Cost of Capital, Instructor´s Manual - Home Leeds …：资本成本，教师手册-家居利兹…

Cost of Capital, Instructor´s Manual - Home Leeds …：资本成本，教师手册-家居利兹… Chapter 10 (12e) (9-11e) The Cost of Capital MINI-CASE During the last few years, Harry Davis Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program that had been proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice-president. Your first task is to estimate Harry Davis’ cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task: 1. The firm's tax rate is 40 percent. 2. The current price of Harry Davis’ 12 percent coupon, semiannual payment, noncallable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity is $1,153.72. Harry Davis does not use short-term interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost. 3. The current price of the firm's 10 percent, $100 par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is $113.10. Harry Davis would incur flotation costs of $2.00 per share on a new issue. 4. Harry Davis’ common stock is currently selling at $50 per share. Its last dividend (d) 0 was $4.19, and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 5 percent in the foreseeable future. Harry Davis’ beta is 1.2; the yield on t-bonds is 7 percent; and the market risk premium is estimated to be 6 percent. For the bond-yield-plus-risk- premium approach, the firm uses a 4 percentage point risk premium. 5. Harry Davis’ target capital structure is 30 percent long-term debt, 10 percent preferred stock, and 60 percent common equity. To structure the task somewhat, Jones has asked you to answer the following questions. Mini Case: 9 - 1 a. 1. What sources of capital should be included when you estimate Harry Davis’ weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? Answer: The WACC is used primarily for making long-term capital investment decisions, i.e., for capital budgeting. Thus, the WACC should include the types of capital used to pay for long-term assets, and this is typically long-term debt, preferred stock (if used), and common stock. Short-term sources of capital consist of (1) spontaneous, noninterest-bearing liabilities such as accounts payable and accruals and (2) short- term interest-bearing debt, such as notes payable. If the firm uses short-term interest- bearing debt to acquire fixed assets rather than just to finance working capital needs, then the WACC should include a short-term debt component. Noninterest-bearing debt is generally not included in the cost of capital estimate because these funds are netted out when determining investment needs, that is, net rather than gross working capital is included in capital expenditures. a. 2. Should the component costs be figured on a before-tax or an after-tax basis? Answer: Stockholders are concerned primarily with those corporate cash flows that are available for their use, namely, those cash flows available to pay dividends or for reinvestment. Since dividends are paid from and reinvestment is made with after-tax dollars, all cash flow and rate of return calculations should be done on an after-tax basis. a. 3. Should the costs be historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs? Answer: In financial management, the cost of capital is used primarily to make decisions capital. Thus, the relevant component costs are today's which involve raising new marginal costs rather than historical costs. Mini Case: 9 - 2 b. What is the market interest rate on Harry Davis’ debt and its component cost of debt? Answer: Harry Davis’ 12 percent bond with 15 years to maturity is currently selling for $1,153.72. Thus, its yield to maturity is 10 percent: 0 1 2 3 29 30 | | | | , , , | | -1,153.72 60 60 60 60 60 1,000 Enter n = 30, PV = -1153.72, pmt = 60, and FV = 1000, and then press the i button to find r/2 = i = 5.0%. Since this is a semiannual rate, multiply by 2 to find the annual d rate, r = 10%, the pre-tax cost of debt. d Since interest is tax deductible, Uncle Sam, in effect, pays part of the cost, and Harry Davis’ relevant component cost of debt is the after-tax cost: r(1 - T) = 10.0%(1 - 0.40) = 10.0%(0.60) = 6.0%. d Optional Question Should flotation costs be included in the estimate? Answer: The actual component cost of new debt will be somewhat higher than 6 percent because the firm will incur flotation costs in selling the new issue. However, flotation costs are typically small on public debt issues, and, more important, most debt is placed directly with banks, insurance companies, and the like, and in this case flotation costs are almost nonexistent. Optional Question Should you use the nominal cost of debt or the effective annual cost? Answer: Our 10 percent pre-tax estimate is the nominal cost of debt. Since the firm's debt has semiannual coupons, its effective annual rate is 10.25 percent: 2(1.05) - 1.0 = 1.1025 - 1.0 = 0.1025 = 10.25%. However, nominal rates are generally used. The reason is that the cost of capital is used in capital budgeting, and capital budgeting cash flows are generally assumed to occur at year-end. Therefore, using nominal rates makes the treatment of the capital budgeting discount rate and cash flows consistent. Mini Case: 9 - 3 c. 1. What is the firm's cost of