名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句讲解及练习[1]

名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句讲解及练习[1] 定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句讲解及练习 名词性从句 whatever与no matter what It is generally considered unwise to give a child __________ her or she wants. A. whatever B. no matter what C. whenever D. no matter when 此题应选 A。容易误选B。选项C、D显然是错的，因为句中的 wants 缺宾语，而C、D两项不能 作宾语。至于C、D 的区别，可这样描述:no matter what 只能引导状语从句，而不引导名词性从句。 而 whatever 既可引导名词性从句(,anything that)，也可引导状语从句(,no matter what): 1. 引导名词性从句(只用whatever): 无论他做什么都是对的。 正:Whatever he did was right. 误:No matter what he did was right. 无论他说什么似乎都有道理。 正:Whatever he says sounds reasonable. 误:No matter what he says sounds reasonable. 山羊找到什么就吃什么。 正:Goats eat whatever they find. 误:Goats eat no matter what they find. 2. 引导状语从句(两者可换用): 无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。 正:Whatever you say，I won’t believe you. 正:No matter what you say，I won’t believe you. 无论发生什么，都要保持镇定。 正:Keep calm，whatever happens. 正:Keep calm，no matter what happens. 名词性从句的三个基本要素 要素一:引导词 也就是引导名词性从句的关联词。这些引导词可分为三类,一是that类，二是if / whether类， 三是疑问词类。既然是引导词，所以这些词就总是位于名词性从句的最前面。 要素二:语序 名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同，即“主语，谓语”。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须 与陈述句的语序相同。 要素一:时态 若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语 动词是一般过去时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。 引导宾语从句that的省略问题 ?名词从句作动词宾语时，前面的that常被省略，特别是在非正式语体中: I suggested (that) they should drive along the coast. 我建议他们沿着海岸开车。 I hoped (that) I would / should succeed. 我曾希望我会成功。 I know (that) he will be in time. 我知道他会赶得上的。 I knew (that) he would be in time. 我当时知道他会赶得上的。 He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. 他想他们会给他签证。 He thought (that) they would give him 3 visa. 他本想他们会给他签证。 I expect (that) the plane will he diverted. 我料想飞机会改变航线。 I expected (that) the plane would be diverted. 我本料想飞机会改变航线。 在某些动词 (如answer, imply) 之后则一般需要用that。如: ? He answered that he was from Austria. 他说他是奥地利人。 She answered that she preferred to eat alone. 她回答说她愿意独自吃。 I don’t wish to imply that you are wrong. 我无意暗示你错了。 The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair. 报纸报道暗指他们有染。 ?在较长的句子里，特别在“that从句”与动词隔开时，that一般不可省略。如: The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have t he money without delay. 那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到款。 这个that if是什么意思 这道题中的 that if 是什么意思, She promised _________ he had enough money she would marry him. A. that B. if C. that if D. if that 【 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 】此题应选 C，其余几项均有可能误选。句子的正常词序为 She promised that she would marry him if he had enough money. 由于将条件状语从句 if he had enough money 插入动词 pr omised 与其宾语从句之间，从而导致许多同学误选。顺便说一句，本来动词 promise 后接宾语从句时， that 是可以省略的，但是按英语习惯，当动词与其宾语从句之间插有其他成分时，引引导宾语从句的 导宾语从句的 that 通常不宜省略，所以此题不宜选B。又如: She promised that if anyone found her son she would give him a lot of money. 她答应要 是谁找到她儿子，她会给他一大笔钱。(句子可改为 She promised that she would give him a lot of money if anyone found her son.) He said that when his wife came back he would leave. 他说等他妻子一回来，他就离开。(句 子可改写为 He said that he would leave when his wife came back.) Tell him that if he is at home I’ll come to see him. 告诉他，如果他在家，我就去看他。(句子可改写为 Tell him (that) I’ll come to see him if he is at home.) 这两道题考查名词性从句吗 第1题 Don’t you know, my dear friend, _________ it is you that she loves? A. who B. which C. that D. what 【分析】此题容易误选 A或B，选 A 者认为这是指人的，故用 who;选B者认为这是非限制性定 语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)，其实此题应选C，它引导的是一个宾语从句， 只是被其中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。其实此句也可说成 My dear friend, don’t you know that it is you that she loves? 又如: I think, though I could be mistaken, _________ he liked me. A. who B. which C. that D. what 答案选 C，句子可改写为 I think that he liked me, though I could be mistaken. 即 that he liked me 是动词 think之宾语。 第2题 He told me the news, believe it or not, _________ he had earned $1 000 in a single da y. A. that B. which C. as D. because 【分析】此题容易误选 B，误认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实此题应选 A，that 引导的是一个用以修饰名词 the news 的同位语从句。不少同学之所以误选B，正是 believe it or not(信不信由你)这个插入成分惹的祸。 题是考查主语从句吗, 这道 这道题是考查主语从句吗,要看仔细定噢～ _________ with the right knowledge can give first aid. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever 【分析】此题容易误选B，主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势: Whoever says that is lying. 谁那样说，谁就是在说谎。 Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine. 违反本法者应予以罚款。 Whoever comes first can get a ticket free. 谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。 以上各例中的 whoever 引导的均为主语从句，它们均可换成 anyone who，但不能换成 anyone。上面的试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实有本质的不同，即 _________ with the right knowledge 中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的正确答案为C，anyone 为句子主语，with the right knowledge 为修饰 anyone 的定语。请做以下试题: (1) _________ with a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever (2) _________ has a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever (3) _________ having a good education can apply for the job. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever (4) _________ seen smoking here will be fined. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever (5) _________ is seen smoking here will be fined. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever (6) _________ smoking here will be fined. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever (7) _________ smokes here will be fined. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever 第(1)题选C，介词短语with a good education 为修饰 anyone 的定语; 第(2)题选B，whoever has a good education 为主语从句; 第(3)题选C，现在分词短语having a good education 为修饰 anyone 的定语; (4)题选C，过去分词短语seen smoking here 为修饰 anyone 的定语(可视为 anyone who is 第 seen smoking here 之省略); 第(5)题选B，whoever is seen smoking here 为主语从句(from www.yygrammar.com); (6)题选C，现在分词短语smoking here 为修饰anyone 的定语; 第 第(7)题B，whoever smokes here 为主语从句。 that与whether (if)引导名词性从句的区别 两者均可引导宾语从句，也可引导语从句和表语从句(if 通常不行)，但两者含义不同，whether (if) 表示“是否”，that 却不表示任何含义。在它们所引出的从句中，that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而 whether (if) 则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。比较: Whether he’ll come is not known yet. 他是否来还不清楚。 That he’ll come is known to us all. 我们都知道他会来。 )后接宾语从句时，由于 doubt的含义不确定，故通常用 whether (if)类似地，动词doubt (怀疑 来引导其宾语从句，但若 doubt为否定式，则其后的宾语从句用 that 来引导。如: I doubt if you are honest. 我怀疑你是否诚实。 I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你是诚实的。 that, why 与 because 引导表语从句时的区别 虽然三者均可引导表语从句，但 that 没有词义，而 why 和 because 有自己的意思;另外，虽然 why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调原因。如: The reason was that you don’t trust her. 原因是你不信任她。 The fact is that they are angry with each other. 事实是他们生彼此的气。 He was ill. That’s why he was sent to the hospital. 他病了，所以被送到医院来。 He was sent to the hospital. That’s because he was ill. 他被送到医院，是因为他生病了。 whether 和if引导名词性从句的区别 两者均可用于及物动词后引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换。但除此(用于动词后引导宾语从句)之外，在其他情况下表示“是否”时，通常要用 whether 而不用 if，如用于引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、让步状语从句、与or连用分别引导两个分句等，或用于不定式前、用于介词后、直接与 or not 连用等等。如: Ask him whether [if] he can come. 问他能不能来。 The question is whether he can do it. 问题是他能不能做。 Answer my question whether you can help him. 回答我你是否能帮助他。 It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。 注:在某些动词后(如 discuss 等) 通常只用 whether。如: We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。 that与what引导名词性从句的区别 that引导名词性从句只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成分，无意义，在宾语从句通常省略，但在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中均不能省略;what除引导从句外，还在从句中作成分，意为所„„的(东西)”，在含义上等于“名词+that”。如: “ 1. 用that的例子 That she lacks experience is obvious. 她缺少经验，这是显然的。 The police learned that he wasn’t there at that time. 警察获知他那时不在场。 He realized that she too was exhausted. 他意识到她也精疲力尽。 My idea is that you shouldn’t have left the country. 我的意见是你不应该离开那个国家。 Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. 鲍勃错误地认为明天是一个假日。 It was quite plain that he didn’t want to come. 很明显他不想来。 It is natural that they should have different views. 他们看法不同是很自然的。 2. 用what的例子 What (=The thing that) he said was true. 他所讲的是事实。 What he had hoped at last came true. 他希望的事终于成为现实。 What he said is beneath contempt. 他说的话不值一理。 What he says is true, possibly. 或许他说的是对的。 What she saw gave her a fright. 她看到的情况吓了她一跳。 What I want to say is this. 我想说的是这一点。 I’m sorry for what I said. 我为我说的话表示歉意。 That’s what I want to know. 这是我想知道的。 You had better hear what I have to say. 你最好听听我的意见。 I managed to get what I wanted. 我设法得到了我要的东西。 It was what he meant rather than what he said. 这是他的原意而不是他的原话。 There’s something in what he says. 他的话有些道理。 Her interest was roused by what he said. 他的话引起了她的兴趣。 He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing. 他 一向清楚她不太赞成他的做法。 注:that 可引导同位语从句，what不能。如: Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗? 学习名词性从句的应注意的关键点 1. 