 8 had been asked 一般将来时 过去完成时 4 should/would be asked 9 will/would have been asked 过去将来时 将来完成时 5 am/is/are being asked 10 can/must/may be asked 现在进行时 含有情态动词的 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定 结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… 意 It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 事 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. 项 The door won‘t shut. / The play won‘t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 三、情态动词 I. 情态动词基本用法: 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 can can not / cannot /can‘t do 能力(体力，智力，技能) Can…do…? Yes,…can. 允许或许可(口语中常用) could couldn‘t do No,…can‘t. 可能性(表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中) May…do…? Yes,…may. 可以(问句中表示请求) may may not do No,…mustn‘t/can‘t. 可能，或许(表推测) Might…do…? Yes,…might might might not do 祝愿(用于倒装句中) No,…might not. Must…do…? Yes,…must. must must not/mustn‘t do 必须，应该(表主观要求) No,…needn‘t/don‘t have to. 8 肯定，想必(肯定句中表推测) 只好，不得不(客观的必须，有时态人称Do…have to do…? have to don‘t have to do Yes,…do. No,…don‘t. 变化) ought not to/oughtn‘t to Ought…to do…? ought to 应当(表示义务责任，口语中多用should do Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn‘t. 将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 Shall…do…? shall shall not/shan‘t do Yes,…shall. No,…shan‘t. 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威 胁等 应当，应该(表义务责任) should should not/shouldn‘t do Should…do…? 本该(含有责备意味) will will not/won‘t do 意愿，决心 Will…do…? would would not/wouldn‘t do Yes,…will. No,…won‘t. 请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 Dare…do…? dare dare not/daren‘t do 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) Yes,…dare. No,…daren‘t. 需要 Need…do…? need need not/needn‘t do Yes,…must. No,…needn‘t. 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) Used…to do…? used not/usedn‘t/usen‘t to Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n‘t. used to 过去常常(现在已不再) do Did…use to do…? didn‘t use to do Yes,…did. No,…didn‘t. II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测: 以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情;must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must―肯定，一定‖语气强，只用于肯定句中。 He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might―也许‖，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could―可能‖，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can‘t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生) Can he be in the office now? No, he can‘t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中) III. 情态动词注意点: 1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达―某事终于成功‖，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。 2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别: 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn‘t/daren‘t do;Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don‘t(doesn‘t/didn‘t) need/dare to do 四(非谓语动词 I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 构成 非谓语形式 特征和作用 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 to do to be done for sb. to do 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 to be doing to have been done sth. 不定式 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 to have done 在非谓doing being done 分现在分词 具有副词和形容词的作用 语前加having done having been done 词 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 not done 过去分词 doing being done sb‘s doing 具有名词的作用 动名词 having done having been done 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况 常用动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, 只接不定式做宾语的 determine, promise, happen 动词 9 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾语的can‘t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, 动词或短语 think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指 意义基本相同 一般或习惯行为) need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式) stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 两者意义相反 stop doing 停止正在做的事 都可remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生)go on to do (接着做另外一件事) 以 remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)go on doing (接着做同一件事) 意义不同 try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力) mean to do(打算做，企图做) try doing(试试去做，看有何结果) mean doing (意识是，意味着) can‘t help to do(不能帮忙做) can‘t help doing(忍不住要做) III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, I heard him call me several 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已 want, wish, encourage times. 经完成 不定式 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make I found her listening to the 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, radio. 尚未完成 keep, have, feel We found the village greatly 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强过去分词 changed. 调状态 IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别: 区别 举例 I have a lot of papers to type. 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式 I have a lot of papers to be typed. 不定式 表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前 发生 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 the boiling water / the boiled water 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时现在分词 the developing country/the developed 发生 country 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作过去分词 the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 之前，现已经完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 区别 举例 My dream is to become a teacher. 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把 To obey the law is important. 