preferred stock? Answer: Since the preferred issue is perpetual, its cost is estimated as follows: D0.1($100)$10 psr = = = = 0.090 = 9.0%. ps$133.10,$2.00$111.10Pn Note (1) that flotation costs for preferred are significant, so they are included here, (2) that since preferred dividends are not deductible to the issuer, there is no need for a tax adjustment, and (3) that we could have estimated the effective annual cost of the preferred, but as in the case of debt, the nominal cost is generally used. c. 2. Harry Davis’ preferred stock is riskier to investors than its debt, yet the preferred's yield to investors is lower than the yield to maturity on the debt. Does this suggest that you have made a mistake? (Hint: think about taxes.) Answer: Corporate investors own most preferred stock, because 70 percent of preferred dividends received by corporations are nontaxable. Therefore, preferred often has a lower before-tax yield than the before-tax yield on debt issued by the same company. Note, though, that the after-tax yield to a corporate investor, and the after-tax cost to the issuer, are higher on preferred stock than on debt. d. 1. What are the two primary ways companies raise common equity? Answer: A firm can raise common equity in two ways: (1) by retaining earnings and (2) by issuing new common stock. d. 2. Why is there a cost associated with reinvested earnings? Answer: Management may either pay out earnings in the form of dividends or else retain earnings for reinvestment in the business. If part of the earnings is retained, an opportunity cost is incurred: stockholders could have received those earnings as dividends and then invested that money in stocks, bonds, real estate, and so on. d. 3. Harry Davis doesn’t plan to issue new shares of common stock. Using the CAPM approach, what is Harry Davis’ estimated cost of equity? Answer: r = 0.07 + (0.06)1.2 = 14.2%. s Mini Case: 9 - 4 e. 1. What is the estimated cost of equity using the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach? ,D(1，g)D$4.19(1.05) 01，gAnswer: r = = = = 13.8%. ，0.05sPP$5000 e. 2. Suppose the firm has historically earned 15 percent on equity (ROE) and retained 35 percent of earnings, and investors expect this situation to continue in the future. How could you use this information to estimate the future dividend growth rate, and what growth rate would you get? Is this consistent with the 5 percent growth rate given earlier? Answer: Another method for estimating the growth rate is to use the retention growth model: g = (1 - Payout Ratio)ROE In this case g = (0.35)0.15 = 5.25%. This is consistent with the 5% rate given earlier. e. 3. Could the DCF method be applied if the growth rate was not constant? How? Answer: yes, you could use the DCF using nonconstant growth. You would find the PV of the dividends during the nonconstant growth period and add this value to the PV of the series of inflows when growth is assumed to become constant. f. What is the cost of equity based on the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium method? Answer: r = company’s own bond yield + risk premium. s First find the YTM of the bond: Enter n = 30, PV = -1153.72, pmt = 60, and FV = 1000, and then press the i button to find r/2 = i = 5%. Since this is a semiannual rate, multiply by 2 to find the annual rate, r = 10%. The assumed risk premium is 4%, thus r = 0.10 + 0.04 = 14%. s Mini Case: 9 - 5 ? g. What is your final estimate for the cost of equity, rs Answer: The final estimate for the cost of equity would simply be the average of the values found using the above three methods. CAPM 14.2% DCF 13.8 BOND YIELD + R.P. 14.0 AVERAGE 14.0% h. What is Harry Davis’ weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? Answer: WACC= wr(1 - T) + wr + w(r) ddpspsces = 0.3(0.10)(0.6) + 0.1(0.09) + 0.6(0.14) = 0.111 = 11.1%. i. What factors influence Harry Davis’ composite WACC? Answer: There are factors that the firm cannot control and those that they can control that influence WACC. Factors The Firm Cannot Control: Level Of Interest Rates Market Conditions Tax Rates } Factors The Firm Can Control: Capital Structure Policy Dividend Policy Investment Policy j. Should the company use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate for each of its projects? Answer: No. The composite WACC reflects the risk of an average project undertaken by the firm. Therefore, the WACC only represents the “hurdle rate” for a typical project with average risk. Different projects have different risks. The project’s WACC should be adjusted to reflect the project’s risk. Mini Case: 9 - 6 k. What procedures are used to determine the risk-adjusted cost of capital for a particular division? What approaches are used to measure a division’s beta? Answer: The following procedures can be used to determine a division’s risk-adjusted cost of capital: (1) Subjective adjustments to the firm’s composite WACC. (2) Attempt to estimate what the cost of capital would be if the division were a stand-alone firm. This requires estimating the division’s beta. The following approaches can be used to measure a division’s beta: (1) Pure play approach. Find several publicly traded companies