备考主语从句应注意以下三点 一是从句作主语，主句谓语动词用第三人称单数; 二是主语从句通常用it作形式主语，尤其是在It is +名词 / 形容词 / 过去分词+that„中，或 在It seems / happens that„中，或疑问句中; 三要注意由what, whatever, whoever引导的主语从句一般不用形式主语。 2. 备考宾语从句应注意以下四点 一是介词后(except等除外)一般不跟that引导的宾语从句，但可接疑问词引导的宾语从句; 二是在that引导的宾语从句后若还有补语时，要用it作形式宾语，而将that从句置于补语之后; 三是当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine等时，若宾语从句要表示否定意义，往往要通过否主句来实现，即所谓否定转移; 四是虽然引导宾语从句的that有时可以省略，但若宾语从句前有插入语或有间接宾语时，that不能省略;that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后或者在“形式宾语it+宾补”之后时也不能省略;that从句单独回答问题时，that也不能省略。 3. 备考表语从句应注意以下三点 一是除that, whether和疑问词外，as, as if, as though, because也可引导表语从句; 二要注意“that’s why+结果”以及“that’s because+原因”的区别; 三是注意the reason (why / for„) is that„句式。 3. 备考同位语从句应注意以下三点 一是同位语从句多在news, order, word (=news / order), idea, hope, suggestion, informa tion, plan, thought, doubt, fear, belief等抽象名词后，说明其具体内容; 二是同位语从句与所说明的名词有时会被谓语所分开，做题时需注意; 三是引导同位语从句的有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how等，但绝大多数由that引导，注意同位语从句不能用which引导。 英语基础语法——名词性从句 一、名词性从句的基本概念 在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 (1)主语从句 就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。如: Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。 That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。 注:为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成: It is well known that China is a great socialist country. 但是，由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如: What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。 Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。 表语从句 (2) 就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外，还有as if， as though。如: The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。 It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。 注意:要区分以下句式: 1. that’s why+结果;that’s because+原因。2. the reason why /for„is that„ He is absent. That’s because he is ill. 他缺席，这是因为他生病了。 He is ill. That’s why he is absent. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。 The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。 (3)宾语从句 就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如: They didn’t say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。 I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。 I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。 注意:当think, believe, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/副词，do you think /believe /expect，宾语从句的其余部分,”如: Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么, (4)同位语从句 就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导，也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导，但不能由which引导。如: The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。 I have no idea when he will set out. 我不知他什么时候出发。 注:有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如: The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing. 真相终于大白 了，他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。 二、名词性从句的基本要素 A. 连接词 就是引导名词性从句的关连接词。共有四类: 1. 连词that:只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。 2. 连词whether:有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分;引导宾语从句时，还可用if。 3. 连接代词:who(m), whose, which, what等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。 4. 连接副词:when, where, why, how等，有意义，在从句中作状语。 5. whoever, whatever, whichever等也可引导名词性从句，意为“无论/不管„„”。 注意:连接词必须位于从句的最前面。 关于连接词的用法，请参见后文。 语序 B. 必须与陈述句语序相同:主语，谓语动词。如: 译:我不知道他去哪里了。 误:I don’t know where has she gone. 正:I don’t know where she has gone. C. 时态一致 若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态;若主句的谓语 动词是一般过去时，其谓语动词必须用某种过去时态。如: She said that his father had gone to Beijing. 他说他父亲去北京了。(had不能用has) 注:宾语从句是一个客观真理时，可以不一致。如: She told me that the earth goes around the sun. 他告诉我地球围绕太阳旋转。 八种宾语从句不省略that 引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略: 1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如: We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反，我们希望他和我 们呆在家里。 2. 有间接宾语时。如: He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。 3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如: He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like t o read it.他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。 4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如: I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。 5. that从句单独回答问题时。如: —What did he hear? 他听说了什么事, —That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。 6. 在except等介词后。如: He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。 7. 位于句首时。如: That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。 8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如: He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。 宾语从句学习指要 用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。如: He asked what you were doing last night. 他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。 I didn’t know that he was wounded in the accident. 我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。 Can you explain why he didn’t come to the party last Sunday? 你能解释上周星期日他为 什么没有来参加聚会吗, 在宾语从句中须注意: 1. that 在口语中常被省略，但在正式的文体中，不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句，但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。如: I didn’t know (that) he was Li Lei. 我不知道他就是李蕾。 I will do anything I can to help you except that I’m ill. 只要我身体舒服，我愿做任何 事情来帮助你。 2. 宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句放到句末，此时的that不能省。如: The boy has made it clear that they can’t play with his toys. 那个男孩已清楚的表明他 们不能玩弄他的玩具。 3. 动词advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, sugge st(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即:(should) do的形式。 He asked that we (should) get there before nine o’clock. 他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。 The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。 4. 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即(from www.yygrammar.com): 1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如: He always says that he is our good friend. 他总是说他是我们的好朋友。 When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 当老师知道我们所干的事情时，他会说我们做了一件好事。 2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时，从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。如: He didn’t tell us he came from Shanghai. 他没有告诉我们他来自上海。 He said he had read the book. 他说他读过这本书。 3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实，而不受时间的限制时，即使主句谓语动词为过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。如(from www.yygrammar.com): Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers. 毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。 When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 我们还是小孩子的时候，人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。 同位语从句学习指要 当名词后面所接的从句表示与名词同位并为名词的实际内容时，这个从句就是同位语从句。如: The news that China has joined the WTO excite us all. 中国加入了世界贸易组织这一消息使我们大家兴奋不已。 He told us the truth that he fell down from his bike this afternoon. 他告诉了我们他从单车上摔下来这一真相。 同位语中应注意: 高中所学能带同位语从句的名词不多，常见的有:answer, belief, conclusion, decision, 1. discovery, doubt, explanation, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, law, message, ne ws, opinion, order, possibility, problem, promise, proof, proposal, question, report, ris k, rumor, story, suggestion, truth, theory, thought, wish, word等。如: Hw sent us a message that he won’t come next week. 他送信来告诉我们说，下周他不来了。 There is no doubt that he is fit for this job. 毫无疑问，它适合这一工作。 2. 表示“命令、建议、要求” advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instr uction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish 等名词的同位语，须用虚拟语气。如(from www.yygrammar.com): He made clear his desire that he should work hard to go to college. 他已清楚的表明了他要努力学习考上大学这一愿望。 Soon came the order that all the people should obey the rules. 不久命令下来了，所有的人不得违犯制度。 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 同位语从句与定语从句形相似而实质不同，具体表现在以下几个方面: (1)被修饰的词不同。同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。 (2)从句的作用不同。同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容;而定语从句是对先行词—名词的限制、描绘或说明。 (3)引导词的作用不同。引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不担任任何成分，但不能省略;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词，在从句中担任句子的某种成分，当担任定语从句中的宾语时，that可以省略。 (4)引导词不同。定语从句不能用what, how, whether引导;而同位从句可以用what, how, whether引导(from www.yygrammar.com)。 (5)判定定语从句和同位语从句的方法。同位语从句可充当同位名词的表语;而定语从句不能充当先行词的表语。 表语从句学习指要 当一个子句充当句子的表语时，这个子句就叫做表语从句。如: My idea is that he can teach children English in this school. 我的想法是他能够在这所学校教孩子们英语。 My hope is that he will keep it a secret for ever. 我的希望是它将永远保守秘密。 表语从句中应注意: 1. 连接词that一般不能省略，但当主句中含动词do的某种形式时，that可以省略。如: What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him. 我想做的事是走到身边去感谢他。 2. 当句子的主语是:advice, demand, decision, desire, idea, insistence, instruction, o rder, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion, wish等名词时，表语从句须用虚拟语气，即:should +do。如: My advice is that you should go to apologize to him. 我的建议是你应该去向他道歉。 主语从句学习指要 用来作主语的句子叫做主语从句。如: (1)When he was born is unknown. 他生于何时还不知道。 (2)What he did last night is being investigated. 他昨天晚上干了些什么正在调查之中。 在主语从句中须注意: 1. 主语从句一般用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将主语从句放到句末。