不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不定式 (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, 不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 duty, task做主语时常用) It is no use saying that again and 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比 again. 动名词 较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，Teaching is my job. 做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 The situation is encouraging. 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语， The book is well written. 多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副 (常见分词有astonishing, moving, 词修饰。 分词 tiring, disappointing, puzzling, 现在分词多含有―令人…‖之意，说明主, 语的性质特征，多表示shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，式) 含有―感到…‖之意，主语多是人。 第七部分 介词 一、介词的定义与分类 介词preposition缩写prep，又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词(或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句)与其他句子成 分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。 1 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 简单介词 2 inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 合成介词 10 3 according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 短语介词 4 from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 双重介词 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including 6 like, unlike, near, next, opposite 形容词转化成的介词 二、常见介词的用法 1、表示时间(at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、 until、through、from、since、within) (1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。 at noon在午时 at night在夜间 at present目前 (2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时，一律用) on sunday在星期天 on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日 (3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。 in 1999 在1999年 in november 在11月份 in summer 在夏季 in the afternoon在下午 过……后(未来时间) I think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小时后就会回来。 i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。 (4)before:在……之前 wei hua got up before 7 o‘clock this morning .今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。 (5)after:在……之后 after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull . 从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。 (6)by:在……前(时间)，截止(到)…… by the time i arrived ,she had already gone . 在我到达之前，她已经走了。 (7)for:达……之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。 florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest . 弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。 (8)during:在……期间 during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe will more further apart by nearly two metres . 在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。 (9)through:一直……(从开始到结束) He ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington 领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。 (10)from:从……起(时间) The worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。 (11)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续) Since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。 (12)within:不……超过的范围 He will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。 2、表示地点(at、in、on 、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from) (1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所) at school上学 at home在家 at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号 at the station 在火车站 (2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所) she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。 11 (3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below ?on:在……上面，有接触面 on the table 在桌子上面 ?above:在……上方 sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees. 有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。 ?over:在……正上方，是under的反义词 over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。 ?under:在……下面，在……之内 the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。 ?below:在……下方，(不一定是正下方) three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle . 3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。 (4)near ,by ?near:近的，不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间，in the near future在不远的将来。 green‘s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。 ?by:在……旁边，比的距离要近 juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days . 朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。 (5)between ,among ,around ?between:在两者之间 the differences between american english and british english are not very great .美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。 ?among:在三者或者更多的之中 there are some american students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。 ?around:环绕，在…..的周围，在……的四周 they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it . 他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷 (6)in front of ,behind ?in front of :在……的前面 there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。 ?behind :在…..后边 are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗, (7)in ,into ,out of ?in:在…..之内，用于表示静止的位置 there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。 ?into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run.. she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。 (8)along ,across ,through ?along:沿着 go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing . 沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。 ?across:横过(平面物体) very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world . 各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。 ?through:贯通，通过 the students walked through the gate with uncle wang . 12 学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。 (9)to ,for ,from ?