寻租与寻租理论

寻租与寻租理论 facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 寻租 寻租(Rent-seeking )。 租，即租金。也就是利润、利益、好处。寻租，即对经济利益的追求。指通过一些非生产性的行为对利益的寻求。如有的政府部门通过设置一些收费项目，来为本部门谋求好处。有的官员利用手中的权利为个人捞取好处，有的企业贿赂官员为本企业得到项目、特许权或其它稀缺的经济资源。是一些既得利益者对既得利益的维护和对既得利益进行的再分配的活动。寻租往往使政府的决策或运作受利益集团或个人的摆布。这些行为有的是非法的，有的合法不合理。往往成为腐败和社会不公和社会动乱之源。 (详细较学术看下面) 寻租有多种定义，布坎南等人认为“寻求租金一词是要描述这样一种 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 背景化的行为:在那里，个人竭尽使价值最大化造成了社会浪费，而没有形成社会剩余。”他们把寻租描述为人们凭借政府保护进行的寻求财富转移而造成的浪费资源的活动，即一个人在寻租，说明了这个人在某事上进行了投资，被投资的这种事情实际上没有提高，甚至降低了生产率，但却确实给投资者带来了一种特殊的地位或垄断权利而提高了投资者的收入，租金也就是由此所得的收入。因此，柯兰得尔中给寻租下的定义是为了争夺人为的财富转移而浪费资源的活动。 而克鲁格则认为寻租是为了取得许可证和配额以获得额外收益而进行的疏通活动。 常见的寻租行为的分类: 1，政府的特许权。 2，政府 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 ，关税与进出口的配额。 3，政府 采购 采购部分工政府采购法87号令广东省政府采购政府采购法及采购员下一步工作计划 。 • 寻租的特点主要有: • 间接造成经济资源配置的扭曲，阻止了更有效的生产方式的实施。一是直接浪费了经济资源，利用时间、精力和金钱去游说的结果，对寻租者来说可能更有效率，但对社会来说没有效率而言。 • 导致其他层次的寻租活动或“避租”活动。 • 政府部门工作人员为了对付寻租者的游说与贿赂，需要时间和精力反击。 • 寻租活动有合法与非法之分。 • 企业向政府争取优惠待遇，利用特殊政策维护自身的独家垄断，就属于合法的寻租活动。 • 行贿和走私就属于非法的寻租活动。 • • 寻租活动的三个层次,以出租车为例: • 第一个层次是:政府用发放有限数量的经营执照人为地限制出租汽车的数量，那么市场上出租车数量就少于自由竞争水平。牌照管制带来了第一个层次的寻租活动。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and • 第二个层次是:既然政府官员可以决定牌照的管制，那么争取这个职位就形成了第二个层次的寻租活动。 • 第三个层次的寻租活动，是超额收入(部分或全部)会以执照费的形式转化为政府财政收入，那么争夺这部分财政收入，就形成了第三个层次的寻租活动。 人们通常以为寻租往往是政府或与政府相关的行为，其实这是一种偏见。即使在市场中，寻租行为也极为常见，如金融领域的投机交易及其在不确定性中追逐最大价值的行为就是系统性的寻租行为，因而构成市场经济中的寻租结构，这种寻租性的市场和经济结构会提高经济社会成本，恶化经济效率，挤占利润和工资等收入份额，抑制投资和消费需求。这一点在货币信用体系和金融市场中表现得尤为明显。 寻租理论 寻租理论的思想最早萌芽于1967年塔洛克(Tullock,1967)的一篇论文。但作为一个理论概念是到1974年才由克鲁格(Krueger，1974)在她探讨国际贸易中保护主义政策形成原因的一项研究中正式提出来的。在这以后的十多年中，寻租理论长足发展，其理论影响力已遍及经济学的各个分支，乃至为社会学、政治学、行政管理学等等其他社会科学学科，亦提供了新的研究思路。这主要是因为寻租理论对于现代经济学的研究 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 有独特的创新。 “租”，或者叫“经济租”，在经济学里的原意是指一种生产要素的所有者获得的收入中，超过这种要素的机会成本的剩余。在社会经济处于总体均衡状态时，每种生产要素在各个产业部门中的使用和配置都达到了使其机会成本和要素收入相等。如果某个产业中要素收入高于其他产业的要素收入，这个产业中就存在着该要素的经济租。在自由竞争的条件下，租的存在必然吸引该要素由其他产业流入有租存在的产业，增加该产业的供给，压低产品价格。在规模经济效益不递增的前提下，要素的自由流动最终使要素在该产业中的收入和在其他产业中的收入一致起来，从而达到均衡。所以，按照经典的总体均衡理论，只要市场是自由竞争的，要素流动在各产业之间不受阻碍，任何要素在任何产业中的超额收入(即租)都不可能长久稳定地存在。在一个动态的经济结构中，某要素在一个产业中的经济租既可以是个正量，也可以是个负量，这是社会经济在动态发展过程中，不断调整、不断适应的正常现象。 当一个企业家成功地开发了一项新技术或新产品，其企业就能享受高于其他企业的超额收入。这种活动可以称为“创租活动”，或者可称为“寻利活动”。当其他企业家看到应用这一新技术或生产这一新产品有(超额)利可图，就会纷纷起而效之，涌入这一市场，从而使产品价格降低，超额利润(租)渐渐消散。后者的行为，也属“寻利”范畴。寻利活动是正常的市场竞争机制的表现，其作用是降低成本开发新产品。寻利活动的特征是对于新增社会经济利益的追求，因而会增进社会的福利。 但是，如果人们追求的是既得的社会经济利益，其活动的性质就变成了“寻租”。从这个意义上说，偷盗抢劫作为对财产所有权的直接侵犯，可以算是最原始的寻求对digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 社会的既得经济利益实行再分配的寻租活动了。在现代社会中更为常见的，也是更为高级的寻租方式则是利用行政法律的手段来维护既得的经济利益或是对既得利益进行再分配。这类寻租行为往往涉及采用阻碍生产要素在不同产业之间自由流动、自由竞争的办法来维护或攫取既得利益。比方说，当一个企业家开拓了一个市场后，他可能寻求政府的干预来阻止其他企业加入竞争，以维护其独家垄断的地位，确保他创造的租不致扩散。这时，他的行为已不再能增进社会福利，反而阻止了社会从市场竞争中获益。