如: (1)It is possible that he has stolen the car. 很可能他偷了小车。 (2)Isn’t it strange that he should not have passed the test? 他测试没有通过，难道不 奇怪吗, 2. if引导主语从句时，只能用it作形式主语，放在句首，而将if引导的主语从句放到句末。如: It is uncertain if he will leave for Beijing tomorrow. 明天他是否去北京还不敢肯定。 3. that引导主语从句放在句首时，that不可省，但在句末口语中可省。如: That he was ill yesterday is known now. 大家都已知道他昨天生了病。 4. 连接代词引导主语从句只能放在句首。如; (1)Who has broken the glass is unknown. 谁打破了玻璃现在还不知道。 (2)What he wants is all here. 他所要的东西都在这里。 5. 主语从句中主句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，但what引导主语从句的主句谓语动词的形式须根据句子的意思来判断。如(from www.yygrammar.com): (1)How he worked it out is still a secret. 他是如何把它做出来的还是一个秘密 What they makes in this factory are TV sets. 他们在工厂里所做的东西就是电视机。 (2) 使用名词性从句的两个注意点 注意1 语序问题 不管什么词引导，从句的语序始终用陈述语序。如: (1)He asked how he could find his courage. 他问道他如何才能找到他的勇气。 (2)The question is why there is little rain here. 问题是这里为什么雨水少。 注意2 连接词的选用问题 A(that，whether，if，as if(限用于表语从句)都不作句子的任何成分。因此，它们所引导的句子结构必须完整。that 一般用于确定的语气中，引导宾语从句时，口语中的that可省略，而其他情况中的that一般不可省;而whether，if一般用于不确定的语句中。如: (1)That he learnt English before is certain. 他学过英语是肯定的。 (2)I don’t know whether / if he will come. 我不知道他是否会来。 (3)He looks as if he knows the answer. 看起来他好像知道答案。 B(whether和if 1)whether可用于任何名词性从句中，而一般只能用于宾语从句中。如果if引导主语从句时，只能放在句中，而不能置于句首。如: (1)Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter. —It doesn’t matter whether he will come or not. 他来还是不来都没关系。 (2)Do you know if / whether his words are true. 你知道他的话是否真实吗, 2)whether可与or not连用，而if则不可以。如 (1)I’m not sure whether / if he can overcome the difficulties. 我没有把握他能否克服这 些困难。 (2)The radio didn’t say whether it would rain or not tomorrow. 收音机并没有报道明天是 否下雨。 3)若用if会产生歧义时，则用whether。 (1)Let me know whether he will come. 告诉我他是否会来。 (2)Let me know if he will come. 可理解为:告诉我他是否会来。也可理解为:如果他愿意来，就告诉我一声。 4)whether可与不定式连用，而if不可以。 Have you decided whether to go there tomorrow? 明天是否去那儿，你决定了吗,(句子中的whether不能用if替换) 5)whether引导的从句可作某些介词及动词discuss的宾语，而if则不可以。如: (1)They are talking about whether they will take part in the strike. 他们在谈论他们是否要参加这次罢工。 (2)They are discussing whether they can employ the new way. 他们在讨论他们是否可以采用这种新的方法。 (以上两个句子中的whether 不能用if替换) 6)宾语从句若为否定句，连接词则用if 而不用whether。如: Do you know if he hasn’t been to Washington? 你知道他是否没有去过华盛顿吗, 此句子中的If不能用whether替换。 C(连接代词、连接副词都作句子的成分，因此，选用时须确定从句是否缺少成分，然后再确定选用适当的连接词。如: (1)I don’t know ________ he lives. (2)I don’t know ________ he lives there. (3)I don’t know ________ he lives there by fishing. (4)I don’t know ________ he likes. 根据从句里面的成分，句子(1)可填地点、方式等连接词where / how;句子(2)可填that, whether / if，原因连接副词why 或方式连接副词how;句子(3)可填that, whether / if，原因连接副词why;句子(4)缺少宾语，可填what。 名词性从句用法详解 一、概说 名词性从句，即指性质相当于名词的从句，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从高考的考查的实际情况来看，名词性从句考得最多的是宾语从句，其次是主语从句，再次是表语从句，而同位语从句则很少考查。 二、名词性从句的一般引导词 1. 连接词 that 只起连接作用，没有任何意思，也不充当句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略，但引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。如: I hope (that) you enjoy your holiday. 希望你假期过得好。 That he likes you is very obvious. 很显然他喜欢你。 2. 连接词 whether 也不充当句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”;引导宾语从句时，可换 if，但引导其他名词性从句时不能换成 if。如(from www.yygrammar.com): 成 He asked whether [if] I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。(引导主语从句，不能用 if 代替 whether) 3. 连接代词 who(m), whose, which, what 等，均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。如: That’s why she wanted to leave. 这就是她想离开的原因。 When we arrive doesn't matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 Tell me which one you like best. 告诉我你最喜欢哪一个。 4. 连接副词 when, where, why, how 等，也各自有自己的意义，在从句中作状语。如: The question is how we should carry out the plan. 问题是怎样执行这个 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 。 When she’ll be back depends much on the weather. 她什么时候回来在很大程度上要看天气。 Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是一个谜。 三、名词性从句的重要引导词 1. what 用于引导名词性从句是一个十分重要的引导词，它可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，但不用于引导同位语从句。它引导的名词性从句有两个意思是:一是表示“什么”，带有疑问意味;二是表示“„所„的”，相当于一个先行词后接一个关系代词。如: I don’t know what you want. 我不知道你想要什么。 I don’t know what you want is this. 我不知道你所想要的是这个。 2. what 引导名词性从句时可用作限定词，其后修饰名词。如: I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。 He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。 注:what 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词，并且后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰，两者的区别是:what+不可数名词=所有的都，what little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如: What friends she has are out of the country. 她有的那些朋友全在国外。 We gave him what (little) help we could. 我们给了他我们力所能及的帮助。 3. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，其意分别为“所„的一切事或东西”、任何„的人”、““„的任可人或物”等。如: “ Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 I’ll do whatever I can to help him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子: 任何人来都欢迎(from www.yygrammar.com)。 误:Who comes will be welcome. / Anyone comes will be welcome. 正:Whoever comes will be welcome. / Anyone who comes will be welcome. 另外，它们也可引导让步状语从句，其意为“无论„”、“不管„”，其意相当于 no matter who [what, which]。如: Whatever happens, you must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，你都必须镇静。(whatever = no matter what) He won't eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不能把你吃掉。(whoever = no matter who) 注:whoever 既用作主格也用作宾语;作宾语时不宜用 whomever，因为在现代英语中 whomever 这个已几乎废弃不用。 4. why 与 because 的用法区别。两者均可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因。如: I had a cold. That’s why I didn't come. 我感冒了，因此我没来。 I didn’t come. That’s because I had a cold. 我没有来，那是因为我感冒了。 五、名词性从句的语序 名词性从句的词序与陈述句语序相同，尤其注意那些由连接代词who(m), whose, which, what 和连接副词 when, where, why 等引导的名词性从句，不要受它们在特殊疑问句中用法的影响而误用疑问句词序。如: Why was she crying? 她为什么在哭, I don’t know why he was crying. 我不知道她为什么哭。 六、名词性从句的时态问题 1. 当主句的谓语动词是过去式时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。如: She said that she didn't want to know. 她说她不想知道。 I asked her whether she would agree. 我问她是否会同意(from www.yygrammar.com)。 2. when, if 这两个词既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。当它们引导名词性从句且表示将来意义时，要直接使用将来时态;但当它们引导状语从句且表示将来意义时，则必须用一般现在时表示将来意义。如: I don’t know when he will come, but when he comes, I’ll call you. 我不知道他什么时候，但当他来的时候，我会打电话给你。 句中第一个when 引导的是宾语从句，故用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个when 引导的是时间状语从句，故用一般现在时表示将来意义。 同位语边缘知识归纳 一、什么叫同位语 当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如: Laura Myers, a BBC reporter, asked for an interview. 劳拉?迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。 Influenza, a common disease, has no cure. 流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。 Mary, one of the most intelligent girls I know, is planning to attend the university. 玛丽是我所认识的最聪敏的姑娘之一，她正准备上大学。 Who is that man, the first in the front row? 前排第一个人是谁? We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一个男孩和一个女孩。 以上所举的同位语例子都是同位语的基本形式，一般不会出错。但有有几种同位语，或由于身本结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。 二、特殊同位语归纳 1. 代词we, us, you等后接同位语 Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗? They three joined the school team. 他们3人参加了校队。 She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。 He asked you boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。 We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。 2. 不定式用作同位语 Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack与the order同位) He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along„与the instruction同位) 3. -ing分词用作同位语 He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事。(driving a track与a job同位) She got a place in a laundry ironing shirts. 她在一家洗衣店得到一个熨衣服的职位。(ironing shirts与a place同位) The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。(attacking at night与the first plan同位) 4. 形容词用作同位语 The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的交易会，是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。 He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。 People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人都来到街头观看游行。 【注】这类同位语与定语比较接近，可转换成定语从句。如:(from www.yygrammar.com) The current affair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. =The current affair, which is the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 5. none of us之类的结构用作同位语 We none of us said anything. 我们谁也没说话。 We have none of us large appetites. 我们谁饭量都不大。 They neither of them wanted to go. 他们两人都不想去。 They’ve neither of them succeeded in winning her confidence. 他们两人谁也没能赢得她的 信任。 【注】注意，同位语并不影响其后句子谓语的“数”，如: 学生每人都有一本词典。(from www.nmet168.com) 正:The students each have a dictionary. The students each has a dictionary. 误: 请比较下面一句(谓语用了单数，因为each为句子主语): 正:Each of the students has a dictionary. (from www.yygrammar.com) 6. 从句用作同位语(即同位语从句) They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。 I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。 The idea that you can do this work without thinking is wrong. 你可以不动脑筋做此工作 的想法是错误的。 whatever, whoever, whichever引导名词性从句 1. whatever引导的名词性从句 Whatever的意思是“所„的一切事或东西”，可视为what的强调说法，其含义大致相当于anyth ing that，whatever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语: Whatever he did was right. 