求极限的方法 三角函数公式

求极限的方法 三角函数公式 高数中求极限的16种方法——好东西 假如高等数学是棵树木得话，那么 极限就是他的根， 函数就是他的皮。树没有跟，活不下去，没有皮，只能枯萎， 可见这一章的重要性。 为什么第一章如此重要, 各个章节本质上都是极限， 是以函数的形式表现出来的，所以也具有函数的性质。函数的性质表现在各个方面 首先 对 极限的 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 如下 极限的保号性很重要 就是说在一定区间内 函数的正负与极限一致 1 极限分为 一般极限 ， 还有个数列极限， (区别在于数列极限时发散的， 是一般极限的一种) 2解决极限的方法如下:(我能列出来的全部列出来了～～～～～你还能有补充么,,,) 1 等价无穷小的转化， (只能在乘除时候使用，但是不是说一定在加减时候不能用 但是前提是必须证明拆分后极限依然存在) e的X次方-1 或者 (1+x)的a次方-1等价于Ax 等等 。 全部熟记 (x趋近无穷的时候还原成无穷小) 2 LHopital 法则 (大题目有时候会有暗示 要你使用这个方法) 首先他的使用有严格的使用前提～～～～～～ 必须是 X趋近 而不是N趋近～～～～～～～(所以面对数列极限时候先要转化成求x趋近情况下的极限， 当然n趋近是x趋近的一种情况而已，是必要条件 (还有一点 数列极限的n当然是趋近于正无穷的 不可能是负无穷～) 必须是 函数的导数要存在～～～～～～～～(假如告诉你g(x), 没告诉你是否可导， 直接用无疑于找死～～) 必须是 0比0 无穷大比无穷大～～～～～～～～～ 当然还要注意分母不能为0 LHopital 法则分为3中情况 1 0比0 无穷比无穷 时候 直接用 2 0乘以无穷 无穷减去无穷 ( 应为无穷大于无穷小成倒数的关系)所以 无穷大都写成了无穷小的倒数形式了。通项之后 这样就能变成1中的形式了 3 0的0次方 1的无穷次方 无穷的0次方 对于(指数幂数)方程 方法主要是取指数还取对数的方法， 这样就能把幂上的函数移下来了， 就是写成0与无穷的形式了 ， ( 这就是为什么只有3种形式的原因， LNx两端都趋近于无穷时候他的幂移下来趋近于0 当他的幂移下来趋近于无穷的时候 LNX趋近于0) 3泰勒公式 (含有e的x次方的时候 ，尤其是含有正余旋 的加减的时候要 特变注意 ～～～～) E的x展开 sina 展开 cos 展开 ln1+x展开 对题目简化有很好帮助 4面对无穷大比上无穷大形式的解决办法 取大头原则 最大项除分子分母～～～～～～～～～～～ 看上去复杂处理很简单 ～～～～～～～～～～ steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury 5无穷小于有界函数的处理办法 面对复杂函数时候， 尤其是正余旋的复杂函数与其他函数相乘的时候，一定要注意这个方法。 面对非常复杂的函数 可能只需要知道它的范围结果就出来了～～～ 6夹逼定理(主要对付的是数列极限～) 这个主要是看见极限中的函数是方程相除的形式 ，放缩和扩大。 7等比等差数列公式应用(对付数列极限) (q绝对值符号要小于1) 8各项的拆分相加 (来消掉中间的大多数) (对付的还是数列极限) 可以使用待定系数法来拆分化简函数 9求左右求极限的方式(对付数列极限) 例如知道Xn与Xn+1的关系， 已知Xn的极限存在的情况下， xn的极限与xn+1的极限时一样的 ，应为极限去掉有限项目极限值不变化 10 2 个重要极限的应用。 这两个很重要 ～～～～～对第一个而言是X趋近0时候的sinx与x比值 。 地2个就如果x趋近无穷大 无穷小都有对有对应的形式 (地2个实际上是 用于 函数是1的无穷的形式 )(当底数是1 的时候要特别注意可能是用地2 个重要极限) 11 还有个方法 ，非常方便的方法 就是当趋近于无穷大时候 不同函数趋近于无穷的速度是不一样的～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～ 快于 x～ 快于 指数函数 快于 幂数函数 快于 对数函数 (画图也能看出速率的快慢) !!!!!! x的x次方 当x趋近无穷的时候 他们的比值的极限一眼就能看出来了 12 换元法 是一种技巧，不会对模一道题目而言就只需要换元， 但是换元会夹杂其中 13假如要算的话 四则运算法则也算一种方法 ，当然也是夹杂其中的 14还有对付数列极限的一种方法， 就是当你面对题目实在是没有办法 走投无路的时候可以考虑 转化为定积分。 一般是从0到1的形式 。 15单调有界的性质 对付递推数列时候使用 证明单调性～～～～～～ 16直接使用求导数的定义来求极限 ， (一般都是x趋近于0时候，在分子上f(x加减麽个值)加减f(x)的形式， 看见了有特别注意) (当题目中告诉你F(0)=0时候 f(0)导数=0的时候 就是暗示你一定要用导数定义～～～～) 第一部分 三角函数公式 steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury ?两角和与差的三角函数 cos(α+β)=cosα?cosβ-sinα?sinβ cos(α-β)=cosα?cosβ+sinα?sinβ sin(α?β)=sinα?cosβ?cosα?sinβ tan(α+β)=(tanα+tanβ)/(1-tanα?tanβ) tan(α-β)=(tanα-tanβ)/(1+tanα?tanβ) ?和差化积公式: sinα+sinβ=2sin[(α+β)/2]cos[(α-β)/2] sinα-sinβ=2cos[(α+β)/2]sin[(α-β)/2] cosα+cosβ=2cos[(α+β)/2]cos[(α-β)/2] cosα-cosβ=-2sin[(α+β)/2]sin[(α-β)/2] ?