同时，阻止其他企业加入竞争的活动本身也消耗了社会的经济资源。另一个寻租活动的例子是，一个企业或企业群体，明知另一些企业(比如其他地区的企业)拥有比它们更先进的管理和技术，不是下功夫去向后者学习，而是想方设法诱使政府采取保护政策，阻止那些先进企业加入竞争，以维护自身的既得利益。还有同样糟糕的事例是，一部分企业施展种种手段使政府以特殊政策对它们“优先照顾”，通过税收和补贴的办法抽东补西，使社会的既得经济利益在企业间作重新分配，让这部分企业享受其他企业的“输血”，从而获得一种经济租。 这几种寻租活动的共同特点是:一，它们造成了经济资源配置的扭曲，阻止了更有效的生产方式的实施;二，它们本身白白耗费了社会的经济资源，使本来可以用于生产性活动的资源浪费在这些于社会无益的活动上;三，这些活动还会导致其他层次的寻租活动或“避租”活动:如果政府官员在这些活动中享受了特殊利益，政府官员的行为会受到扭曲，因为这些特殊利益的存在会引发一轮追求行政权力的浪费性寻租竞争;同时，利益受到威胁的企业也会采取行动“避租”，与之抗衡，从而耗费更多社会经济资源。 [编辑本段] 政府设租的类型 经济学者贺卫在《寻租经济学》一书中，把政府创租活动分为三类，一是政府无意创租，二是政府被动创租，三是政府主动创租。中国政府在这三个方面的创租活动都是存在的，并且在当前，政府被动创租和主动创租活动尤其需要给予特别的关注。 1、政府无意创租 是指政府为了良好的目标而干预社会经济，但结果是创设了租金，给寻租活动创造了机会。比如，建国初期，中国政府为了赶超英美，实行重工业优先发展战略，为了实现该战略，不得不扭曲产品和要素的价格，这时任何部门和企业只要获得了低价格的资金、外汇、物资，意味着在生产开始前就获得了利润，其利润量等于资源市场价格与计划价格差额与其数量的乘积。在这种情况下，寻租活动主要表现为虚报成本欺骗上级主管部门、走后门、贿赂资源配置部门官员以及各种各样的游说。在重工业优先发展战略的约束下，需要进口大量的技术设备，政府为了应付外汇短缺，实施汇率高估政策。这一政策使得外汇价格过低，变成稀缺资源，实际上就是对进口资本品的无形补贴，鼓励企业更多地使用外汇，滥用外汇，鼓励进口，抑制出口。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 由于外汇越来越短缺，政府不得不强化许可证控制和其他管制 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 ，如对进口品进行分类控制。随着控制强化，取得许可证和逃避管制的利益越来越大，从而诱发大规模的寻租活动，如虚报进口品用途、开低价发票、走私等。为了打击这些寻租活动，政府采取行动，对外贸进行更为严格的管制，雇佣更多的人员审查进口许可申请，打击走私，设计冗长繁琐的进口审批程序和海关报关程序。于是汇率高估政策变成了全面外贸管制的体制。 在改革过程中，由于摸着石头过河，往往先进行试点，然后强制推广的改革策略。为了鼓励改革，政府往往给试点单位以优厚的条件，于是试点单位的身价就有了额外的收益。这时，试点单位身份就成了寻租的对象。各个方面为了获得这一身份，不惜走门路、找关系，甚至进行权钱交易，对拥有试点审批权的决策部门或官员施加影响。 政府无意创租，与政府官员制定政策时知识不足是有关系的。随着知识的积累，政府的无意创租行为会逐渐减少，但只要政府不取消对经济的干预或者管制，政府创租的行为是不会减少的。因为即使政府不无意创租，有时候政府也会被迫创租，或者甚至是有意创租。 2、政府被动创租 政府创租，往往给某些寻租者带来寻租的良机，而一旦寻租者拥有了政府所创设的租金，寻租者就组成了政府创租政策的利益集团。这些利益集团为了保护自己的既得利益，竭力反对进行政策变更，减少或者取消租金。这时，如果利益集团在三个层次上都实施了渗透，那么政府实际上就成了寻租性利益集团的“俘获物”。它反映了政府权威的下降，也反映了分利集团势力的增强。 比如，城乡分治，当初是为了解决粮食紧缺问题而实施的权益之计。但是，城乡分治，却给城市人口创造了巨大的租金，生为城市人口，与生为农村人口相比，前者有巨大的比较优势，即租金。在改革开放时代，即使政府意识到了这一点，认为要建设统一的劳动力市场，就需要取消导致城乡分治的户口制度，但是由于城市人口的压力，政府即使知道这种制度必须进行改革，也难以有所作为，只能在边际意义上有所作为，如实行身份证制度、暂住证制度等。城市户口存在着比较优势，因此在户口问题上存在着非常普遍的腐败，国家在户口管理上也投入了巨大的成本，在某些情况下，户籍管理部门也成了肥缺(如卖户口)等。 又比如，国家对政府官员实施全面包下来的政策，并且形成了能上不能下、能进不能出的习惯性制度安排。这种制度安排实际上为政府官员提供了不合理的保障，实际上政府也进行了无意创租的活动。政府知道这种制度安排为官员提供了不合理的租金，不利于优胜劣汰，更新干部队伍，也不利于提高官员的积极性，更不利于精简队伍。为了改变这一局面，政府下了非常大的决心，不得不实行一刀切的措施，一律精简50,。但是，要抵制利益集团的压力谈何容易，但总理的压力又雷霆万钧。其结果是不得不用“赎买”的办法，给分流官员以优厚的待遇，比如提前退休，带工资去学校进修和学习，推荐到效益好的单位，人走住房走，没有住房的给分配住房等。这实际上是在既得利益集团压力条件下政府被动创设租金的活动。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresunannounced visits to survey and news exposure, more powerful of measures, reflected supervision work of seriousness, and just sex and authenticity. In supervision process in the, both understand the work of progress situation, and note summary units, and the sector in work practice in the created of success experience; both found work in the exists of problem, and find associate