无论他做什么都是对的。 Give them whatever they desire. 他们想要什么就给他们什么。 I will just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。 Goats eat whatever (food) they can find. 山羊找到什么(食物)就吃什么(食物)。 I’m going to learn whatever my tutor wishes. 我将学习任何我的导师愿意我学的东西。 He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么，他就做什么。 Talk to me about whatever is troubling you. 给我谈谈任何使你烦恼的事。 One should stick to whatever one has begun. 开始了的事就要坚持下去。 She would tell him whatever news she got. 她得到的任何消息都会告诉他。 You can have whatever allowance you like. 你想要多少津贴就给你多少津贴。 2. whoever引导的名词性从句 whoever的意思“任何„的人”，在意义上大致相当于 anybody who。whoever在从句中可用作主 语或宾语: I’ll take whoever wants to go. 谁想去我就带谁去。 She can marry whoever she chooses. 她愿意嫁谁就嫁谁。 Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 Whoever comes will be welcome. 谁来都欢迎。 Whoever you invite will be welcome. 任何你邀请的人都欢迎。 Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine. 违反本法者应予以罚款。 I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 请想要这票，我就把它给谁。 【注意】 (1) whoever既用作主格也用作宾语(作宾语时不宜用whomever，因为在现代英语中whomever已几 乎不用)。 (2) 注意以下受汉语意思影响而弄错的句子: 误:Who wins can get a prize. / Anyone wins can get a prize. (from www.yygrammar.com) 正:Whoever wins can get a prize. / Anyone who wins can a prize. 谁赢了都可以获奖。 3. whichever引导的名词性从句 Whichever的意思“„的那个人或事物”，在意义上大致相当于 the person or the thing that。 whichever在从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语: Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。 Take whichever you like. 哪个你喜欢你就拿哪个。 Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个哪个就是你的。 I’ll take whichever books you don’t want. 你不要的任何书我都要。(from www.yygrammar. com) Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。 Whichever of us gets home first starts cooking. 我们当中无论哪个先到家，哪个就先开始做 饭。 【注意】 whatever, whoever, whichever除用于引导的名词性从句外，还可用于引导状语从句，相当于no matter what (who, which)。如: Whatever happened I must be calm. 不管发生什么情况我都要镇静。 Don’t lose heart whatever difficulties you meet. 一不管遇到什么困难都不要灰心。 I’ll post that letter whatever Wilson says. 不管威尔逊说什么，这封信我都要发出去。 He won’t eat you, whoever he is. 不管他是谁，他也不会吃了你。 Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁，都不能从这里过去。 Whoever rings, tell him I’m out. 不管谁来电话，都告诉他我不在家。 Whichever side wins, I shall be satisfied. 不管哪边赢，我都会感到满意。 It has the same result whichever way you do it. 不管你怎么做结果都一样。 Whichever you choose, they will be offended. 不管你选哪个，他们都会不高兴。 关系型 what引导名词性从句的五种用法 一、用法归纳 1. 表示“„„的东西或事情”: They’ve done what they can to help her. 他们已经尽力帮助了她。 He saves what he earns. 他赚多少，积蓄多少。 What Mary is is the secretary. 玛丽的职务是秘书。 2. 表示“„„的人或的样子”: He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的那个样子。 He is what is generally called a traitor. 他就是人们通常所说的叛徒。 Who is it that has made Fred what he is now? 是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的, 3. 表示“„„的数量或数目”: Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。 The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation. 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。 4. 表示“„„的时间”: After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile. 似乎过了几个小时他才苦 笑着出来。 The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for what seemed like hours. 小女孩吓得不敢说话，在那儿站了几个小时。 5. 表示“„„的地方”: This is what they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。(from www.yygramma r.com) In 1492, Columbus reached what is now called America. 1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美 洲大陆。 二、用法说明 (1) 这样用的what相当于“先行词+关系代词”，所以其前不能有先行词: 你喜欢什么就拿什么吧。 正:You can have what you like. / You can have everything (that) you like. 误:You can have everything what you like. (2) 有时what 可用作限定词，其后修饰一个名词: I gave him what books I had. 我把我所有的书都给他了。 He gave me what money he had about him. 他把身边带有的钱全给了我。 (3) What 后的名词可以是复数名词或不可数名词，但通常不能是单数可数名词: 误:I gave him what book I had. (from www.yygrammar.com) 所有的都，wh(4) What后接不可数名词时，有时可有little修饰。注意区别:what+不可数名词= at little+不可数名词=虽少但全部。如: I spent what time I had with her. 我所有的时间都是与她一起度过的。 I spent what little time I had with her. 我仅有的一点时间都是与她一起度过的。 四组名词性从句引导词用法区别 1. what 与that的用法区别 两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句，区别是what可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什 么”或“所„的”，而that仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导 宾语从句时通常可以省略): He doesn’t know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。 What you say is quite right. 你所说的相当正确。 I believe (that) he will come to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。 It’s a pity (that) he didn’t finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。 另外，that 可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句: I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。 2. whether与 if的用法区别 两者的用法异同注意以下几点: (1) 两者均可引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，常可互换: He asked if [whether] we wanted a drink. 他问我们是否想喝一杯。 He didn’t tell me if [whether] he would come. 他没有告诉我他是否会来。 【注】若是引导条件状语从句，则只能用 if(意为“如果”)。 (2) 当引导一个否定的宾语从句时，通常用 if 而不用 whether: I don’t care if it doesn’t rain. 我不在乎天是否下雨。 【注】在个别词语(如 wonder, not sure 等)后的从句否定式有时也可用 whether 引导: I wonder if [whether] he isn’t mistaken. 我想知道他是否错了。 (3) 以下情况通常要用 whether 而不用 if: ? 引导宾语从句且置于句首时: Whether he has left, I can’t say. 他是否走了，我说不定。 ? 引导主语从句且放在句首时: Whether he will come is still a question. 他是否会来还是个问题。 ，而将主语从句放在句末，则有时也可用 if 来引导: 【注】若在句首使用形式主语 it It was not known whether [if] he would come. 不知他是否会来。 ? 引导表语从句时: The question is whether we should go on with the work. 问题是我们是否应该继续进行这项 工作。 【注】在很不正式的场合if偶尔也用于引导表语从句，但远不如用 whether 常见。 ? 引导让步状语从句时: Whether he agrees or not, I shall do that. 不管他同意与否，我都要那样做。 ? 引导同位语从句时: The question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它还没有考虑。 ? 用于不定式之前时: I’m not sure whether to stay or leave. 我不知是留还是去。 I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry. 我真是哭笑不得。 ? 用于介词之后时: It depends on whether the letter arrives in time. 这取决于信是否来得及时。 I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。 ? 直接与 or not 连用时: I will write to you whether or not I can come. 我能不能来，我将写信告诉你。 【注】若不是直接与 or not 用在一起，则有时也可用 if: I don’t know whether [if] he will win or not. 我不知他是否能赢。 ? 在 discuss(讨论)等少数动词后引导宾语从句时:(from www.yygrammar.com) We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. 我们讨论了是否要开一个会。 3. that ,why 与 because的用法区别 它们在引导表语从句中很容易混淆，区别于下: (1) 当主语是reason(原因)时，后面的表语从句的引导词通常用that: The reason why he didn’t attend the party yesterday is that he hasn’t come back yet. 他昨天没有参加聚会是因为他还没有回来。 【注】在现代英语中，有时也用 because，但不如用 that 普通。 (2) why和 because 都可引导表语从句，但前者强调结果，后者强调的原因: I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet all through. 我既没穿雨衣，也没带雨伞，所以全身都淋湿了。 I got wet all through. That’s because I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. 我全身都淋湿了，因为我既没穿雨衣，也没带雨伞。 4. that 与 whether (if)的用法区别 从意思上看，两者不应该发生混淆，因为 whether (if) 表示“是否”，而that 却不表示任何含义，但实际使用时，有的同学却经常将其用混，并且各类语法考试也常考查它。两者的原则区别是:that 表示一种肯定、明确的概念，而 whether (if) 则表示一种不肯定、不明确的概念。请看几道考题: (1)______ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. A. That B. If C. Whether D. Whenever [选C] (2)______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where [选B] 由于以上区别，所以动词 doubt后接宾语从句时，通常要用 whether (if) 来引导，而不用 that，因为 doubt 表示“怀疑”，其意不肯定、不明确;但是如果它用于否定式，其后的宾语从句则要通常用 that 来引导，因为 not doubt 表示“不怀疑”，其意是肯定的、明确的。如: I doubt if [whether] he’ll come. 我拿不准他是否会来。 I don’t doubt that he will succeed. 我敢肯定他会成功。 Do you doubt that he will win? 你不相信他会赢吗? 【注】在现代英语中，doubt用于肯定式时其后也可接that从句，不过此时的that仍表示whether的意思: I doubt that we’ll ever see George again. 我怀疑我们是否还会见到乔治。(from www.yygrammar.com) 类似地，be sure后的名词性从句通常用that引导，而 be not sure 后的名词性从句则通常用whether / if 来引导: I’m sure that he is honest. 我肯定他是诚实的。 I’m not sure whether (if) he is honest. 我不敢肯定他是否诚实。 学习名词性从句应注意的两个问题 一、词序问题 名词性从句总是用陈述句词序，则不能使用疑问句词序，尤其是当名词性从句由“疑问词”引导时，不能受疑问句的影响而误用疑问句词序: I didn’t know where did he live. 误: 正:I didn’t know where he lived. 我不知道他住哪儿。 误:Who will he marry remains unknown. 正:Who he will marry remains unknown. 他同谁结婚还不知道。 二、时态问题 由于由when引导的时间状语从句和以if引导的条件状语从句要用现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态，所以许多同学容易受此影响在when和if引导名词性从句时也用现在时表示将来意义。请看几题: (1) I don’t know if he ________ or not tomorrow. A. come B. comes C. will come D. is coming 此题答案选C，句中if引导的不是条件状语从句(if?如果)，而是宾语从句(if,是否)，句意为“我不知道明天他是否会来。”(from www.yygrammar.com) (2) I don’t know if she ________, but if she ________ I will let you know. A. comes, comes B. will come, will come C. comes, will come D. will come, comes 答案选 D，第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句，第二个 if 引导的是条件状语从句。 (3) “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.” A. comes, comes B. will come, will come C. comes, will come D. will come, comes 答案选 D，第一个 when 引导的是主语从句，第二个 when引导的是时间状语从句。 另外，当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句通常要用过去的某种时态与之呼应(表客观真理时除外): The teacher told us that he knew everything. 老师告诉我们他知道一切。 The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. 老师告诉我们光比声音传播得快。 