exclusively in the project’s business. Then, use the average of their betas as a proxy for the project’s beta. (It’s hard to find such companies.) (2) Accounting beta approach. Run a regression between the project’s ROA and the S&P index ROA. Accounting betas are correlated (0.5 - 0.6) with market betas. However, you normally can’t get data on new project ROAs before the capital budgeting decision has been made. l. Harry Davis is interested in establishing a new division, which will focus primarily on developing new internet-based projects. In trying to determine the cost of capital for this new division, you discover that stand-alone firms involved in similar projects have on average the following characteristics: , Their capital structure is 10 percent debt and 90 percent common equity. , Their cost of debt is typically 12 percent. , The beta is 1.7. given this information, what would your estimate be for the division’s cost of capital? Answer: r = r + (r - r)b s DIV.RFMRFDIV. = 7% + (6%)1.7 = 17.2%. WACC = Wr(1 - T) + Wr DIV.ddcs = 0.1(12%)(0.6) + 0.9(17.2%) = 16.2%. The division’s WACC = 16.2% vs. The corporate WACC = 11.1%. The division’s market risk is greater than the firm’s average projects. Typical projects within this division would be accepted if their returns are above 16.2 percent. Mini Case: 9 - 7 m. What are three types of project risk? How is each type of risk used? Answer: The three types of project risk are: Stand-Alone Risk Corporate Risk Market Risk Market risk is theoretically best in most situations. However, creditors, customers, suppliers, and employees are more affected by corporate risk. Therefore, corporate risk is also relevant. Stand-alone risk is the easiest type of risk to measure. Taking on a project with a high degree of either stand-alone or corporate risk will not necessarily affect the firm’s market risk. However, if the project has highly uncertain returns, and if those returns are highly correlated with returns on the firm’s other assets and with most other assets in the economy, the project will have a high degree of all types of risk. n. Explain in words why new common stock that is raised externally has a higher percentage cost than equity that is raised internally by reivesting earnings. Answer: The company is raising money in order to make an investment. The money has a cost, and this cost is based primarily on the investors’ required rate of return, considering risk and alternative investment opportunities. So, the new investment must provide a . return at least equal to the investors’ opportunity cost If the company raises capital by selling stock, the company doesn’t get all of the money that investors put up. For example, if investors put up $100,000, and if they expect a 15 percent return on that $100,000, then $15,000 of profits must be generated. But if flotation costs are 20 percent ($20,000), then the company will receive only $80,000 of the $100,000 investors put up. That $80,000 must then produce a $15,000 profit, or a 15/80 = 18.75% rate of return versus a 15 percent return on equity raised as retained earnings. Mini Case: 9 - 8 o. 1. Harry Davis estimates that if it issues new common stock, the flotation cost will be 15 percent. Harry Davis incorporates the flotation costs into the DCF approach. What is the estimated cost of newly issued common stock, taking into account the flotation cost? Answer: (1 + g)D0 = + gre(1 - F)P0 $4.19(1.05) = + 5.0% $50(1 - 0.15) $4.40 = + 5.0% = 15.4%.$42.50 o. 2. Suppose Harry Davis issues 30-year debt with a par value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 10%, paid annually. If flotation costs are 2 percent, what is the after-tax cost of debt for the new bond? Answer: Using a financial calculator, n = 30, PV = (1-0.02)(1000) = 980, pmt = -(1-0.40)(100) = -60, FV = -1000. The resulting i is 6.15%, which is the after-tax cost of debt. p. What four common mistakes in estimating the WACC should Harry Davis avoid? Answer: 1. Don’t use the coupon rate on a firm’s existing debt as the pre-tax cost of debt. Use the current cost of debt. 2. When estimating the risk premium for the CAPM approach, don’t subtract the current long-term t-bond rate from the historical average return on stocks. For example, the historical average return on stocks has been about 12.7%. If inflation has driven the current risk-free rate up to 10%, it would be wrong to conclude that the current market risk premium is 12.7% - 10% = 2.7%. In all likelihood, inflation would also have driven up the expected return on the market. Therefore, the historical return on the market would not be a good estimate of the current expected return on the market. 3. Don’t use book weights to estimte the weights for the capital structure. Use the target capital structure to determine the weights for the WACC. If you don’t have the target weights, then use market value rather than book value to obtain the weights. Use the book value of debt only as a last resort. Mini Case: 9 - 9 4. Always remember that capital components are sources of funding that come from investors. If it’s not a source of funding from an investor, then it’s not a capital component. Mini Case: 9 - 10