到达……地点(目的地)或方向 where‘s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了,他去伦敦了。 ?for:表示目的，为了…… do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗, ?from:从……地点起 how far is it from london to new york? 从伦敦到纽约有多远, 3、表示手段和材料的介词用 (1)with ?和……在一起 these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them . 这些板块载着各个大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。 ?具有，带有 a person with good manners is always kind and polite. 有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。 ?用某种工具或方法 he could swim with some special swimming shoes. 穿着一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。 (2)in:表示用什么材料(例如:墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用in。 what‘s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说, (3)by:通过……方法，手段 what do you mean by the word―island‖, ―island‖是什么意思 i prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。 4、其他 (1) of , from ?of 属于)……的，表示…..的数量或种类 it was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。 ?from:来自(某地，某人)，以….起始 she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。 (2)without ,like ,as ?without :没有，是with的反义词 she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。 ?like:像……一样 like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer . 像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。 ?as:作为 they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。 (3)against:反对。靠着 everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。 (4) about: ? 关于，各处，四周 nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。 ? 询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议 what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样, 口诀 13 口诀1:年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at，黎明用它也不借。 at也在时分前，说―差‖用to，说―过‖要用part。 口诀2: in在……里， out在……外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by 。 on在……上， under在……下， above在上头， below在底下。 口诀3: this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。 口诀4:before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。 since以来during间，since时态多变换。 与之相比beside，除了last but one。 口诀5: ?早、午、晚要用in 例:in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午 in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天 ?黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6点钟 at 7:30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分 at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末 ?年、月、年月、季节、周用in。 例;in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周 ?阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in，在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。 例:don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white 穿着白色衣服的妇女 ?将来时态in...以后 例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。 i'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 we'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。 come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始) after... (从过去开始) ?小处at大处in i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市( 有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in 例:the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形) the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形) "taking tiger mountain by strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形) the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形) i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed( 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in) the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system( 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in ) this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。 14 ?特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in 特征或状态: they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。 he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。 the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。 her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。 还有一些心理短语也用in，如: in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。 ?介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。 介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意;用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。 she came at me. 她向我扑过来。 she came to me. 她向我走过来。 he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。 he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说 she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。 she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢. she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。 she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃 第八部分 简单句与复合句 根据句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来。简单句包括肯定句与否定句 一、简单句 1)陈述句的五种基本句型:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子 1. 主语+谓语(不及物动词) [S + V] 如:The children are playing happily. 2. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 [S+V+O] 如:The Greens enjoy living in China. 3. 主语+谓语+表语 [S+V+P] 该句型谓语动词为连系动词。常见的系动词有:be(是); get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得), look(看起来), feel(感 到), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), sound(听起来), seem(似乎) 等The apple pie tastes really delicious. 4. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 [S+V+InO+DO] 这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。也可以把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后， 但要加介词for或to。如: ? My aunt bought me a computer. = My aunt bought a computer for me. ? I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 [S+V+O+OC] We must keep our school clean. 