同位语从句用法详解(例句丰富) 一、同位语从句的引导词 引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。 1. 由that引导 We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。 They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。 The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。 I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that. 我得出结论这样做是不明智 的。 The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。 He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun. 他提到了哥白 尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。 【注意1】在某些名词(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如: They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. 他们面对废除这个税的要求。 They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。 There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。 The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。 The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。 I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker. 我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。 【注意2】引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如: He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。 2. 由whether引导 There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。 Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的问题:你来不来。 The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。 We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。 【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。 由连接代词引导 3. Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗? From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After that I wen t back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was. 从1985年到1990年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。 4. 由连接副词引导 I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。 He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。 You have no idea how worried I was! 你不知道我多着急! 二、关于分离同位语从句 有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如: The story goes that he beats his wife. 传说他打老婆。 The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。 The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 谣传这里要盖一所新学校。 Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town. 有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城市。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。 The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village. 不久命令下来，所有居民都必须撤出村子。(G31) 二、同位语从句与定语从句的区别 1(意义的不同 同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号;而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来: We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句) We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that从句为定语从句) 2. 引导词的不同 what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。 引导词的功能上的不同 3. that引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。 4. 被修饰词语的区别 同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定;又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定: I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句) I’ll never forget the days when I lived there.. 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)(from www.yygrammar.com) We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice. 我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句 ) The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill. 他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定语从句) 表语从句用法详解(例句丰富) 一、表语从句的引导词 引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型what，以及as if, as though, because等连词。 1. 由that引导 The fact is that he doesn’t really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。 The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。 My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。 His sole requirement was (is) that the system work. 他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。 My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. 我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。 2. 由whether引导 The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 3. 由连接代词引导 You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我过去所想像的人。 The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is who (m) we should trust. 问题是我们应当相信谁。 What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。 4. 由连接副词引导 The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。 That was when I was fifteen. 这是我15岁时发生的事。 That’s where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。 That’s why he didn’t come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。 That’s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。 That’s where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。 5. 由关系代词型what引导 That’s what I want to stress. 这是我想强调的。 That’s what we are here for. 我们来这里就为了这个。 Fame and personal gain is what they’re after. 他们追求的是名利。 He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的他了。 6. 由as if / as though引导 It isn’t as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。 Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似 的。 It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我们家里穷。 7. 由because引导 It is because I love you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。 That’s because you can’t appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。 If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall night. 如果我有点困，是因为一夜没睡。 It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 这是因为我在上课中 替约翰传纸条给海伦。 【注意】because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的since, as, for等也不用于引导表语从句。 二、连词that的省略问题 引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略: My idea is (that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。 The trouble is (that) he is ill. 糟糕的是他病了。(from www.yygrammar.com) 宾语从句用法详解(例句丰富) 一、宾语从句的引导词 宾语从句通常由连词that和whether (if)、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导: 1. that引导 We believe that he is honest. 我们相信他是诚实的。 The doctor insists that I give up smoking医生坚持要我戒烟。 I suggest that we should go tomorrow. 我建议我们明天走。 I suggested that we should go the next day. 我建议我们第二天走。 We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain. 从他的信里我们了解到他在西班牙。 The seller demanded that payment should be made within five days. 卖方要求5日内付款。 2. whether / if引导 I don’t know whether he’ll arrive in time. 我不知道他是否能及时到。 I didn’t know whether they liked the place. 我不知道他们是否喜欢这个地方。 I’ll see whether I can induce him to accept it. 我要看看我是否能劝他接受。 I asked her whether she agreed. 我问她是否同意。 He enquired if her parents spoke Spanish. 他问她父母是否讲西班牙语。 I wonder if it’s large enough. 我不知道它是否够大。 She didn’t say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。 3. 连接代词引导 I don’t know who [whom] you mean. 我不知道你指谁。 Please tell me which you like. 告诉我你喜欢哪一个。 I’Il do whatever I can do. 我将做我所能做的事。 You can take whichever you like. 你爱拿哪个就拿哪个吧。 We’ll do whatever we can to save him. 我们将尽我们所能来挽救他。 Take whichever seat you like. 你要坐哪个座就坐哪个座位。 Give it to whoever you like. 你把它爱给谁就给谁。 You don’t know what you are talking about. 你在说什么，你自己也不知道。 Tomorrow at this time we’ll know who is elected. 明天这时候我们就会知道谁当选了。 4. 连接副词引导 He asked why he had to go alone. 他问他为什么必须一个人去。 You don’t know when you are lucky. 你身在福中不知福。 I asked how he was getting on. 我问他情况怎样。 He knows where they live. 他知道他们住哪里。 Have you found out how wide the ditch Was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗? I’d like to know when they will let him out. 我很想知道他们什么时候会放他出来。 We didn’t know why he had answered in that fashion. 我们不明白他为什么这样回答。 3. 关系代词what引导 She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。 I want to tell you what I hear. 我想把听到的情况告诉你。 He could not express what he felt. 他无法表达内心的感受。 They did what they could to console her. 他们尽量安慰她。 They thought they could do what they liked with him. 他们以为他们可以对他为所欲为。 【注意】有时介词后可接一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接that和if引导的宾语从句): From what you say, he is right. 根据你所说的，他是对的。 有极个别介词(如but, except)可接that引导的宾语从句: She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black. 她对他什么都不记得， 只记得他的头发是黑的。 比较下面两句用what引导的宾语从句，它们的意思不一样: He began to think about what he should do. 他开始考虑应当怎样做。 二、宾语从句与形式宾语it 当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至 句末: I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。 He hasn’t made it known when he is going to get married. 他还没宣布他何时结婚。 She found it difficult to answer the question. 她发现回答这个问题很困难。 He feels it his duty to hetp others. 他认为帮助别人是他的责任。 He thought it best to be on his guard. 他认为他最好还是要警惕。 He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every session. 他 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 自己在议 会每次开会时至少发一次言。 I find it interesting talking go you. 我觉得同你谈话很有意思。 I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination. 我认为考试作弊是不对的。 三、连词that的省略问题 引导宾语从句的连词that 通常可以省略: She said (that) she would come to the meeting. 她说过要来开会的。 I promise you (that) I will be there. 我答应你我会去。 I hoped (that) I would / should succeed. 我曾希望我会成功。 He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. 他想他们会给他签证。 He thought (that) they would give him 3 visa. 他本想他们会给他签证。 