produced problem of reasons; both for grass-roots of specific problem, proposed solution of measures and approach, and station in global of height, for Government perfect decision, and guide work proposed macro views, constantly improve supervision work of level. Third, to put the focal point in the system of supervision on the construction. To implement the responsibility system, establish and improve the implementation of the target responsibility system for everyone to task, pressure and power, all your knowledge and wisdom, to find, to form a Government as the main body, inspection Chambers led sector, caught in all aspects of supervision work. To establish supervision authority. Government offices carry out inspection, was authorized by the Government, on behalf of the Government and responsible to the Government, is an important part of government supervision and Extension, has the right to check and coordinate the right, the right to inform the right to criticism, and advice. Departments at all levels should give support to ensure supervision work smoothly. To implementation report system, on main work progress situation to by quarter submitted; on assigned by facilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and 事业单位后勤服务产业化，其阻力也是存在的。长期来，后勤服务单位在住房等服务方面为职工免费或者低租金提供住房，公共住房就成了寻租的对象;后勤部门成了肥缺，他们都能够有机会分到好房子。这是实物分房政策无意设置的租金。现在人们认识到，这种制度不利于住房的发展，因此要改为货币分房。这一改革将会损害相当多的既得利益集团的利益，或者潜在的利益集团的利益。因此，住房改革的进程一托再托，难以有所成就。即使有所进展，也是一次公共资产的大瓜分而已。以前政府也许是无意设租，现在却是政府为利益集团所迫，被动设租了。 3、政府主动设租 政府在有些情况下是无意设租的，在有些情况下是被动设租的，而在某些情况下则是有意设租的。政府无意设租，主要是因为政府知识不足，不知道自己的活动会设置租金，导致寻租活动;政府被动设租，是因为政府能力不足，分利集团势力太大;政府主动创租，则是因为政府官员本身动机不纯，其自己本身就已经成为分利集团。 比如说，北京市公安局出入境管理处规定，申办护照者必须交外文邀请信的原件和翻译件，为了保证翻译质量，要求翻译件必须由指定的翻译公司翻译。该指定的翻译公司就是北京市公安局出入境管理处服务公司，其收费是每份100元，当天取;每份40元，两个星期取。这实际上就是有意设租的行为，该服务公司因为出入境管理处的规定而取得了垄断翻译的租金，因为只有它有翻译权，因此其价格就会高出市场价格，即使人家已经翻译好了，它象征性地改几个字就可以收取100元，其成本只要盖一个戳;而一家三封邀请信，只有抬头不同，盖三个戳，也是一份100元，共收300元。这是笔者的妻子于1999年11月去办护照时亲身经历的。1997年我也去申请过护照，当时就没有这一规定，无疑这一租金是刚刚设置的，并且他们是明白通过这一设租行为，可以赚取多少额外利润。当然，1997年去申请护照时，护照申请表一份需要5元，不能有错，笔者只好买了3份，才保证没有错误。1999年表格变成免费发放，表格的审理放松了，但是翻译质量有了新的规定，新的租金又产生了。 在转型期，政府的活动往往被某些居心不良的政府官员用来设置租金，并以此吸引寻租者，为自己捞取好处。如水、电、煤气等部门，设置各种各样的障碍，问需要水、电、煤气的部门如北大要房子，要不到房子，就不给水、电和煤气。水霸、电霸和气霸就是这样形成的。 当然，政府主动设租，也可能是积极的。如建立学位制度，减少信息不对称，让喜欢学习的人，能够有进取之路，让有知识的人有一个身份证，取得较高的社会地位，赚取较高的工资或者收入。但是，政府设置的这种租金实际上就是拥有学位者的价格，并且学位并非所有的人都能够拥有，而是需要通过努力得来的，它不存在额外的收益。当然，如果有人通过买卖的方式，通过弄虚作假的手段，搞到文凭，并因此而获得好处，那么这就是一种寻租行为。 