否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如:I'm not a student. She is not (isn't) a doctor. He does not (doesn't) work in a hospital. There are not (aren't) four fans in our classroom. He will not (won't) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn't) watch TV yesterday evening. ?注意?:否定句主要是在肯定句的基础上加上了否定词 "not".有动词be的句子则"not"加在be后面,可缩写成 "isn't,aren't",但am not 一般都分开写.没有动词be的句子则要先在主要动词的前面加上一个助动词(do,does,did), 然后在它后面加上"not",你也可以把它们缩写在一起如"don't , doesn't , didn't ).这三个助动词要根据人称和时态 来选择,其中"does"只用于一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数的情况,而"did"只用于一般过去时,不论主语是什么人 称和数,都用"did" . 6、句子单数变复数，注意以下五要素 (1)主格人称代词要变成相应的复数主格人称代词,即I?we, you?you，she,he,it? they。如: She is a girl. ?They are girls. (2)am，is要变为are。如: I’m a student. ?We are students. (3)不定冠词a，an要去掉。如: He is a boy. ?They are boys. (4)普通单数名词要变为复数形式。如: It is an apple. ?They are apples. 15 (5)指示代词this，that要变为these，those。如: This is a box. ?These are boxes. 2)一般疑问句 一般疑问句对全句提出疑问，用yes或no回答。其结构为:be动词(is, am, was, were)或情态动词(can, will, shall)或助动词(do, does, did)+主语+其他,通常译为―...吗,‖如:Are you a student? Can you sing an English song? Did they watch TV last night? 小结:一般疑问句是在肯定句的基础上, ?把动词be调到首位,其他照写,末尾标点符号变成问号即可;?没有动词be的句子则要在句首加上一个助动词(do,does,did)，再把紧跟在后面的动词变回原形,末尾标点符号变成问号即可。这三个助动词也要根据人称和时态来选择,其中"does"只用于一般现在时主语是第三人称单数的情况,而"did"只用于一般过去时,不论主语是什么人称和数,都用"did" .一般疑问句有个重要的原则就是问和答要一致,即问句里的第一个单词(助动词)和简略答句里的这个词是一致的. 3)特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词引导，针对句子中的某一个具体部分提问，要求作具体回答。特殊疑问句的结构一般是:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句语序,我们所用的―对划线部分提问‖的 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 目就是将陈述句转变为特殊疑问句。特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how、how many(多少(数量)), how much(多少(钱)), how long(多长), how big(多大), how heavy(多重))，如: How many + 名词复数 + do you have 你有多少…… How many + 名词复数 + can you see 你能看见多少…… How many + 名词复数 + are there… 有多少…… 二、复合句 1、名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句) 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一Whether he will come or not doesn‘t matter much. 主语从句 般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语， Whoever comes here will be welcome. 主语从句放主句之后 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, 在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位表语从句 It looks as if it is going to snow. whose, which, how, 于系动词之后 when, where, why, He asked me which team could win the 宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 what, whatever, game. whoever, wherever 放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, You have no idea how worried we are. 同位语从suggestion, advice, thought, hope, factThe fact that he lied again greatly surprised 句 us. 等) 表明其具体内容 2、定语从句 I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 Do you know the man who is talking with your who 人 主语 mother? whom, which和Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working whom 人 宾语 that在从句中做The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. 宾语时，常可以省I like those books whose topics are about history. whose 人，物 定语 The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. 略，但介词提前时关系代A plane is a machine that can fly. 后面关系代词不that 人，物 主语，宾语 词 She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. 能省略，也不可以 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. 用that which 物 主语，宾语 The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as做宾语一般不He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as 人，物 主语，宾语 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 省略 when I will never forget the day when we met there. 时间 时间状语 可用on which 关系副where This is the house where I was born. 地点 地点状语 可用in which 词 I can‘t imagine the reason why he turned down my why 原因 原因状语 可用for which offer. II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别: 16 情况 用法说明 例句 1.He told me everything that he knows. 1( 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, 2.All the books that you offered has been much,等不定代词时。 given out. 2( 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, 3.This is the best film that I have ever some, few等修饰时 read. 只用that的情况 3( 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.We talked about the persons and things 4( 先行词既指人又指物时 that we remembered. 5( 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6( 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? He has a son, who has gone abroad for 1( 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物， further study. 用who/whom指人 I like the person to whom the teacher is 只用which, who, 2( 在由―介词+关系代词‖引导的定语从句中，只talking. whom的情况 能用which指物，whom指人。 Those who respect others are usually 3( 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行respected by others. 词为those, one, he时多用who。 III. as与which的区别: 定语从句 区别 例句 限制性定名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,He is not such a fool as he looks. Don‘t read such books as you can‘t understand. 语从句中 不能用which as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有―正They won the game, as we had expected. 非限制性如，象‖的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在They won the game, which we hadn‘t expected. 定语从句As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 后面，那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主中 1980s. 句后，并无―正如‖的意思。 IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整限制性定语从The accident happened at the time 明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分when I left. 句 开。 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松非限制性定语His mother, whom he loved deeply, 散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不died ten years ago. 