I expect (that) the plane will he diverted. 我料想飞机会改变航线。 I expected (that) the plane would be diverted. 我本料想飞机会改变航线。 Everybody knows (that) money doesn’t grow on trees. 众所周知，金钱是不会从树上长出来 的。 I suggested (that) they should / shouldn’t drive along the coast. 我建议他们沿着 / 不要沿着海岸开车。 【注】有时为了强调，that引导的宾语从句可位于句首，此时that不可省略: That she is a good girl I know. 她是一个好姑娘，我是知道的。 四、宾语从句与否定转移 当动词think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否 定通常转移到主语: I don’t suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真的。 I don’t imagine that he will come. 我想他不会来的。(from www.yygrammar.com) I don’t think we need waste much time on it. 我想我们不必在这上面花太多时间 We didn’t think we’d be this late. 我们没想到我们会到得这么晚。 I don’t suppose I’ll trouble you again. 我想我不要再麻烦你了。 主语从句用法详解(例句丰富) 一、主语从句的引导词 主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。 1. that引导 That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。 That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。 That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。 That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。 That she became an artist may have been due to her father’s influence. 她成为画家可能 是受她父亲的影响。 That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你将来伦 敦是好久以来我听到的最好消息。 That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被挑选上，在她村 子里引起很大轰动。 2. whether引导 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 3. 连接代词引导 Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 两强相争勇者胜。 Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。 Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个哪个就是你的。 4. 连接副词引导 When we arrive doesn’t matter. 什么时候到没有关系。 How it was done was a mystery. 这是怎样做的是一个谜。 How this happended is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀请多少人还是一个问题。 Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。 5. 关系代词型what引导 What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。 What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。 What’s done is done. 事已成定局。 What he says is not important. 他说的话并不重要。 What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你说的都不过是一些印象而已。 What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 为河水 增色的是水里的荷花。 What you need is a good-sized canvas bag. 你需要的是一个比较大的帆布袋。 What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal. 我担心的是他们把他带到葡萄牙去。 What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 给我很深印象的是他们都受过很多 苦。 二、主语从句与形式主语it 有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常在主语从句处使用形式主语it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这 分三种情况: (1) 对于以连词that引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句: It’s a pity that he didn’t come. 很遗憾他没来。 It is important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。 It’s vital that we be present. 我们出席是至关重要的。 It was intended that you be the candidate. 大家的意图是让你当候选人。 It is important that this mission not fail. 这项使命不失败至关重要。 It is essential that a meeting be convened this week. 本周开一次会非常重要。 It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 废除这个税是恰当的。 It’s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs. 竟有这么多人失业这是不公平的。 It’s amazing that she should have said nothing about it. 她竟未谈及此事令人惊讶。 It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request. 他们竟然拒绝我的请求，这是不可思议 的。 That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage. 他们拒绝在请愿书 上签字这是需要很大勇气的。 (2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用 主语从句: Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它对我们是利是害，还得看看再 说。 (3) 对关系代词型what引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如: What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。 What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。 有时也可将助用形式主语。如: It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。 (4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语it的结构: Is it true that he is the girl’s father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗, How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了,(from www.yygrammar.com) 三、连词that的省略问题 引导主语从句的连词that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是:若that引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that不能省略;若that引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语it，则that可以省略: That you didn’t go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 。(that不可省) It was a pity (that) you didn’t go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that可省) 定语从句:定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词, 先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 定词组或代词即语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句: 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词: 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有WHAT;关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用: ?连接作用，引导定语从句。 ?代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ?在定语从句中充当一句子成分。 注:关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。 3.定语: 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语)或句子，汉语中常用‘„„的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 4、先行词: 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 [编辑本段] 关系代词引导的定语从句举例 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1、who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下: (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗,(who/that在从句中作主语) (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2、Whose 用来指人或物 (只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替) (1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3、 which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如: (1) A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语) (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 限定性定语从句 一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语) 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg:This is the book (which)you want.] 2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词，介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 3. 代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which: a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时; b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略; c)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时; d)先行词就是序数词或最高级时; e)先行词中既有人又有物时; f)整个句中前面已有which时; g)当先行词为物并作表语时。 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二、关系副词(在句中作状语) 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间,注,值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。 非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如: 3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 4. 有时as也可用作关系代词 5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物，如果需要用why， 可用for which代替.; p.s: which引导非限定性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以 关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. 2. whom指人 在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。(注:who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。) 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. 3. whose通常指人，也可指物 在定语从句中做定语。 4.which指物 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 5. that指人时 相当于who或者whom;指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指地点 在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 介词和关系代词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3) 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词 when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which(where) I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which(when) you joined our club? This is the reason for which (why)he came late. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词+关系代词引导 当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用whick/whom即“介词+which/whom"且不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/whick/who/whom.作介词的宾语，且可以省略。例如: (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous."that/which"可以省略 = The school in which he once studied is very famous."which”不可省略 (2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (3) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. = We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意: 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如:look for, look after, take care of等 T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T,正确) F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F,错误) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that;指物时用which，不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) 3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词 关系代词 关系代词(一般情况下)that 可用who ,whom 和which在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。 which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语; who在从句中作主语; whom在从句中宾语; where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语; when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语; why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reason" 有时why也可用for+which代替。 例:A doctor is a person who looks after people's health. 主语 谓语 先行词 从句 定语从句修饰先行词 As 的用法例 1. the same„ as;such„as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和„„一样„„。