digging out things, refine, eliminate, and strive to achieve dynamic information highlighting the timeliness, policy focus on targeted, experience information grasp typical problem emphasizes the tendency of information, freedom of information caught ... "Excellence", and accurate, short, does not speak empty words, cliches. "Fast", is the emphasis on timeliness. Who want government leaders to grasp the important information must be collected quickly reported. Especially urgent important information such as events, in strict accordance with the State Council concerning strengthening the emergency notice of significant reporting requirements, not only in the first period of submission to government events, also tracking developments closely, to submit measures, consequences, treatment and rehabilitation, and so on. Establish a strict responsibility system, of late, fail to hide critical situations, to be held accountable. City and County Government offices and Government departments, we should further perfect duty system, raise the level of response and the ability to respond to emergencies and. Third, to open channels of information. Role of key government information network main channel, building extends to all departments and units, vertical extension to the Township and community information networks, information staff, strengthening the work of information. Finished the basic tasks to be criticized. Did not submit information for a long time the County (district) and sectoral, this year we will take effective measuresfacilitate decision implementation process step by step. Government offices at all levels in accordance with the notice on further strengthening the supervision work of the municipal government requires, and actively carry out supervision from the following aspects. One is to focus supervision on the implementation of the major decisions and arrangements of the municipal government, in leadership on the major issues of concern to implement, on the people reflect strongly on the hot and difficult problems to solve. Current, to tightly around implement implementation municipal, and Municipal Government proposed of "three a insisted two promote, five big storming six breakthrough" of guideline and General requirements, focus in foster four industry, and construction four base, and created four brand and farmers increase, and project construction, and enterprise reform, and city construction, and private economic, and building harmony social, aspects grasp supervision, makes we of supervision work and city of General thought tune, and and reform development of pulse synchronization. Second, supervision of the breakthrough in innovation, improved methods. Supervision of method, to by passive type to active type change, by everything to focus breakthrough change, by assault supervising to track supervising change, in full using sent letter supervision, and phone urged reported, and heard reported, basic method of while, more to used field check, and random checks, and