从句 能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 三、倒装句 种类 倒装条件 例句 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的Out rushed the children. 完全倒句子表示强调 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 装 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等Hardly did I know what had happened. 表示否定意义的副词放于句首 Only then did he realized the importance of English. only和修饰的状语放于句首 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 at it. Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 部分倒so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. 装 于句首时前倒后不倒 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. as引导的让步状语 so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或He can play the piano. So can i. 事。 May you be in good health! 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 省略if的虚拟条件 四、虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 If引导的条件从句动词:过去式(be用were) If he were here, he would 与现在事实相反 help us. 从句 主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 17 从句动词:had+过去分词 If I had been free, I would 与过去事实相反 主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分have visited you. 词 从句动词:过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不If it should rain tomorrow, 与将来事实相反 定式 we would not go camping. 主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 They are talking as if they as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 had been friends for years. 其它状语从 in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / Turn on the light so that we 句 can see it clearly. might / would等+动词原形 He suggested that we not demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形 change our mind. I wish I could be a pop 宾语从句 wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原singer. 形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded It is strange that such a 主语从句 person should be our friends. / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形 It‘s high time that we left. It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 I would rather you stayed at would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 其它句型中 home now. If only our dream had come If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 true! 第九部分 时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时) 一、一般现在时 一般现在时的用法: 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如:The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 4. 有时这个时态表示按 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 、 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 要发生的动作(句中都带有时间状语)，但限于少数动词，如:begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。 如:The meeting begins at seven.会议7点开始。 5.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。如: If you come this afternoon, we‘ll have a meeting.如果你今天下午来，我们将开会。 一般现在时的结构: 1. be动词:主语+be(am ,is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2.行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。一般现在时常用的时间词:often, usually, sometimes, every day(week, year...)等。 一般现在时的变化 1. be动词的变化。 否定句:主语+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句:Be +主语+其它。如:-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化。 否定句:主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如:I don't like bread. 主语为第三人称单数，要用doesn't构成否定句。如:He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句:Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。Do you often play football?- Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 主语为第三人称单数 - Does she go to work by bike?Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句。如:How does your father go to work? 二. 一般过去时 一般过去时的用法:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作或状态。 1.过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g. I bought a new shirt yesterday. He was a worker two years ago. 2.过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。e.g. When I was a child,I often played with fire. Li Lei always walked to school last term. 3.一般过去时常用的时间词:yesterday或由其构成的短语,yesterday morning由"last "构成的短语last year 由"时间段+ago"构成的短语, e.g. three days ago; 另外在宾语从句中主句为过去时,一般从句也用过去时. 18 Be动词在一般过去时中的变化: ?am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t) ?are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t) ?带有was或were的句子，其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑问句 把was或were调到句首。 句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子 否定句:didn’t +动词原形，如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday. 一般疑问句:在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形。Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句:?疑问词+did+主语+动词原形,What did Jim do yesterday? 疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式,Who went to home yesterday? 三、 现在进行时 .现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。 现在进行时的结构: be+动词ing. 现在进行时常见的标志词:now, Look! Listen! 现在进行时的否定句:be后加not。 一般疑问句:be动词调到句首。 特殊疑问句的基本结构为:疑问词+ be + 主语 + 动词ing? 四、一般将来时 一般将来时的用法:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 一般将来时的基本结构:?be going to + do;?will+ do. 一般将来时常用时间词:tomorrow, next week (month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow，in+一段时间等。 否定句:在be动词(am, is, are)后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。 例如:I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.? I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 一般疑问句:be或will提到句首，some改为any, and改为or，第一二人称互换。 例如:We are going to go on an outing this weekend. ? Are you going to go on an outing this weekend? 对划线部分提问。一般情况，一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况: 1. 问人。