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语; 例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如: My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况: 1. 形容词做先行成分时:形容词或形容词短语(含具有形容词性质的名词)作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时:动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。 三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能 一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。 1. 表示结果 表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。 2. 表示评注 表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用;从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。 3. 有无状语意义 “as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义(主要是方式状语意义)，而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。 四、关系代词as与which的句法功能 1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。 as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词(主要是be, seem)，主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态(其中助动词be常略)，不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如: Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference. Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。 2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。 3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如: We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be. “as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。 如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如: He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was. 4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。 which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如: I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed. 关系代词that 的用法 (1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (b) 介词后不能用。 (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。 (b) 在不定代词，如:anything, nothing, the one, all等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。 (c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。 (d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that,不能用which。. (e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 (f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时( (g) 为了避免重复( (h)先行词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略 (i) 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时 难点分析 (一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1、当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时 注意1:部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。 注意2:当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who 2、当先行词被序数词修饰 3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who 5、当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 6、当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语 8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which (二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同 之处也有不同之处。具体情况是: 1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 2、as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如„„，正像„„”的意思 注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。 3、当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as 注意:当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 注意:定语从句such„as „与结果状语从句such„ that„的区别:as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语;that在结果状语从句中不做成分 (三)以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 There are very few but understand his idea。 ( but= who don’t ) ,定语从句,介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系副词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3)某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 第五章:状语从句 状语从句指句子用作状语，起副词作用的句子。根据英语中状语的分类，我们将状语从句分为九种:时 间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较状语从句。 第一节:状语从句的分类 时间主状语从句。 1. 常用关系词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊关系词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner „ than, hardly „when, scarcely „ when a. I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. b. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. c. The children ran away from the orchard, the moment they saw the guard. d. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. e. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2( 地点状语从句 常用关系词:where 特殊关系词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere a. Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. b. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 3( 原因状语从句 常用关系词:because, since, as, for 特殊关系词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. a. My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. b. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. c. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. d. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable. 4( 目的状语从句 常用关系词:so that, in order that 特殊关系词:lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that a. The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. b. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5( 结果状语从句 常用关系词:so „ that, such „ that, 特殊关系词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, a. He got up so early that he caught the first bus. b. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it. c. To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6( 条件状语从句 常用关系词:if, unless, 特殊关系词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that a. We’ll start our project if the president agrees. b. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. c. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7( 让步状语从句 a. 常用关系词:though, although, even if/even though 特殊关系词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter „， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, whether. a. Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. b. The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. c. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. d. He won’t listen whatever you may say. 8( 比较状语从句 常用关系词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊关系词:the more „ the more „ ; just as „， so„; A is to B what /as C is to D; no „ more than; not A so much as B a. She is as bad-tempered as her mother. b. The house is three times as big as ours. c. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. d. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 9( 方式状语从句 常用关系词:as, as if, how 特殊关系词:the way (也可以认为是in the way that-同位语从句) a. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. b. She behaved as if she were the boss. c. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 第二讲:几种容易与状语从句混淆的其他从句 由于有些状语从句关系词和其他从句的关系词一样，所以学生在使用时容易出现错误。本讲主要讲解几 种容易混淆的从句。 1. if 和whether的区别。 首先我们看看这两个关系词所能引导的从句。 ? if. 它通常用来引导:条件状语从句和宾语从句。 ? whether用来引导主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句, 同位语从句和让步状语从句。 那么，我们就可以看出，它们两个词的共同之处就是:都可以引导宾语从句，换句话说，在宾语从句中 有时可以替换。 2. no matter+疑问词和疑问词+ever 的区别。 首先我们看看这两个关系词所能引导的从句。 ? no matter+疑问词通常用来引导让步状语从句。 ? 疑问词+ever用来引导让步状语从句和名词性同居。 那么，我们就可以看出，它们的共同之处就是:都可以引导让步状语从句，换句话说，在让步状语从句 中可以替换。 He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was. (天津 2005) A. however B. no matter C. whatever D. although 分析:答案为A. however。这道题为什么不在B. no matter后面加how呢,从句意看出，这是一个让 ，步状语从句，however和no matter how都能引导让步状语从句，所以不能在B. no matter后面加how不然它也能选。 3. 介词，副词和关系词的区分。 这种结构的关键就是要弄清楚词性，以及他们各自的功能。 介词:后面跟宾语从句; 副词:不能在句子中作关系词引导句子，除非是具有引导功能的关系副词; 关系词:用来引导从句。 下面列举几组容易混淆的例子: ? despite和although. 尽管两个词在意思上都有“虽然，尽管”的意思，但是despite为介词，although为关系词，引导让步状语从句。 a. _____ what he achieved in medicine, he reminded modest. A. Despite. B. Although. C. If D. Even. 分析:由于what he achieved in medicine.为一名词性从句，由what引导，因此它前面就不能再出现其他的关系词。所以排除B. Although，C. If ， Even为副词，不能引导句子，所以答案为A. Despite。 b. ______ young, he has experienced what others has not experienced. A. Despite. B. Although. C. If D. Even. 分析:young为形容词,不能跟在介词之后，所以排除A. Despite，根据句意选择B. Although。为什么排除C,D在以后的章节有详细讲解。 ? but和yet的区别。 这两个词在意思上都有“但是”的意思，但是如果用在两个句子中间but用作连词，yet可以认为是副词。 Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. 分析:although为一关系词，引导让步状语从句，说明此句为一主从复合句，假如横线上填入but那就说明此句为一并列句，那么到底是什么句子呢,所以只能用yet. ? when和suddenly的区别。 When引导从句时间状语从句时可以表示“突然”，suddenly也有突然的意思，但是它只是一个副词，不能引导从句。 One day, he was on a flight ______ the plane crashed. 从句系的形式来看，横线后面为一句子，所以此处必须选一关系词，所以只能用when。 ? in order to和in order that, because of 和because, in case of和in case, for fear of 和for fear。 这几组短语前面的都不能用来引导从句，后面的用来引导从句。 John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out_____ he phones. (2000春季招生) A. in order B. in order that C. in case D. in case of 分析:横线后是从句，所以排除A，D。根据句意C. in case。 第三讲:状语从句选择关系词的公式 高中阶段的状语从句比较简单。从高中水平来讲:缺少状语部分的句子，无论是主句还是从句，它们都 是完整的句子(完整句子的概念在第一章有详细讲解)。因此，状语从句的选词公式为: 判断主从句是否完整，如果完整即为状语从句。 1. 2. 根据句意个关系词的意思和功能选择合适的关系词。 第三讲:实战演练 1. After the war, a new school building was put up _____there had once been a theatre. (全 国卷 1996) A. that B. when C. which D. where 2. ______, mother will wait for father to have dinner together. (全国卷 1997) A. However late is he B. However late he is C. However is he late D. However he is late 3. Why do you want a new job ___you’ve got such a good one already? (全国卷 1998) A. that B. where C. which D. when 4. —I’m going to the post office. —____you’re there, can you get me some stamps? (全 国卷 1999) A. As B. While C. Because D. If 5. ____you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. (全国卷 1999) A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as 6. You should make it a rule to leave things ____ you can find them again.