积化和差公式: sinα?cosβ=(1/2)[sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)] cosα?sinβ=(1/2)[sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)] cosα?cosβ=(1/2)[cos(α+β)+cos(α-β)] sinα?sinβ=-(1/2)[cos(α+β)-cos(α-β)] ?倍角公式: sin(2α)=2sinα?cosα=2/(tanα+cotα) cos(2α)=(cosα)^2-(sinα)^2=2(cosα)^2-1=1-2(sinα)^2 tan(2α)=2tanα/(1-tan^2α) cot(2α)=(cot^2α-1)/(2cotα) sec(2α)=sec^2α/(1-tan^2α) csc(2α)=1/2*secα?cscα ?三倍角公式: sin(3α) = 3sinα-4sin^3α = 4sinα?sin(60?+α)sin(60?-α) cos(3α) = 4cos^3α-3cosα = 4cosα?cos(60?+α)cos(60?-α) tan(3α) = (3tanα-tan^3α)/(1-3tan^2α) = tanαtan(π/3+α)tan(π/3-α) cot(3α)=(cot^3α-3cotα)/(3cot^2α-1) ?n倍角公式: sin(nα)=ncos^(n-1)α?sinα-C(n,3)cos^(n-3)α?sin^3α+C(n,5)cos^(n-5)α?sin^5 α-… cos(nα)=cos^nα-C(n,2)cos^(n-2)α?sin^2α+C(n,4)cos^(n-4)α?sin^4α-… ?半角公式: sin(α/2)=??((1-cosα)/2) cos(α/2)=??((1+cosα)/2) tan(α/2)=??((1-cosα)/(1+cosα))=sinα/(1+cosα)=(1-cosα)/sinα cot(α/2)=??((1+cosα)/(1-cosα))=(1+cosα)/sinα=sinα/(1-cosα) sec(α/2)=??((2secα/(secα+1)) steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury csc(α/2)=??((2secα/(secα-1)) ?辅助角公式: Asinα+Bcosα=?(A^2+B^2)sin(α+φ,,tanφ=B/A, Asinα+Bcosα=?(A^2+B^2)cos(α-φ,,tanφ=A/B, ?万能公式 sin(a)= (2tan(a/2))/(1+tan^2(a/2)) cos(a)= (1-tan^2(a/2))/(1+tan^2(a/2)) tan(a)= (2tan(a/2))/(1-tan^2(a/2)) ?降幂公式 sin^2α=(1-cos(2α))/2=versin(2α)/2 cos^2α=(1+cos(2α))/2=covers(2α)/2 tan^2α=(1-cos(2α))/(1+cos(2α)) ?三角和的三角函数: sin(α+β+γ)=sinα?cosβ?cosγ+cosα?sinβ?cosγ+cosα?cosβ?sinγ-sinα?sin β?sinγ cos(α+β+γ)=cosα?cosβ?cosγ-cosα?sinβ?sinγ-sinα?cosβ?sinγ-sinα?sin β?cosγ tan(α+β+γ)=(tanα+tanβ+tanγ-tanα?tanβ?tanγ)/(1-tanα?tanβ-tanβ?tan γ-tanγ?tanα) ?其它公式 ?两角和与差的三角函数 cos(α+β)=cosα?cosβ-sinα?sinβ cos(α-β)=cosα?cosβ+sinα?sinβ sin(α?β)=sinα?cosβ?cosα?sinβ tan(α+β)=(tanα+tanβ)/(1-tanα?tanβ) tan(α-β)=(tanα-tanβ)/(1+tanα?tanβ) ?和差化积公式: sinα+sinβ=2sin[(α+β)/2]cos[(α-β)/2] sinα-sinβ=2cos[(α+β)/2]sin[(α-β)/2] cosα+cosβ=2cos[(α+β)/2]cos[(α-β)/2] cosα-cosβ=-2sin[(α+β)/2]sin[(α-β)/2] ?积化和差公式: sinα?cosβ=(1/2)[sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)] cosα?sinβ=(1/2)[sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)] cosα?cosβ=(1/2)[cos(α+β)+cos(α-β)] sinα?sinβ=-(1/2)[cos(α+β)-cos(α-β)] ?倍角公式: steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury sin(2α)=2sinα?cosα=2/(tanα+cotα) cos(2α)=(cosα)^2-(sinα)^2=2(cosα)^2-1=1-2(sinα)^2 tan(2α)=2tanα/(1-tan^2α) cot(2α)=(cot^2α-1)/(2cotα) sec(2α)=sec^2α/(1-tan^2α) csc(2α)=1/2*secα?cscα ?三倍角公式: sin(3α) = 3sinα-4sin^3α = 4sinα?sin(60?+α)sin(60?-α) cos(3α) = 4cos^3α-3cosα = 4cosα?cos(60?+α)cos(60?