Who 例如:I’m going to New York soon. ?Who’s going to New York soon. 2. 问干什么。What … do.例如: My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. ?What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3. 问什么时候。When.例如:She’s going to go to bed at nine. ?When is she going to bed? 同义句:be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow. 第十部分 There be句型与have, has的区别 1)英语中的There be 结构意思是―有‖，表示在某地或某时有某人或某物。强调的是―存在关系‖。There be 结构中的be具有时态变化(is, are, was, were); 在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is;主语是复数，be 动词用are; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最靠近be 动词的那个名词决定;. there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not，一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首; 2)在英语中表示“有”这一概念除了there be结构以外，还有have/ has。它们的用法区别:have/ has表示―某物归某人所有‖，强调所属关系，而there be指―在某地或某时有某人或某物‖，强调存在关系。比较:There is a bus in our school. (只表示存在，bus不一定属于学校)Our school has a bus.(表示我们学校拥有bus这一财产).考查there be 句型的常见题型有单项填空、完型填空、句型转换和改错等。做这类题时，必须首先认真理解全句的意思，看是表示“存在”的“有”还是“拥有”来决定是否用there be还是用其他句型。 3)There be可以有现在时(there is/are)、过去时(there was/were)、将来时(there is/are going to be或there will be)和完成时(there have/has been);还可用there must be ,there can‘t be, there used to be等 4)反意疑问句的构成:be (not) there? 5)主谓一致:There be 结构中的be动词要和后面所跟名词保持一致,遵循就近原则。 注意: 1.句型中含有some时，变为否定句、疑问句时一般要改为any。 2.对数量提问:How many ，可数名词复数 ， are there ，介词短语? How much ，不可数名词 ， is there ，介词短语? 3.对句中 sth.部分提问一般用What‘s ，地点状语,有时也用What‘s there ，地点状语, 4.there be 句型中有时不用动词be ，而用come , live ,stand , lie, seem to be , happen to be ,等 19 缩略形式 I'm=I am he's=he is she's=she is they're=they are you're=you are there's=there is they're=they are can't=can not don't=do not doesn't=does not isn't=is not aren't=are not let's=let us won't=will not I'll=I will wasn't=was not 总结:通常情况下,'m即am,'s即is(但 let's=let us), 're即are ,n't即not (但can't=can not) 重要句型 1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task. 2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 4. He walked around the house, gun in hand. 5. May you be in good health! 6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home! 7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes. 8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience. 9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists. 12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldn‘t help feeling very proud. 13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started. 14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics. 15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields! 16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18. There goes the bell. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 19. 20. It is no use crying for help. 21. If only I had been your student in the middle school! 22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24. ―He works particularly hard.‖ ―So he does, and so do you.‖ 25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements. 关于英语作文优美句子 1.Burn one's bridges. (The eye is bigger than the belly.) 破釜沉舟.背水一战 贪多嚼不烂 2.Great minds think alike. 14.Everyone has a skeleton in his closet. 英雄所见略同 人人都有不可告人之事 3.No news is good news. 15.To teach a fish how to swim. 没有消息就是好消息 班门弄斧. 4.One picture is worth a thousand words. 16.Rome wasn't built in a day. (One eyewitness is better than ten hearsays.) 伟业非一日建成 百闻不如一见 17.Well begun, half done. 5.Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 好的开始,成功了一半 (Nothing brave, nothing have.) 18.Every cloud has a silver lining. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子 乌云背后是银边 6.Life is full of ups and downs. 19.Look before you leap. 生活充满起伏 三思而后行 7.It's no use crying over spilt milk. 20.Birds of a feather flock together. 覆水难收 物以类聚 8.Hunger is the best sauce. 21.A little knowledge is dangerous. 饥饿是最好的调味品 一知半解最危险 9.Better late than never. 22.Clothes make the man. 迟做总比不做好. 人要衣装.佛要金装 10.God helps those who help themselves. 23.A good medicine tastes bitter. 天助自助者. 良药苦口. 11.Love me, love my dog. 24.History repeats itself. 爱屋及乌 历史会重演 12.Don't count your chickens before they hatch. 25.strike while the iron is hot. 小鸡孵出之后才算数 趁热打铁 13.He bites off than her can chew. 26.as poor as a church mouse. 20 穷得一文不名 27.Where there's smoke, there's fire. 无风不起浪.事出必有因 28.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. 千里之行始于足下 29.A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔.转业不聚财 30.Many hands make light work. 人多好做事. 31.A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘,差之千里. 32.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情. 33.A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终. 34.A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲. 35.Do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗. 36.Many things grow in the garden that were never sown there. 有心栽花花不发,无心插柳柳成荫. 37.Misfortunes never come alone. 祸不单行. 38.Never too old to learn, never too late to turn. 亡羊补牢,为时未晚. 39.No one can call back yesterday. 昨日不会重现. 40.No sweet without sweat. 先苦后甜. 41.Still water run deep. 静水流深. 42.The pot calls the kettle black. 五十步笑百步. 43.The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up. 水能载舟,亦能覆舟. 44.Think twice before you do. 三思而后行. 45.Time tries all. 路遥知马力,日久见人心. 46.To save time is to lengthen life. 节约时间就是延长生命. 47.Troubles never come singly. 福无双至,祸不单行. 48.Water dropping day by day wears the hardest rock away. 滴水穿石. 49.When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入国问禁,入乡随俗. 50.Where there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在,不怕没柴烧. 21