(全国卷 1999) A. when B. where C. there D. which 7. We’ll have to find the job, _____. (全国卷 1999) A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes 8. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ____I could answer the phone. (全国卷2000) A. as B. since C. until D. before 9. The WTO cannot live up to his name ___it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. (全国卷 2000) A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though 10. John may phone tonight. I don't want to go out_____ he phones. (2000春季招生) A. as long as B. in order that C. in case D. so that 11. It is generally believed that teaching is ______ it is a science. (全国卷 2001) A. an art much as B. much as an art as C. as an art much as D. as much an art as 12. The men will have to wait all day ______the doctor works faster. (2001春季招生) A. if B. unless C. where D. that 13. -Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? -Yes, I gave it to her ____I saw her. (2001春季招生) A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once 14. _____ can you expect to get a pay rise. (2001春季招生) A. With a hard work B. Although work hard C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard 15. John shut everybody out of his kitchen ____he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. (全国卷2002) A. which B. when C. so that D. as if 16. He was about to tell me the secret _______ someone patted him on the shoulder. (2002 上海) A. as B. until C. while D. when 17. We were in ____ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets. (2003上海) A. a rush so anxious B. a such anxious rush C. so an anxious rush D. such an anxious rush eller must be able to hold his listeners' curiosity ____ he reaches the end 18. A good storyt of the story. (2003上海) A. when B. unless C. after D. until 19. —Dad, I've finished my assignment Good, and ____ you play or watch TV, you mustn't disturb me. (2003上海) — A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter 20. Sally worked late in the evening to finish her report ___ her boss could read it first thing next morning.(2003安徽) A. so that B. because C. before D. or else 21. Mr. Hall understands that ___ math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students.(2003安徽) A. unless B. since C. although D. when 22. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _______ it got worse. (2003北 ) 京 A. until B. when C. before D. as 23. _______ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it. (2003北京) A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. While 24. —Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? —Yes. He had never praised him_____ he became one of the top students in his grade. (2003 春季招生) A. after B. unless C. until D. when 25. Don’t be afraid of asking for help ____ it is needed. (全国卷2003) A. unless B. since C. although D. when 26. You can eat food free in my restaurant ____ you like. (重庆 2004) A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. however 27. Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter. (全国卷2004-1) A. because B. so that C. even if D. as 28. _____you call me to say you’re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre. (全国卷2004-2) A. Though B. Whether C. Until D. Unless 29. Several weeks had gone by ______I realized the painting was missing. (全国卷2004-4) A. as B. before C. since D. when 30. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. (2004 浙江) A. While B. Since C. As D. If 31(We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started. (北京 2004 春季招生) A. when B. while C. until D. before 32. _______ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. (北京 04 春季招生) A. As long as B. As far as C. Just as D. Even if 33. It was evening______ we reached the little town of Winchester. (天津 2004) A that B until C since D before 34. I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. (江苏 2004) A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless 35. —Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. (福建 2004) (since B(after C(before D(when A 36. You should try to get a good night’s sleep much work you have to do. (湖北 2004) A(however B(no matter C(although D(whatever 37. We were told that we should follow the main road we reached the central railway 辽宁 2004) station. ( A(whenever B(until C(while D(wherever 38. Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _____ she was bitten on the leg by a lion. (上海2004) A. when B. while C. since D. once 39. Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses _________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather. (上海2004) A. because B. through C. unless D. if 春40. ________, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week. (上海04 季招生) A. However the story is amusing B No matter amusing the story is C. However amusing the story is D. No matter how the story is amusing 41. It is known to all that you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health. (全 国卷2005) A(unless B(whenever C(although D(if 42. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s __________ I have to wait. (全 国卷2005-3) A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if 43. He tried his best to solve the problem, ____ difficult it was. (天津 2005) A. however B. no matter C. whatever D. although 44. He transplanted the little tree to the garden ____ it was the best time for it. (上海 2005) A. where B. when C. that D. until 45. Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____ they are different from your own. (湖南 2005) A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though 46. The more I think about him, the more reasons I find for loving him ____ I did. (湖南 2005) A. as much as B. as long as C. as soon as D. as far as 47. You must keep on working in the evening, you are sure you can finish the task in time. (安徽 2005) A. as B. if C. when D. unless 48. That was really a splendid evening. It’s years I enjoyed myself so much. (安徽 2005) A. when B. that C. before D. since 49. I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early _______ I can have time for a cup of tea. (北京 2005) A. as soon as B. as a result C. in case D. so that 50. It is almost five years we saw each other last time. (北京 05 春季招生) A. before B. since C. after D. when 答案和分析: 1. 主句为被动语态-完整，从句为主系表结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据句意为地点状语从句，所以D. where。 2. 主句为主谓结构-完整，从句为主系表结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据however的用法，它修饰形容词或副词，用在所修饰的词之前，根据句意为让步状语从句，所以B. However late he is。 3. 主句为主谓宾结构-完整，从为句主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据句意为让步状语从句，所以D. when(尽管)。 4. 主句为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主系表结构-完整，所以从句肯定为状语从句，根据句意为时间状语从句，所以B. While。 5. 主语为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为原因状语从句，所以A. Now that。 6. 主句为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为地点状语从句，所以B. where。 7. 主语为主谓宾结构-完整，从句为主谓宾-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为让步状语从句，所以D. however long it takes。 8. 主语为主谓结构-完整，从句为主谓宾结构-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为时间状语从句，所以D. before。 9. 主句为主谓宾-完整，从句为主谓宾-完整，所以从句为状语从句，根据句意为条件状语从句，所以C. if。 10. 主句为主谓宾机构-完整，从句为主谓结构-完整，所以为状语从句，根据句意为条件状语从句，所以C. in case。 以下只做简单分析: 11. 这道题考察as much„as的用法，结构比较复杂，不能简单地将其翻译为“和„一样多”，但它是 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 的比较结果状语从句，是as用在比较状语从句中比较简单的一种。从近年高考试题来看，这种结构出道这种程度也算是够难的。这道题的真正意思是:人们普遍认为教书不但是一门科学更是一门艺术。如果理解这种用法，这道题就非常简单了，答案为D. as much an art as。 12. 条件状语从句，所以B. unless。 13. 时间状语从句，所以B. the moment。 14. 倒装结构，所以C. Only with hard work。 15. 目的状语，所以C. so that。 16. 时间状语从句，D. when(突然)。 17. so 和such的区别，所以D. such an anxious rush。 18. 时间状语从句，所以D. until。 19. 让步状语从句，所以B. whether。 20. 目的状语从句，所以A. so that。 21. 让步状语从句，所以C. although。 22. 时间状语从句，所以C. before。 23. 条件状语从句，所以C. As long as。 24. 时间状语从句，所以C. until。 25. 时间状语从句，所以D. when。 26. 时间状语从句，所以A. whenever。 27. 目的状语从句，所以B. so that。 28. 条件状语从句，所以D. Unless。 29. 时间状语从句，所以B. before。 30. 原因状语从句，所以B. Since。 31. 时间状语从句，所以A. when。when suddenly可以认为是固定搭配。 32. 条件状语从句，as far as I can see 固定搭配，“以我来看„”,所以B. As far as。 33. 时间状语从句，所以D before。 34. 让步状语从句，所以A. While 35. 时间状语从句，所以C(before。 36. 让步主语从句，所以A(however。 37. 时间状语从句，所以B(until。 38. 时间状语从句，所以A. when。 39. 原因状语从句，所以A. because。 40. 让步状语从句，所以C. However amusing the story is。 41. 条件状语从句，所以A(unless。 42. 条件状语从句，所以A. in case。 43. 让步状语从句，所以A. however。 44. 时间状语从句，所以B. when。 45. 让步状语从句，所以B. even if。 46. 比较状语从句，翻译:我越想他，我就越能找出更多和以往一样爱他的理由，所以A. as much as。 47. 条件状语从句，所以D. unless。 48. 时间状语从句，翻译:那是多么美好的一个夜晚啊～好多年都没有这种感觉了，所以D. since。 49. 目的状语从句，所以D. so that。 50. 时间状语从句，翻译:从上一次我们见面到现在已经5年了(我们5年没见面了)，所以B. since。