-α) tan(3α) = (3tanα-tan^3α)/(1-3tan^2α) = tanαtan(π/3+α)tan(π/3-α) cot(3α)=(cot^3α-3cotα)/(3cot^2α-1) ?n倍角公式: sin(nα)=ncos^(n-1)α?sinα-C(n,3)cos^(n-3)α?sin^3α+C(n,5)cos^(n-5)α?sin^5α-… cos(nα)=cos^nα-C(n,2)cos^(n-2)α?sin^2α+C(n,4)cos^(n-4)α?sin^4α-… ?半角公式: sin(α/2)=??((1-cosα)/2) cos(α/2)=??((1+cosα)/2) tan(α/2)=??((1-cosα)/(1+cosα))=sinα/(1+cosα)=(1-cosα)/sinα cot(α/2)=??((1+cosα)/(1-cosα))=(1+cosα)/sinα=sinα/(1-cosα) sec(α/2)=??((2secα/(secα+1)) csc(α/2)=??((2secα/(secα-1)) ?辅助角公式: Asinα+Bcosα=?(A^2+B^2)sin(α+φ,,tanφ=B/A, Asinα+Bcosα=?(A^2+B^2)cos(α-φ,,tanφ=A/B, ?万能公式 sin(a)= (2tan(a/2))/(1+tan^2(a/2)) cos(a)= (1-tan^2(a/2))/(1+tan^2(a/2)) tan(a)= (2tan(a/2))/(1-tan^2(a/2)) ?降幂公式 sin^2α=(1-cos(2α))/2=versin(2α)/2 cos^2α=(1+cos(2α))/2=covers(2α)/2 tan^2α=(1-cos(2α))/(1+cos(2α)) ?三角和的三角函数: sin(α+β+γ)=sinα?cosβ?cosγ+cosα?sinβ?cosγ+cosα?cosβ?sinγ-sinα?sinβ?sinγ cos(α+β+γ)=cosα?cosβ?cosγ-cosα?sinβ?sinγ-sinα?cosβ?sinγ-sinα?sinβ?cosγ steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury tan(α+β+γ)=(tanα+tanβ+tanγ-tanα?tanβ?tanγ)/(1-tanα?tanβ-tanβ?tanγ-tanγ?tanα) ?其它公式 1+sin(a)=(sin(a/2)+cos(a/2))^2 1-sin(a)=(sin(a/2)-cos(a/2))^2 csc(a)=1/sin(a) sec(a)=1/cos(a) cos30=sin60 sin30=cos60 ?推导公式 tanα+cotα=2/sin2α tanα-cotα=-2cot2α 1+cos2α=2cos^2α 1-cos2α=2sin^2α 1+sinα=[sin(α/2)+cos(α/2)]^2 1+sin(a)=(sin(a/2)+cos(a/2))^2 1-sin(a)=(sin(a/2)-cos(a/2))^2 csc(a)=1/sin(a) sec(a)=1/cos(a) cos30=sin60 sin30=cos60 ?推导公式 tanα+cotα=2/sin2α tanα-cotα=-2cot2α 1+cos2α=2cos^2α 1-cos2α=2sin^2α 1+sinα=[sin(α/2)+cos(α/2)]^2 steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded specification for construction and acceptance of oil tank 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 HG20201-2000 construction installation engineering construction standard 7, HG ... Pressure gauges, using an installed spark arrestor for acetylene cylinders, illegal carrying, using gas cylinders, each operator fined 20 Yuan. Gas bottle without the hot sun exposure measures, responsibilities of team a fine of 50 Yuan. (7) at height and the opening and provisional protective measures have been taken, the responsible unit fined 200 Yuan, construction person in charge a fine of 50 Yuan. (8) no permit to work and the job in accordance with the provisions, on the job unit fined 300 yuan, the unit will charge a fine of 100 Yuan. 7.5.3 accident penalties (1) injuries fatalities directly punished 1~2 million. Direct responsibility for the accident and have the corresponding responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions, should be brought to the company or the relevant Department. (2) personal injury